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SILENCE IN THE SEMANTICS OF EXPRESSIONS AND PHRASEOLOGIES IN ALBANIAN AND BULGARIAN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Dhimitri Bello,Anila Çepani / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Why we remain silent? What does the silence represent in the language and culture of the respective countries? This is a question that a part of the answer (because we can’t claim for an exhaustive definition about this concept) can find in a widespread semantics with extreme connotations. This can be reflected better than everywhere in various expressions and phraseologies, which have their source in wide popular creativity, in folklore and proverbs. Silence as courage, silence as fear, silence as a benefit, silence as poverty of thoughts and expressions, silence as wisdom and reliability, silence as "given word”, silence as nobility, silence as wisdom, silence as taboo, silence as belonging, silence as... There is not missing expressions whose semantic hearth is silence, special and characteristic of both languages in particular, in many cases similar in form and content, sometimes with an spread across Balkan areal, qualified as balkanisms or even beyond. We hope to give a clear semantic picture regarding silence through concrete examples of expressions and phraseologies of two languages.

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„ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧНА НЕДОМИСЛИЦА“ ЛИ Е ЛИТЕРАТУРНАТА ПРИКАЗКА?

Author(s): Hristina Andonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

This paper focuses on this question do we have reason to talk about fairy of the literature as a genre of literature? This is the question around which unfolds this text. The article argues that the story can be seen as a genre of literature, drawing on examples from Bulgarian storytelling tradition between the two world wars. This text is the basis of the existence of the term fairy of the literature. The article presents some of the features of the fairy of the folklore, to be able to show special about fairy of the literature. It is presents advocated the idea that fairy of the literature differs from its predecessor folk, because fairy of the literature works with language of art. Metaphorically speaking, ugly duckling (fairy of the folklore) has turned into a beautiful swan (fairy of the literature).

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Невероятная история книги “В стране белых лилий” Григория Петрова

Author(s): Zeynep Zafer / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2019

Many works about Russian exile literature written abroad were unpublished for years during the Soviet Union period. Some of these works, which lost their originals in Russian language, met with the Russian readers in the 1990s after being translated from the Western languages in Russian. The Russian writer Grigory Spriridovich Petrov’s book The Country of White Lilies due to the intense interest of the Turkish readers was preserved in the approximately 60 years period of prohibition. The book and his author, whose name was forgotten in the Soviet Union, continued to be published in the Balkans and Asia and only 81 years later was published in Russian language. The original was first translated in Turkish and from the Turkish translation the book was translated in Arabic and Finnish. The Country of White Lilies has more than eighty publications and up to ten different translations from Bulgarian and Russian editions in Turkey.

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The Labyrinth of Genealogy: Poetry of Mehmet Karahüseyinov (1980-1990)

Author(s): Sylwia Siedlecka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

The article analyzes poems written by Mehmet Karahüseyinov (1945-1990) in the context of socio-political phenomena in Bulgaria of the 19980s and 1990s. In Karahüseyinov’s poetry, echoes are found of both the “Revival Process” and the “Big Excursion”, as well as of the fall of communism in Bulgaria as a point in history. Autobiographical perspective is of equal importance in the poems: in 1985, in the wake of the last stage of the “Revival Process”, the poet attempted self-immolation. This liminal experience, set in a wider context of what it means to be a representative of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria in the late socialist period, permeates all of Karahüseyinov’s poetry at the time. The article’s methodological axis is a genealogical approach as formulated by Michel Foucault, who, informed by Nietzsche’s thought, wrote of an image of the body utterly marked by history. The body is thus an area which – also in the non-figurative, material dimension – enters the gears of history and where history leaves its marks, and the scarred bodily area becomes a map of a personal and entangled genealogy.

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Prison literary translations as a vision on cultural democracy

Author(s): Nysret Krasniqi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

Within the context of this article, I will observe the phenomenon of the impact of translation on Albanian literary culture. The main focal point of this paper will be the relation of the literary translator with the phenomenon of literature itself, in particular, when the translator is held in prison, as it happened in the monist period in Albania. Having been held in totalitarian prisons, many literary translators have retained their love for non-ideological literary knowledge and aesthetics through the translation of literary works that are intended only in their communicative but not receptive vision to the pertinence of translation. With the actual examples, we will reveal how the process of translation has been seen as a cultural democratizing power even in the darkest times of totalitarianism, monism and the literary rule of the soc-realist scheme in the literary culture. Thus, literary translation has constantly been seen as a cultural receptive, dialogic and promotional process. This phenomenon is explained by the existence of smaller cultures in the Southeast Balkans, but alike by the various ideological constraints present in this region, primarily during the second half of the twentieth century.

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A New Field on the Making in Turkish Academia: a few Issues Regarding the Turkic World Literatures Teaching and Research

Author(s): Ertuğrul Karakuş / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

As a field and course, “Turkic World Literatures” covers Turkish literatures outside Turkey. However, in practice, it is seen to encompass new (contemporary-modern) literature field outside Turkey. This field is taught in Turkish higher education in different courses such as “Contemporary Turkic World Literatures”, “Turkic World Literatures”, “Comparative Turkic World Literatures” and “Azerbaijan/ Turkmenistan, etc. Literature Examples”. Nevertheless, there are some differences in practice and content when it comes to research in the field in general, and teaching in particular. This study discusses a few issues regarding Turkic World Literatures research and teaching and makes suggestions in conclusion. Within the framework of Turkic World Literatures course and research, “determination of the field’s scope”, “inter-field comparison” and “textual adaptation of contemporary literary theories and knowledge” are discussed.

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Апостолическо писмо за назначението на Илия Маринов за Софийски епископ от 29 юли 1624 г.

Author(s): Tzvetan Vasilev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

The Apostolic Appointment letter of bishop Iliya Marinov, partially quoted in the historical tractate of Petar Bogdan, has not been published until now. Copy of the letter was recently found by the author in Archivio Segreto Vaticano. Its publication and translation is a neccesary step in the process of studying the historical work of Petar Bogdan and the Bulgarian Catholic community in the first half of the 17th century.

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Наука и празничност. Култ и идеологизация към образите на св. Кирил и св. Методий и някои от техните ученици в някои страни от Черноморския регион в периода 1945-1990 г.

Author(s): Elena Azmanova-Rudarska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

This paper follows the cult towards some of the St. Holy Seven Saints - St. Cyril, St. Methodius, St. Klement and St. Naum. The accent falls on countries like Bulgaria, Russia, Romania, Ukraine, Moldova, Turkeу and others. Scientific, as well as festivе manifestations are being reviewed during the anniversary years 1963, 1966 and 1969, and different scientific meetings, conferences and simposiums, which show the cult in new light. On one hand the article takes into account the scientific achievements from the middle of the 19th century until 1945, and on the other - after the Second World War. Known facts and hypotheses are being ideologized or moved aside, so that the new political landmarks can be emphasized. During these scientific forums Bulgaria was considered as a bridge between the East and the West.

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Съвременната българска литература и турцизмите

Author(s): Sadik Haci,Zeynep Zafer / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

To the Turkish words in the official Bulgarian Language today there is a negative attitude. The presence in the Bulgarian literary language of great number of lexemes of Turkish origin, which are not recognised from the big part of society, even specialists, as Turkish and which do not have Bulgarian counterparts, is not acknowledged as a valuable contribution to the basic lexical fund. The interest is focused on the usage of some Turkish words with pejorative meaning in journalistic and everyday speech. The function and the stylistic-emotional characteristics of the Turkish loan words in the present artistic texts are not researched.In the paper the Turkish words in the artistic debut of the contemporary writer Hasan Efraimоv „Dervis’ Karakondzhul“(evil ghost) presenting the representatives of Turkish cultural and linguistic environment, having specific national colour, are analysed. To the Turkish words in the official Bulgarian Language today there is a negative attitude. The presence in the Bulgarian literary language of great number of lexemes of Turkish origin, which are not recognised from the big part of society, even specialists, as Turkish and which do not have Bulgarian counterparts, is not acknowledged as a valuable contribution to the basic lexical fund. The interest is focused on the usage of some Turkish words with pejorative meaning in journalistic and everyday speech. The function and the stylistic-emotional characteristics of the Turkish loan words in the present artistic texts are not researched. In the paper the Turkish words in the artistic debut of the contemporary writer Hasan Efraimоv „Dervis’ Karakondzhul“(evil ghost) presenting the representatives of Turkish cultural and linguistic environment, having specific national colour, are analysed.

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Verbal Manipulation in Political Discourse: Metaphors, Clichés, Emotions and Symbols in F. Tuđman’s Speeches During Wartime Period 1990-1995

Author(s): Dominika Kubišová / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

This article examines verbal manipulation used in the public speeches of Croatian president Franjo Tuđman between the years 1990-1995 in the beginning of Breakup of Yugoslavia and during the Croatian War of Independence. He had to lead his country through turbulent period of changes and conflicts, and he had to persuade the nation and the international community to believe in his plans and his vision. This analysis presupposes that language is intentionally used instrument, not a random group of words and it is important and interesting to have a closer look on what the leaders are saying. Speechwriting is a specific process of creating a speech tailored to given audience because only then it will serve its purpose of persuasion. The speaker must know to whom and at what occasion he or she is talking to and adapt accordingly. For this thesis, four types of verbal manipulation – metaphors, clichés/stereotypes, emotions, and symbols – used by the president are analysed because they have vast manipulative potential. All of them are put into the context of the events happening around the time they were delivered. Direct excerpts from Tuđman’s speeches are provided as an example of this phenomenon with an attempt to explain their manipulative potential.

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Масови идеологии за младежи и девици

Author(s): Stiliyan Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

The article focuses on the projections of mass ideologies in the 1940s in periodicals for children and adolescents. The spirit of the time reflected in literary plots is analyzed: cult to action, not knowledge, joy of the national unification of the Bulgarians, readiness for self-sacrifice. The ideas of education of the Bulgarian youth, developed in the book of Naiden Sheitanov and Naiden Pamukchiev "The Great Bulgarian Youth" and their popularization in the periodicals for children and adolescents are compared. The behavior of Bulgarian writers who were equally well adapted to the ideology of Great Bulgarian nationalism and the proletarian internationalism that followed it after 1944 is commented. The author pays attention to the socio-cultural contexts in which the ideologies for young people and virgins in Bulgaria are developed.

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Читателски практики и читателски норми: възможни ли са мобилизации?

Author(s): Aleksander Kiossev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2022

The paper explores what individual readers mean by "to read enough" and "to read properly", i.e. the norm that governs reading practices. The hypothesis is that in recent decades, the normative ideas have been extremely diverse, they detached themselves to a certain extend from the reading practices and spread in different directions. This dispersal, the hypothesis states, is also associated with a reduction of the cultural imperative to read. The question is whether mobilizations are thinkable – i.e. whether it is possible to encourage the heterogeneous readers and reading communities to follow a more coherent reading norm as well as what the content of this norm could be.

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Ново съпоставително изследване на славянска фразеология

Author(s): Nadezhda Stalyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

“Toponyms in Czech, Croatian and Bulgarian Phraseology“ is a contrastive book on the phraseology of Czech, Croatian and Bulgarian. The author focuses on phrasemes that contain a toponymic component in their structure. He analyses these phrasemes and within them also confronts them from the formal, semantic, motivational and typological point of view, and also notes the aspect of their origin. The book studies phrasemes with the structure of comparison, phrasemes with a nominal structure of collocation, phrasemes with a verbal structure of collocation and phrasemes with a propositional and polypropositional structure. The semantic side of the collected phraseological units with toponymic component is described using delimitation of different phraseosemantic fields. The book also includes, to the extent necessary, the theory of the proper name. An integral part of the book are chapters presenting the major Czech, Slovak, Croatian and Bulgarian phraseological theories, as well as a comprehensive survey of Czecho-Slovak and South Slavic (i.e. Bulgarian and /Post-/Yugoslav) phraseological literature

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Writer Fighting against Discrimination and Eastern Reality

Author(s): Tamila Davitadze,Nana Mazmishvili / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Discrimination against women and girls – including gender-based violence, harmful traditional practices – is the most common form of inequality. Giving preference, privileges to sons and underestimating girls, which is the main cause of the harmful practice of sex selection based on gender, is still a widespread practice in some countries. Against this background, the role and contribution of those politicians, writers and people interested in this issue, who, at the risk of their lives, fight to improve the situation, is invaluable. Among the people with their priceless input in promotion of the above mentioned issue, we would distinguish Jean Sasson, the modern American writ-er and researcher who considered the request of an Arab woman and turned her notes about real stories into an artistic reality. In the novel “The Princess’ Diaries,” the victim of discrimination asks for help, as there is no other way for her to change any-thing; however, she hopes the situation in her country will change for the benefit of women and as it is believed, fighting always makes sense. The objective of the given paper is to bring to light the form of expressing the protest against unfair reality by the victim herself. Moreover, we aim to draw a parallel between two women and the ways they communicate the harsh reality to the rest of the world.

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Language Standardization as a Form of Resistance in the Face of Russian Linguistic Colonialism (An Example of the Georgian Language of the 19th Century)

Author(s): Mzia Gigashvili,Tamar Tsulaia / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The article examines the anatomy of the Russian linguistic colonialism in 19th-century Georgia and the nature, scale, and consequences of its influence on the functioning of the Georgian language. It analyzes the measures taken by Georgian figures of this period to raise the social status of the native language in the face of the challenges of Russian colonialism. It shows how in the changed socio-political situation as a result of the annexation of Georgia, they turned the standardization and codification of the language into one of the strong forms of resistance, with which they opposed the at-tempts of linguistic assimilation coming from the Tsarist government. The article sheds light on the fact that a correct vision of the advanced intelligentsia on language poli-cy and an adequate assessment of the dangers of colonialism often save the colonized languages from being swept away by the dominant language and from extinction. Their consideration of language as one of the main markers of national identity, on the one hand, and the perception of linguistic colonialism as a manifestation of Rus-sian cultural hegemony, the real goal of which was to introduce the imperial cultural norms, values, and ideologies in the colonized country, played an important role in improving the ecological environment of the Georgian language, overcoming the difficulties of the linguistic hierarchy. and, finally, to preserve the national identity.

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On Dynamics of Language Norms from Classical Period to the 19th Century (Biased on Hagiographic Texts Translated from Greek to Georgian Language)

Author(s): Ketevan Gigashvili / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The paper examines the dynamics of language norms from the classical period to the 19th century, based on the hagiographic texts translated from Greek into Georgian by a prominent Georgian church figure, Euthymius the Athonite. The translations were made between the end of the 10th century and the first half of the 11th century in the monastery of Iviron in Athos, Greece, and they have come down to us through manu-scripts copied both during this period and in the following centuries. They were creat-ed in different geographical spaces and cultural centers, which allows us to follow the evolution of language standardization over the centuries and to evaluate it in a wider philological, religious, and cultural context. In addition to the fascinating temporal and spatial range of the manuscripts, choosing the hagiographic texts as research material was also conditioned by the fact that hagiography, as an important genre of ecclesiastical writing, played a major role in the formation of religious and literary discourse in the Middle Ages. The literary, religious, and cultural weight of the Iviron Monastery of Athos has also been taken into account, which gives great linguistic value to the texts coming from there.

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Протестантските деноминации в България и комунистическият новоговор

Author(s): Petar Asenov Vodenicharov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

With the method of critical discourse analysis, the author explores the language and ideologies of the communist State Security regarding the Protestant denominations in Bulgaria. The study is based on archival documents of the State Security, memoirs of Christian pastors and studies of the repression of Protestant churches. Parallels are drawn with the peculiarities of Orwell's totalitarian newspeak and Klemperer's Third Reich language. The main features of the communist newspeak are outlined - a fanati-cal and exalted language, a language – a spell that dehumanizes, pathologizes and represses the class Enemy, just as the Nazi language condemns and destroys the racial Enemy. In addition to cruel, the communist language shares shears also other features of totalitarian newspeak: a monochrome black and white language that demonizes the Enemy and favors Power, falsification of history, doublethinks numb critical thinking in vicious circles. These peculiarities determine the cunning of the State Security dis-course, which allows ignoring the Constitution and the laws in their apparent ob-servance.

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How Totalitarianism was Reflected on the Life and Work of Women Writers

Author(s): Tamila Davitadze,Nana Mazmishvili / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

How many people, when and why became victims of totalitarianism in Georgia instinctively has been exciting the citizens to this day, however, to our surprise, knowledge about the causes of this tragedy and the motivation of the people involved in it is not increasing - on the contrary, becomes more obscure and mythologized; due to the lack of information and stereotypes, the issue often turns into a tool of manipulation in the hands of interested parties. Today's unfavorable reality - when public interest is low and knowledge is saturated with stereotypes, the research of the Soviet past is very fragmented and small-scale. Free access to documents depicting mass repressions carried out by the Soviet totalitarian regime is not possible. In various ways, the National Archive offers the readers to familiarize themselves with the records of the archival funds of law enforcement agencies and courts from 1930 to the present day - where the names and surnames of the victims of the Soviet terror are barcoded and which we would like to share in the present research. The main subject of our research is how totalitarianism affected the life and creativity of Georgian women writers; the object of the research is Marika Mikeladze (1933-2015), a translator and writer and Zaira Arsenishvili’s, a write and screenwriter, work and life full of difficulties in the conditions of repressions and totalitarian regime.

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АНТРОПОЦЕНТРИЧЕСКИЙ ХАРАКТЕР ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЭВФЕМИЗМОВ В СЛАВЯНСКИХ ЯЗЫКАХ

Author(s): Olena Voytseva,Natalia Demianenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

The article is devoted to the consideration of euphemistic phraseological units used to nominate topics significant for native speakers of Slavic languages such as birth and death, the human body, age, physiology, diseases, and human vices, as well as their dynamics, semantic and functional characteristics. The studied phraseological units related to non-linguistic phenomena are part of an anthropocentric paradigm and represent a public ban on pronouncing certain nominations in a particular language group. The object of this study are verbal and nominal phraseological units in the system of Slavic languages denoting concepts, phenomena and actions replacing words prohibited for extra-linguistic reasons and having a pronounced anthropocentric character. The purpose of the work is a comparative semantic-functional analysis of phraseological euphemisms in Slavic languages. It is emphasized that phraseological euphemisms replace words denoting concepts, phenomena and actions that are considered taboo for the Slavs, whose history dates back to the distant past of the Slavic peoples. They were originally associated with religious faith, fear of the gods, supernatural beings, nature, magical thinking and the deep conviction about the interdependence between the thing and the name. Comparative semantic and functional analysis of euphemistic phraseological units reveals coincident nominations in different Slavic languages and differences in phraseological units containing standards that replace certain words and expressions denoting objects and phenomena that nowadays replace not taboo entities, but linguistic units perceived in the language collective as non-tactful, rude or vulgar.

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SPECIFICS OF VERBAL VALENCE IN TERMS OF ITS PERCEPTION BY SPEAKERS (PSYCHOLINGUISTIC EXPERIMENT)

Author(s): Olesia Sulyma / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The article provides an in-depth study of the valence of verbal vocabulary in terms of selection of positions that are open to distributors. The purpose of the article is to outline the specifics of valence of actional and processual verbs in and out of context, to establish the minimum and maximum number of open verb positions in different contexts through a targeted associative experiment. The object of analysis are the verbs of actional and processual semantics, which appear in personal and impersonal meanings or combine these properties: вирувати (to eddy), заливати (to flood), зацвітати (to bloom), икати (to hiccup), казати (to say), клекотіти (to roar), котитися (to roll), переконувати (to persuade), ревіти (to howl), розливатися (to spill), свистіти (to whistle), сніжити (to snow), чавкати (to smack). It has been established that verbs of processual semantics require more dependent components, and this trend is observed with verbs that have lost their actional seme and moved to the class of processual ones. A small number of open valence positions has been established, which corresponds to the traditional scientific division, in particular, of the verb світати (to dawn), but most reactions suggest the presence of an additional number of distributors compared to the scientific division by valence characteristics. Verbs that scientists mainly classify as monovalent with a wide potential for transformation into divalent, respondents ranked as divalent or trivalent, which makes it possible to finally change the traditional division of verbs into groups based on valence features. A small number of the identified open fourth position of verb lexemes indicates the inconsistency of its allocation for direct communication.

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