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In Search of a Unit of Speech

In Search of a Unit of Speech

Author(s): Jolanta Antas,Małgorzata Majewska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The article aims at a revision of such terms as sentence, utterance, speech act, or communication event in view of new research needs and a broader understanding of language as involved in a complex communication process and, thus, considered a tool for not only generating meanings but also conveying them in interpersonal collaboration. From such a perspective, language appears to be not only a system but also one of the tools of symbolising meanings and intentional acts which serve the purpose of generating and regulating social bonds. The purpose of the authors is, thus, to define traditional linguistic concepts in order to make them good tools to describe the types of communication events and the ensuing individual interactions. We also intend to resolve the existing terminological confusion, i.e. to eliminate the employment of the same terms to describe different speech events and different levels of speech, and, as a result, to place the concepts in a hierarchy and assign them clear definitions. All this is undertaken in order to fit in the perspective of the observer as an active participant and contributor to the communication event, utterance or even a sentence

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Individual Features in the Contemporary Polish Reportage

Individual Features in the Contemporary Polish Reportage

Author(s): Katarzyna Ostrowska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The article deals with the language individual features in the contemporary Polish reportage based on the text Zabójca z miasta moreli: reportaże z Turcji by Witold Szabłowski. The author presents both the statistical analysis and the stylistic peculiarities of this reportage which was prized a prestigious Beata Pawlak Award in 2011 and contains important components characteristic for the journalistic style. The author uses the traditional syntactic model of Zenon Klemensiewicz and takes into consideration Stanisław Jodłowski’s research achievements. According to the postulates of Anna Wierzbicka, Maria Rachwałowa, Stanisław Mikołajczak, and Marek Ruszkowski, she selects a sample of 200 utterances which are examples of such narrative constructions that strongly indicate subjectiveness. In her research, firstly, she conducts a detailed analysis of the syntactic and statistical features of Szabłowski's text in comparison with the style of the contemporary Polish reportage. Secondly, she draws attention to stylistic unique features indicating the reporting syntax. As a result, the author notices the following language individual features in Zabójca z miasta moreli: reportaże z Turcji by Witold Szabłowski: 1) simple utterances and direct and indirect objects in the developed sentences, 2) developed clauses and adverbials, 3) objective hypotaxis, and 4) adverbial hypotaxis.The article deals with the individual features of language in the contemporary Polish reportagebased on the text Zabójca z miasta moreli: reportaże z Turcji by Witold Szabłowski. The authorpresents both the statistical analysis and the stylistic peculiarities of this reportage whichreceived a prestigious Beata Pawlak Award in 2011 and contains important componentscharacteristic for the journalistic style. The author uses the traditional syntactic model of ZenonKlemensiewicz and takes into consideration Stanisław Jodłowski’s research achievements.According to the postulates of Anna Wierzbicka, Maria Rachwałowa, Stanisław Mikołajczak,and Marek Ruszkowski, she selects a sample of 200 utterances which are examples of suchnarrative constructions that strongly indicate subjectivity. In her research, firstly, she conductsa detailed analysis of the syntactic and statistical features of Szabłowski's text in comparisonwith the style of the contemporary Polish reportage. Secondly, she draws attention to uniquestylistic features indicating the reporting syntax. As a result, the author notices the followingindividual features of language in Zabójca z miasta moreli: reportaże z Turcji by WitoldSzabłowski: 1) simple utterances and direct and indirect objects in the developed sentences, 2)developed clauses and adverbials, 3) objective hypotaxis, and 4) adverbial hypotaxis.

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METAFORINIS RAIŠKOS BŪDAS ADMINISTRACINĖJE LIETUVIŲ KALBOJE

Author(s): Rasuolė Vladarskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 93/2020

Cognitive linguists expanded the traditional concept of artistic metaphor, proving that metaphorical thinking and speaking are the key element of world perception. The study of metaphors enhances our understanding about how people get to know the surrounding world, what they associate its phenomena with and what features of those phenomena they observe. The aim of the article is to investigate the metaphorical means of expression in the administrative Lithuanian language and to compare their peculiar features in the documents drawn up in Lithuania and the translated European Union (EU) documents. The sources of the study are the legal acts and other documents published in the Register of Legal Acts and the translations of documents into Lithuanian made public on the portal of the EU law Eur-lex. The analysis of the language usage in administrative texts revealed the following tendencies of using the means of metaphorical expression: the use of artistic metaphors in the administrative language is limited by the specificity of the sphere under analysis as figurativeness is considered an undesirable feature, and the linguistic metaphors in use have already become the clichéd means of expression. The comparison of the documents produced in Lithuania and the translated EU documents shows that the latter include more metaphors but the frequency of their use also depends on the document genre. Metaphors are more widespread in freer document genres whose expression is closer to the publicistic style (e.g., report, communication, notification, recommendation, opinion, white paper, green paper, opinion of advocates general, etc.). A similar tendency is also noticed in Lithuanian documents; most means of metaphorical expression were found in court documents.

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Recenzja książki Pauliny Kłos-Czerwińskiej “Discourse: An Introduction to Van Dijk, Foucault and Bourdieu”, Wrocław – Washington, D.C. 2015: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Filologicznej we Wrocławiu, Komisja Nauk Filologicznych PAN, Oddział we Wrocławiu,

Recenzja książki Pauliny Kłos-Czerwińskiej “Discourse: An Introduction to Van Dijk, Foucault and Bourdieu”, Wrocław – Washington, D.C. 2015: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Filologicznej we Wrocławiu, Komisja Nauk Filologicznych PAN, Oddział we Wrocławiu,

Author(s): Tomasz Sikora / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

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Pierwotna podstawa doświadczeniowa
metaforyzacji

Pierwotna podstawa doświadczeniowa metaforyzacji

Author(s): Aleksander Szwedek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Wobec hipotezy “ucieleśnienia” (embodiment), powstaje pytanie w jakim stopniu ucieleśnienie wpływa na język, czyli jaka jest podstawa doświadczeniowa (experiential basis) w szczególności języka metaforycznego. Pytanie to pozostało dotychczas bez odpowiedzi. Podstawowym rozróżnieniem w naszej egzystencji jest podział na świat fizyczny i abstrakcyjny. Świat fizyczny to świat przedmiotów. Analiza pojęć abstrakcyjnych (w tym artykule to MYŚL) pokazuje, że ostateczną, pierwotną podstawą doświadczeniową (domeną źródłową) metaforyzacji jest świat przedmiotów fizycznych (myśli można mieć, pozbierać, rzucić, podsunąć, myśl może się rodzić, może kogoś uderzyć, porazić, strzelić do głowy, nasuwać się, przebiegać przez głowę, z myślami można się bić, itd.). Podział na świat przedmiotów fizycznych i bytów abstrakcyjnych jest podstawą nowej typologii metafor opartej na hipotezie, że schemat przedmiotu jest pierwotną i ostateczną domeną źródłową (podstawą doświadczeniową) nie podlegającą dalszej metaforyzacji. Taka teza pozwala także na przedstawienie pewnych sugestii filogenetycznych odnoszących się do myślenia abstrakcyjnego w ogóle. // In view of the embodiment hypothesis, a question arises as to what degree embodiment influences language, that is, what is the experiential basis of metaphorical language. This question has so far remained unresolved. A fundamental distinction in our existence is the division into the physical and abstract worlds. The physical world is the world of physical objects. An analysis of abstract concepts (it is THOUGHT in the present paper) shows that the ultimate, primeval experiential basis (source domain) is the world of physical objects. The distinction between the worlds of physical objects and abstract entities is the basis of a new typology of metaphors based on the hypothesis that the object schema is the primeval and ultimate source domain (experiential basis), not subject to any further metaphorization. Such a thesis allows also to formulate suggestions as to the development of the abstract thinking in general.

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The Online Response to the Two Polish Translations
of The Wee Free Men by Terry Pratchett

The Online Response to the Two Polish Translations of The Wee Free Men by Terry Pratchett

Author(s): Katarzyna Dziemian / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The online community of science fiction and fantasy fans constitutes a rich source of material for analysing reader response to translations as its members often reflect not only on the books they read but also on the quality of their translations. The Polish translations of Terry Pratchett’s The Wee Free Men are a good example of translations which evoked ample response online, with criticism focusing on the reasons for initially not employing the usual translator of the Discworld series, the treatment of names and dialect in the translation, and the issues connected with defining the target reader of the text and adjusting the text to their needs. The analysis of online reactions shows that translation solutions are considered problematic by readers especially when the reasons behind them are not clear.

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Montaigne entre amphibolies du relativisme et pari humaniste
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Montaigne entre amphibolies du relativisme et pari humaniste

Author(s): Nikola Panichi / Language(s): French Issue: 49/2020

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Le fantastique en tant qu’utopie. Une identité intellectuelle sans lieu
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Le fantastique en tant qu’utopie. Une identité intellectuelle sans lieu

Author(s): Bogdana Paskaleva / Language(s): French Issue: 49/2020

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Tzvetan Todorov and Stanislaw Lem: A Productive Misunderstanding
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Tzvetan Todorov and Stanislaw Lem: A Productive Misunderstanding

Author(s): Miglena Nikolchina / Language(s): English Issue: 49/2020

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Frontière de la peau
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Frontière de la peau

Author(s): Bourahima Ouattara / Language(s): French Issue: 49/2020

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A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH INTO GENDER AND LANGUAGE: FROM THE DEFICIT MODEL TO THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST MODEL

Author(s): Jasna Mikić / Language(s): English Issue: 094-095/2020

This paper presents an overview of early research into gender and language conducted in various developed Western countries and their languages. Different models were proposed to establish the properties of the language used by men and women. A major concept in early research was the ‘woman’s language’, regarded as inferior, and subject to pejorative connotations. The presented models represent an important beginning of research on gender and language, although they are largely no longer considered current due to the many shortcomings of their theory and weak empirical support. The paper also reviews contemporary critical frameworks and offers suggestions for further research.

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Nauczanie języków obcych w erze post-metodycznej:

Nauczanie języków obcych w erze post-metodycznej:

Author(s): Maria Jodłowiec,Anna Niżegorodcew / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1&2/2016

Bezprecedensowe tempo zmian we współczesnym świecie i wymagania, które stawia nauczycielom nowoczesna szkoła, z jednej strony w sposób znaczący wpływają na dydaktykę języków obcych, z drugiej zaś na przygotowanie nauczycieli języków obcych do zawodu. W chwili obecnej glottodydaktyka wkroczyła w fazę post-metodyczną, w nauczaniu/uczeniu się języków podkreśla się perspektywę ekologizmu, a w kształceniu nauczycieli kładzie się nacisk na rozwój autonomii, samodzielności w generowaniu wiedzy i zdobywaniu nowych umiejętności oraz otwartości na zmienność i dynamikę rzeczywistości. W niniejszym artykule pragniemy wyjaśnić sedno tej reorientacji i zarysować główne zasady, z których owe przekształcenia wynikają. Opisując krótko post-metodyczny model Kumaravadivelu (2003, 2006b), kreślimy ramy post-nowoczesnej glottodydaktyki. Wskazujemy jednocześnie, jak zmienność i nieprzewidywalność współczesnego świata przesądza o tym, że nauczyciel języka obcego, właściwie przygotowany do wykonywania swego zawodu, to przede wszystkim osoba otwarta, gotowa do uczenia się przez całe życie i do budowania teorii na podstawie praktyki, a równocześnie wykorzystująca praktykę by teorię umiejętnie modyfikować. To kreatywny profesjonalista nastawiony na rozpoznawanie i rozwiązywanie problemów. // The unprecedented speed of change in the world today and the demands that modern school places on the teacher, on the one hand, affect foreign/second language didactics, and on the other, influence language teacher programmes. In the 21st century L2 didactics appears to have entered a post-method era education, informed by language ecologism, and marked by emphasis on teacher autonomy. The teacher is no longer supposed to be primarily the knower; instead he or she must be an individual capable of generating new knowledge and developing skills necessary to deal with the unpredictable and changeable reality. The paper attempts to elucidate the nature of these new tendencies and presents the major principles of L2 teaching and learning that follow from them. Kumaravidelu’s (2003, 2006b) post-method model is focused on as the epitome of post-modern L2 instruction. It is argued that it lays foundation for open-ended teacher education, the major goal of which is to create in future language teachers the attitudes and abilities indispensable to a self-exploring and self-directed practitioner.

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Odkwitnęły dni wasze pod wstydu liściami… – uwagi o metaforyce astronomiczno-meteorologicznej Sonetów krymskich Adama Mickiewicza

Odkwitnęły dni wasze pod wstydu liściami… – uwagi o metaforyce astronomiczno-meteorologicznej Sonetów krymskich Adama Mickiewicza

Author(s): Małgorzata Andrejczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2020

In this article an attempt has been made to discuss the astronomical-meteorological metaphors present in Sonety krymskie of Adam Mickiewicz and to determine their role in the construction of the depicted world of the sonnets. The description of the vocabulary and the stylistic tropes in the Mickiewicz’s poetry have already been the subject of several linguistic studies, however, the characteristics of the metaphors has not been done yet. Therefore, the subject of this essay can fill one of the niches which still exists in seemingly complete description of the poet’s language. In this work I adopt the definition of the metaphor discussed by Teresa Dobrzyńska (1994) and the elements of methodology proposed by Piotr Wróblewski (1998). The analysis demonstrates that the time and place of creating the poetry influenced the quality of metaphors and the thematic vocabulary utilized within them. The adaptation of the Mickiewicz’s poetic language is visible in the discussed examples. The imagery evoked by the metaphors excerpted from Sonety krymskie goes beyond the Polish cultural realities and refers to the then reality of the Crimean region. The use of the indicated metaphors serves to emphasize the exoticism and mystery of the Crimea. The performed analysis demonstrates that the metaphors allow to express what the poet was unable to name with single words, but wished to convey this image to the reader. The utilized metaphors will enable to manifest the emotions and experiences which accompanied Mickiewicz but were difficult to describe in a realistic convention.

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Negocjacje we współczesnych słownikach języka polskiego oraz literaturze specjalistycznej – próba definicji

Negocjacje we współczesnych słownikach języka polskiego oraz literaturze specjalistycznej – próba definicji

Author(s): Ewa Biłas-Pleszak,Marta Dargiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2020

The article is an attempt at creating/recreating a definition of the notion of negotiation. We wished to look closely at how lexicographers attempt to grasp its essence in their descriptions and how it is represented by the authors of publications in this communication practice. The research material consisted of the principal Polish language dictionaries compiled after 1945 and the examples drawn form the professional literature published between 1974 and 2014. This time period was chosen in order to recreate a possibly contemporary understanding of negotiation. Conclusions from such a twofold observation make up a detailed scientific description, centred around the answers to the questions concerning the key words that name the negotiation, its participants, as well as the purpose of negotiation and the relation between parties.

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O interiekcjach kaszubskich w perspektywie leksykograficznej

O interiekcjach kaszubskich w perspektywie leksykograficznej

Author(s): Marek Kaszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2020

The subject of this sketch is the status of the class of interjections in the Kashubian language, the role of interjections in the linguistic awareness of the Kashubian lexicographers, methods of defining these units in three dictionary sources, their characteristics, and an attempt at typology.

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Madka – zjawiska językowe w nowym typie memów o matkach

Madka – zjawiska językowe w nowym typie memów o matkach

Author(s): Katarzyna Agnieszka Kłosowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2020

Recently, in the internet space a new type of mother has been singled out – madka. This resulted in the extension of a stereotype of mother which has functioned so far. The purpose of this article is to describe the linguistic phenomena occurring in the new type of memes about mothers, devoted to behaviours of a certain group of mothers, completely different from the stereotype of the Polish Mother. Memes about mothers reflect the evolution that took place in the form of this internet genre. The new type of memes is characterized primarily by giving up the image code, or even its complete rejection, in favour of extending the verbal part. Memes about mothers function mainly as the memes-citations, i.e. screenshots of controversial conversations floating around the internet, that are put under discussion and given comments, often changing their initial character. In the analysed material features typical of the internet communication can be observed – the spelling, punctuation, and phonetic errors. There appear neologisms worth attention, related to the subject of parenting, but these are relatively few. It is likely that some of the expressions used in the memes will be absorbed into the everyday speech.

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Obraz czł(owi)eka w tekstach przysłów polskich

Obraz czł(owi)eka w tekstach przysłów polskich

Author(s): Wioletta Kochmańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2020

This article presents a linguistic image of the lexeme człowiek, contained in the linear structure of the text of proverbs, where the indicated element constitutes a thematic centre. As a result of cognitive analysis which considered metaphoric, subjective, and objective ways of perceiving a human being, it is possible to state that he is a complex, intelligent being, but also not devoid of primitive instincts and imperfections that in the anthropocentric perception are presented metaphorically. Człowiek is subject to contextual valorisation with the evaluative centre in the canonic dyad good – evil, which not only points to his subjective features, but also allows the species to perform a didactic function. As a subject, he undertakes action or submits oneself to the causative forces. He is a strongly stereotyped individual, therefore we can reveal the cultural habits connected to a human being, that prove the durability of the features ascribed to him.

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Brzechwy lekcja dawnego języka polskiego (na przykładzie zbioru Sto bajek)

Brzechwy lekcja dawnego języka polskiego (na przykładzie zbioru Sto bajek)

Author(s): Agnieszka Piela / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2020

The basic purpose of this article is to demonstrate the archaic and anachronistic language forms contained in the collection of poetry by Jan Brzechwa Sto bajek. It turns out that the poet, as one of the precursors of the linguistic poetry for children, deliberately introduced into his poems some historical words, their forms and meanings, e.g.: androny, dziatwa, gawiedź, Piotrowa, sążeń, starościna, świekra, taradajka, żupa. Brzechwa’s vocabulary proves that his poetry is a historic, cultural, and linguistic curiosity to both the younger and older generations of readers.

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Някои специфики при преподаване на български език като чужд (с акцент върху лексиката и фразеологията)

Някои специфики при преподаване на български език като чужд (с акцент върху лексиката и фразеологията)

Author(s): Elena Krejchova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02/2020

The text presents some aspects of mutual influences, inter-language transfer and interference in the process of teaching a related (Slavic) language to Slavs. These language processes are observed on the material both in the initial phase of learning Bulgarian as a foreign language and in the more advanced ones. The text deals with the inter-lingual influences between Czech and Bulgarian in terms of bilingualism and linguicidactics. The text focuses mainly on errors in lexis and phraseology.

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Стихотворенията в проза на Антон Страшимиров

Стихотворенията в проза на Антон Страшимиров

Author(s): Aleksandar Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02/2020

The following text problematizes the characteristics of the poem in prose, the existence of the phenomenon in Bulgarian literature, the place of the genre in the literary-historical narrative. Тhe article interprets Anton Strashimirov’s book Transition (1926). Particular attention is paid to the poetry in prose featured in the book: “Confession” and “Shame”.

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