MENTALITĂȚILE – O CALE SPRE ÎNȚELEGEREA IDENTITĂȚILOR CULTURALE DIN PERSPECTIVA SINCRONISMULUI

Author(s): Anca-Margareta Bunea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2017

Anthropologically speaking, culture, by and large, marks the opposition culture vs.nature giving specificity to the human being way of existence. Cultural facts – knowledge,techniques, institutions, ways of behaviour, visions upon universe – sign of the culture’s unity have an “acquired” character, they are created by the human kind and independent from the biological laws, they are not known outside the human being. They represent a new environment, different from the natural one. This new environment (equally material and spiritual) interposes between man and nature and among people within a collectivity; it moulds the relationship of the human being with the self and it is the result of the synchronicity of the relationship of the human being with the society.

ENGLISH – THE T-REX OF MODERN TECHNICAL SCIENTIFIC WRITING

Author(s): Raluca Ghenţulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Although it is well-known that, nowadays, English is the lingua franca of science and technology, just as Greek and Latin were in medieval times and French and German were at the beginning of the 20th century, the mechanisms through which this language has imposed not only its specialized vocabularies, but also its stylistic patterns in scientific communication around the world have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this article aims at presenting the means through which English has conquered its supremacy in technical-scientific language, as well as the impact that this phenomenon, known as epistemicide, has on technical writing and specialized translations. How to reach the desiderata of conciseness, precision and clarity, howto comply with the stylistic norms, how to make your text sound natural in a language that is not your mother tongue – these are the practical issues that the current paper is going to deal with.

SOME CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS IN BILINGUAL LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

Author(s): Aura Gherguț / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The aim of the paper is to present some theoretical aspects of bilingual child language acquisition, to define and differentiate terms such as code-switching, language mixing, fusion,code-mixing, to identify the stages in acquiring the first and the second language during the early stages of life.

THE USE OF "SHALL" IN LEGAL TRANSLATIONS: HOW TO IDENTIFY AND WHEN TO REPLACE IT WITH OTHER VERB FORMS IN ROMANIAN-ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS

Author(s): Marina-Cristiana Rotaru / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The use of mandatory "shall" in legal texts is a distinct feature of the conservatism of legal language. This linguistic conservatism has been challenged by the literature in the past years, more and more voices supporting the view that mandatory "shall" can often be replaced by the modal verb "must" while the mandatory meaning remains unaltered. However, mandatory "shall" continues to hold ground in legal language. For Romanian legal translators, identifying when to use mandatory "shall" represents a serious challenge. Some knowledge in legal drafting may often be of help. But there may also be other clues that help spot places in a legal text where "shall" is required. This paper aims to identify some such clues that help signal to the translator that "shall" is not to be missed. Furthermore, the article illustrates situations when mandatory shall can be replaced by other verb forms.

Urban Spaces, Non-Places and Bad Places: Intersections Between Theory and Fiction in the Writings of Aldous Huxley and Michel Houellebecq

Author(s): Maša Uzelac / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In exploring the nature of space in contemporary society, the writers Aldous Huxley and Michel Houellebecq adopt an anthropological approach which focuses on space as a product of human activities instead of an inorganic and stable entity. Their novels conceptualise their theoretical positionings on mobility in urban spaces, issues of identity, and influence of modern urban architecture on individuals and society. This paper demonstrates how in Huxley’s and Houellebecq’s writings urban environments reflect the individual and collective pathologies of the modern world. By referring to Lefebvre’s theory of the social production of space and Augé’s analysis of urban mobilities, this study explores the phenomena of consumption and commodification of urban spaces under capitalism. Following the postulates of the phenomenology of space, the paper also emphasizes the negative experience of urban architecture, which shapes the individual’s emotional response to both their physical and social environment.

Poetics of the Borders: Meeting Points and Representational Border-Crossings in Contemporary Central and Eastern European Cinema

Author(s): Mirna Šolić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Meeting Points and Representational Border-Crossings in Contemporary Central and Eastern European Cinema is intended as an effort to refocus the current scholarship of the cinema on migration to provide a contribution towards change of paradigm in researching representations of migration. The two main notions are proposed here: that of the poetics of the borders and meeting points. The “borders” and the “meeting points” are not defined in terms of contrasting identities, separating cultures and societies. Instead, they are oriented toward dealing with shared emotions, spaces, representations, and experiences and go beyond the stereotypical trope of locals meeting strangers, and “us” versus “them,” instead emphasizing the quality of the contact and discovery of the Other (regardless of change happening or not). They represent narratives that are not mainly about widely perceived negative aspects of migration, such as conflicts, sexual exploitation, harassment, and trafficking, and seek to move beyond the concept that “they are coming/we are leaving.” The metaphor of the “meeting point” is used here in order to redefine not only the spaces of contact, but also to close the emotional, psychological and cultural chiasmus between these meetings.

Pisarz na wygnaniu: wymiary emigracji w opowiadaniu Vladimira Nabokova Письмо в Россию

Author(s): Małgorzata Ułanek / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXV/2020

The starting point of the proposed considerations is Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of genre, according to which genre of an utterance presupposes a particular kind of existence in reality and a special relationship with the recipient. Nabokov’swork A LetterThat Never Reached Russia is a model short story in this respect. Its protago-nist – the author of the eponymous Letter, topicalizes the writer’s situation in exile and takes under consideration both being as well as existential (bytijnyj) aspect of emigration. It is achieved using a twofold strategy. First of all, the hero-writer uses a trick specific to Nabokov himself: he poeticizes Berlin’s space and, with the power of imagination, transforms being (everyday existence), the manner of inhabiting the Earth (Heidegger), emphasizing the role of the spiritual aspect of human existence as a source of happiness. Secondly, choosing the epistolary genre – a form of intimate expression – is also a kind of strategy that allows familiarizing an alien reality and actualizing the “trace” of the past in a solitary everyday life in exile.

Другие берега Владимира Набокова в перспективе геопоэ-тики первой волны эмиграции

Author(s): Svetlana Garziano / Language(s): Russian Issue: XXV/2020

The starting point of the proposed considerations is Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of genre, according to which genre of an utterance presupposes a particular kind of existence in reality and a special relationship with the recipient. Nabokov’swork A LetterThat Never Reached Russia is a model short story in this respect. Its protago-nist – the author of the eponymous Letter, topicalizes the writer’s situation in exile and takes under consideration both being as well as existential (bytijnyj) aspect of emigration. It is achieved using a twofold strategy. First of all, the hero-writer uses a trick specific to Nabokov himself: he poeticizes Berlin’s space and, with the power of imagination, transforms being (everyday existence), the manner of inhabiting the Earth (Heidegger), emphasizing the role of the spiritual aspect of human existence as a source of happiness. Secondly, choosing the epistolary genre – a form of intimate expression – is also a kind of strategy that allows familiarizing an alien reality and actualizing the “trace” of the past in a solitary everyday life in exile.Vladimir Nabokov’s autobiography Other Shores written in Russian and edited in 1954 by an émigré publishing house serves as a good example for considering the concept of geopoetics based on the example of the cultural and historical phenome-non of the first wave of emigration. The paper intends to study the poetics of Nabokov’s autobiography, which is not only laid down in the semantic meanings of the title of the work but also can be traced in the structure of the text and its structuring thematic motifs (travels in childhood, the image of Russia, emigration, exile, etc.).

«О сколько звезд над Африкой твоей!»: литературно-публицистическое наследние русских эмигрантов Туниса

Author(s): Elena Elstova / Language(s): Russian Issue: XXV/2020

This article presents an overview of the literary and publicistic heritage of emigrants in Tunisia introducing the “African” page of the expat chronicle of the Russian community. Through the example of the Bizertine cycle of poems by the poetess I. Knor-ring, the historical and literary body of the work of N. Monastyrev, A. Sernin, memoirs by M. Ardatov, V. von Berg, N. Knorring, A. Shirinskaya and publications in the periodical press we suggest a rich range of topics and imageries (history of the Russian f leet, loss of the Homeland, search in exile, diaspora life in the foreign land, etc.). The authors of the chronotope of the Russian exodus, and Bizerta as the last port of the Russian Squadron, meet individually authorial semiotic comprehension and interpenetration which ref lects the unique interaction of authenticity and mythologisation of reality in the space of the emigrant text.

Funkcjonowanie angielskiego wyrażenia golden parachute w języku polskim i rosyjskim

Author(s): Jolanta Miturska-Bojanowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXV/2020

With the transition of the socialist economy to the capitalistic model of economic development, new vocabulary related to this field (mainly of English origin) appeared in Polish and Russian. Phraseological calques such as złoty parasol (parasol)and золотой парашют have spread in lexical resources of both languages, mainly in the economic-financial-business environment. The international nature of these types of expressions demonstrates the globalization of laws and financial activities. Due to sym-bolic elites (journalists), writing in the non-specialist press, these phraseologies are also known to a wide audience. In Polish and Russian, the expressions also begin to function in an additional, non-economic sense, as attested to in journalistic contexts (2019/2020).

Sprachenpolitik, Sprachendynamik und imperiale Herrschaft in der Habsburgermonarchie 1740-1914

Author(s): Peter Haslinger / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2008

Between 1740 and 1914, the language policy of the Habsburg rulers was determined by two factors: by the stress on German as the unifying language within the State bureaucracy on the one hand and by Steps taken towards the emancipation of other languages, combined with aspects of a divide et impera-policy, on the other. As the present article tries to argue, these two elements were not contradictory but rather co-existent, being part of a common political setting to secure imperial rule and to guarantee the stability of the complex of the various crown lands. Accordingly, the Habsburg language policy was not designed to serve the purpose of discriminating against specific ethno-linguistic groups. It rather aimed at keeping a delicate balance of advancement, tolerance, symbolic recognition as well as a minimum amount of plurality and a functional hierarchy between the various languages that had been recognized. Within this context, the reforms of Maria Theresia and Joseph II. formed a point of reference for all the national movements arising within the Habsburg monarchy. From their point of view, the Habsburg language policy was halfhearted and unpredictable, getting in the way of national emancipation (this also applied to the Hungarian language, which had become recognized in imperial representation after 1867). The rivalry for direct influence on administrative and legal language Standards had the effect that the Habsburg dynastic concept, which was based on the recognition of more than one language, became more and more marginalized in public discourse towards the end of the 19* Century. All in all, however, the Habsburg language policy cannot be interpreted as being benevolent or flexible towards the Single national communities. It rather aimed at the Integration of national - and other - political forces into the political System of Habsburg rule.

Ist maarahvas (‚Landvolk‘), die alte Selbstbezeichnung der Esten, eine Lehnübersetzung? Eine Studie zur Begriffsgeschichte des Ostseeraums

Author(s): Jürgen Beyer / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2007

It is widely agreed that Estonians first started to call themselves eestlased in the second half of the nineteenth Century. Earlier they had referred to themselves as maarahvas ('landfolk', 'people of the land'). Scholars also agree that maarahvas had been used as an ethnonym since time immemorial. Support for this view was sought in Viking age Nordic sources and in comparisons with other Uralic languages. The author argues that the Nordic sources have been misinterpreted and that the Uralic parallels are spurious. He draws attention to those languages Estonians were in contact with in the period 1200 to 1850. All Germanic languages of the time featured words similar to the German Landvolk and meaning 'the native inhabitants of a country'. A comparable expression was also used in the Latin Bible. The word gained ground in Latin and vernacular texts from the eleventh and twelfth centuries, i. e. at a time when the frame of reference for laws changed from tribal to territorial units. This led to new terms based on land or terra, not only Landvolk but also Landmann and Landsprache, i. e. 'the native of a country' and 'the language of a country'. Also these terms found their way into Estonian as maamees and maakeel. In addition to the meanings common in western and northern Europe, in this region they also came to denote the language and the people of one's own country. Only the latter development is original to Estonian. Not only these three Compounds but also a plethora of other words can be traced in all languages formerly spoken around the Baltic Sea. The author calls for a comparative conceptual history of the entire area.

An Oriental Version of Otherness: English-Speaking Writers of the Arab Diaspora

Author(s): Sabbar Zamil Al-Yasir Anwer,Sabbar Zamil Al-Yasir Sahar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Our purpose has been to draw on the representation of otherness by selected writers of the Arab American diaspora, with a stress on tworepresentative authors of this community: Gibran Khalil Gibran and EdwardSaid. Viewed from a postcolonial perspective, most of the writers considered for our analysis have written as a response to the artificial East/West dichotomy, almost defying their assumed hyphenated identity. If the African slave Omar IbnSaid first wrote in Arabic, Edward Said preferred to write his books in English,Gibran Khalil Gibran wrote both in English and Arabic, while the Egyptianwriter Ahdaf Soueif – educated in England and Egypt, writes in English andArabic. In the cultural and geographical space of the United States, the ArabAmerican immigrant experience mirrors that of other ethnic groups, and it isdemonstrated in their literatures

Mahatma Gandhi and Conflict Resolution in “Master Harold”… and the boys

Author(s): Samira Sasani,Saberi Mohammad Mehdi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Apartheid South Africa is a perfect example of inequality and racialdiscrimination in the 20th century. Athol Fugard’s “Master Harold”… and theboys clearly depicts the colonialist ideology that existed during apartheid era.The aim of this study is to deal with Gandhi’s ideas about conflict resolution.Mahatma Gandhi sees non-violence as a solution. Athol Fugard’s “MasterHarold”… and the boys is anti-colonialist, and this play also shows that thosewho have internalized their superiority and inferiority are more vulnerable tocolonialist psychology. Fugard has suggested way of decolonialization isSatyagraha, which is a kind of non-violent resistance proposed by MahatmaGandhi. Fugard’s suggested kind of resistance, as shown in the play, cannot beachieved through coercion. It is achieved by means of conversion.

Indirect vs. Direct Communication: Steps in Becoming Culturally Intelligent

Author(s): Claudia Elena Stoian / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The paper brings into discussion the importance culture plays incommunication, and highlights the necessity of training students in crosscultural communication. Focusing on an important dichotomy incommunication styles, i.e. indirectness vs. directness, it proposes possibleactivities to do in language and/or translation and interpreting classes. Theirpurpose is to culturally intelligent, particularly by drawing their attention to cultural differences in communication, and helping them to acquire knowledgeto anticipate differences, practice mindfulness and develop cross-cultural skills.

Answers about and Questions for Public Theology: Sebastian Kim and Katie Day (eds.), A Companion to Public Theology

Author(s): Teofil Stanciu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

THE RISE OF ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE

Author(s): Anamaria Sasu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

This article aims to provide a brief glimpse at how English has become the global phenomenon it is today, taking into account historic developments and cultural aspects. It analyses the underlying factors in the evolution of English as the most spoken language in the world, and the privileged position it has enjoyed through the spread of the British Empire, and, later, due to the Industrial Revolution. Culminating factors, which have helped maintain its position, are recent technological developments and political factors in the aftermath of The Second World War. There is also a brief analysis on resistance to English, illustrated by the French language.

RUBRIQUAGE ET VISÉE PRAGMATIQUE DANS LA PRESSE DE VULGARISATION SCIENTIFIQUE

Author(s): Mălina Gurgu / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2017

This paper analyses the pragmatic strategy of the French popular science magazine "Science & Vie" in order to attract and to keep the attention of its readers in the news section.The study takes into account issues from the even years of the period 2006-2016. The main two criteria for the analysis are supplied by Patrick Charaudeau’s theoretical framework which distinguishes between the “aim to inform” and the “aim to capture”.

Od „prasy dla ludu” do „prasy ludowej” − ewolucja polskich czasopism w zaborze austriackim

Author(s): Adam Koziolek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2019

The paper aims at the exploration of the origins and range of publishing servicesfor rural communities in the Austrian partition. Observation of changes that resultedin the evolution from „press for people” to „people’s press” is of particular importancein studying the publishing market. The latter is defined as the press dominated by politicalcontent. Due to its autonomy, less censorship pressure, and journalistic activities of outstandingeditors, Galicia contributed to the development of first political parties. Galicianjournals at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century present changes andpressures which took place in the developing people’s movement. The main theme linkingmany journals was the development of rural communities’ attitudes towards the fightto regain independence. However, they varied in their vision of future Poland. The firstimportant titles for women working on farms were established within this territory. Christianvalues were the main topic discussed in journals for women. In general, in the beginningjournals published in the Austrian partition mostly offered educational, social and religiouscontent, followed by the political, which finally dominated the press market.

Thematic Structure of the Clause. Recognising Themes and their Metafunctions in Systemic Functional Framework

Author(s): Madalina Cerban / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

An extremely important aspect of functional grammar is the way information is structured in communication. This structure is built with the help of grammar and it generally happens at the level of the clause. In Systemic Functional Grammar there are two parallel and interrelated systems of analysis that concern the structure of the clause regarding the organization of the message. The first one is called information structure, and the second one is called thematic structure and it involves constituents that are labelled Theme and Rheme. The first part of this paper is concerned with the most common difficulties encountered in identifying the Themes and the second part discusses the metafunctions of these Thematic structures.We are going to analyse some of the most common cases: the yes/ no words, the adjuncts, the time expressions, the question words, the relative pronouns, the reference items, the temporal expressions. An important case is represented by the Subject it as unmarked topical Theme. Another problem is represented by the longer Theme units. In the last part of this paper we draw up the tests which should be made in order to identify longer Themes.