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This eBooks is a Digsimile edition of the original edition: Berlin, 1896, Geographische Verlagshandlung Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen) with numerous illustrations by W.L. Arndt and E. Arndt-Ceplin. With his bestseller “Travelling through Bosnia and Herzegovina”, the author Heinrich Renner makes a love declaration to “Bosnia, the land of dawn”.
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In this study purpose be setting to get answer on very important question at medieval history of the Crimea. We tried to date the time of origin a “cave” monastery. The object of study became rock complex near South gate of Chufut-Kale. Now we found out that, on this territory was early medieval monastery and we can to identity its outline and period of existence. This book for professional historians, students, regional specialists and all interested of late antiquity and medieval Crimea.
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Márton Debreczeni (1802–1851), mine engineer and inventor, was the rejuvenator and the road-opener of Hungarian mining and metallurgy science in the 19th century Transylvania, leading personality of his contemporary Transylvanian intelligentsia. His activity encompassed the reformation on scientific principles of Transylvanian mining, the reorganization of its financial administration, doubled by a rich literary activity.Through his technical creations, Márton Debreczeni revived and reformed on modern principles the Transylvanian mining and metallurgy. He envisaged the importance of scientific progress, and, through experiments and calculus, found technical solutions to make the mining and metallurgical industry of Transylvania more economical. His abilities – the extension of the knowledge he accumulated in various positions, the leadership role he undertook due to his management abilities – had a determinant effect on the development of the technical field in the 19th century. His innovations were also been implemented in other countries, ensuring his international acclaim. Nevertheless, even with all these accomplishments, Márton Debreczeni was to die in the same dire misery he was born.The present volume illustrates the technical legacy this illustrious personality left behind: his inventions, his written contributions and technical dictionaries.The first chapter shows the life of Márton Debreczeni and his studies at Mănăstireni, Cluj and at the Mineralogy Academy in Selmecbánya (Banská Štiavnica). He started his mining apprenticeship in 1825. After a short time, he becomes a Smelting Deputy Foreman at Rodna mine, there after working in almost every mining basin in Transylvania. Meanwhile he marries Teréz Láhner, whose family he met at Selmecbánya. They had a harmonious relationship, raising their eight children. He later worked at Certej, Hunedoara County as Forge Deputy Inspector, then, starting with 1829, they move to Zlatna where he becomes Forge Chief Inspector, Mine Judge and, at age 36, director of all the mines and forges in Zlatna. The last part of the chapter contains a series of testimonials his contemporaries wrote about him, after his death, that were sent afterwards to Imre Mikó.The second chapter presents his engineering accomplishments, his technical innovations and inventions, together with his miscellaneous technical notes. The chapter also features the structure, function and use of the “spiral blower”. In addition, Debreczeni attempted to find a solution to re-use the slag material resulted from the mining/smelting processing.The third chapter attempts to reassemble a broader image on the building of the Hungarian technical language, showing the part Debreczeni played in its inception. The start and the evolution of the Hungarian technical language were influenced by 3 factors: 1. The introduction of technical specialized education and foundation of technical-specific institutions; 2. the founding and dissemination of technical-focused scientific publications in Hungarian; 3. Editing and publication of technical dictionaries. Debreczeni’s name and contributions appear in all these three areas of technical sciences’ development. The chapter presents his contribution in the struggle for starting the professional training for mining and metallurgy in Hungarian, together with his scientific papers and dictionaries, all of which have unfortunately remained in a manuscript form.The fourth chapter defines position and contribution of Márton Debreczeni’s technical legacy in the digital database Erdélyi Digitális Adattár maintained by Transylvanian Museum Society.The book’s Annex contains the description and illustration of Márton Debreczeni technical patrimony.
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A collection of papers concerning axiological problems in the late Baroque poetry, the presence of biblical tradition in the Enlightenment religious poetry, the renewal of church life, religious education in noble colleges, attitudes towards deism noticeable in literature, religious awareness of the outstanding poet Ignacy Krasicki, religious transformation in the Jewish circles in the 18th century and the Jewish question in the Enlightenment disputes about value. The volume closes with the analysis of literary works of the early Romanticism, presenting how the most important axiological problems of the 18th century were perceived by the representatives of the next period.
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The author presents the history of the Reformation in the Kingdom of Poland in the years 1518–1566, with a particular emphasis on the role of Polish erasmen, understood both as friends and correspondents of Erasmus from Rotterdam, and – more broadly – as admirers of his works. The text presents the Reformation as a process in which the question about the foundations of faith entailed theological, social and political changes. They co-created the erstwhile reformation in Poland and shaped the processes of the entire society, being at the same time participants in these processes.
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The publication deals with the poetics of European litanic verse. Its subject matter is genre, rhythm and rhetorical figures, as well as comparative versification, portrayed against the background of the cultural identity of Europe. These themes are analysed in close relation with a reconstruction of the implied philosophy of the litany, especially its cosmological principles. The study covers a period from antiquity to the middle of the 19th century.
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The monograph discusses literary and cultural issues, important figures and historical facts concerning the 1860s. By referring to various phenomena of the literary production of the time and by revisiting some unknown texts it presents new research perspectives of that period, perceived as a time of change and uncertainty, lost opportunities, difficult choices, a verification of literary models and attitudes to life.
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The book presents the lives of four community activists from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries: Antoine-Frédéric Ozanam (1813-1853), priest Carl Sonnenschein (1876-1929), Pier Giorgio Frassati (1901-1925) and Albert Marvelli (1918-1946) in a groundbreaking way. The biographies show the specificity of charity work realised under the patronage of Catholic Church and in its doctrine. The author argues that charity, regardless of its form and provenance, is always valuable, desirable and expected.
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The publication tells a story about opera in Poland in the years 1635–1795. The author analyzes various stage and music forms created within that period which were commonly referred to as opera. Referring to the native as well as European historical context, he focuses exclusively on opera works staged by foreign troupes at the royal court and on the public national stage established under king Stanisław August Poniatowski’s auspices. A synthesis devoted to the opera in Poland has been conspicuous by its absence in the subject literature. This book covers the period from the appearance of the first opera works in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the House of Vasa rule to the beginnings of the Polish opera works at the time of king Stanisław August Poniatowski. The present work – written from the perspective of a historian of ideas and social awareness – constitutes the first part of a larger original project devoted to the history of the Polish opera from its beginnings until 1918. It is hoped that the book will attract wide readership, particularly historians, culture experts, theatre specialists and musicologists.*“The author has constructed a cognitively valuable and reliably documented monograph covering the first one hundred and sixty years of the opera's presence in Poland. Undoubtedly, there is a shortage of such studies on the Polish publishing market.” From the review by dr hab. Krzysztof Kurek, prof. UAM
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The volume analyses the role of a former secondary education institution, the gymnasium, in a period when the birth right-based estates system gradually gave way to the meritocracy of modern bourgeois society. The gymnasium played a significant role in this transformation, since this type of institution accepted students from diverse social backgrounds. In this way, it not only became an important means of increasing intellectualization, but also provided a widening channel for social mobility. The study focuses on the operation and the influence of the gymnasium as a social institution. Using and connecting a wide range of sources on various levels, it analyses the schooling processes in gymnasia and further education, the entry points to the spheres of higher or ‘academic’ education (to use a contemporary term), as well as the unique distribution of upward mobility afterwards.
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Today’s Austria is a relatively small state. However, until 1918 Austria-Hungary was an important superpower. Therefore, due to their size and historical importance, Austrian archives are amongst the richest in Europe. This joint publication gives a brief overview over the past and present of the Austrian archives and looks in detail at 16 institutions: the four divisions of the Austrian State Archive as well as selected provincial, local, university, church and private archives. The authors of each chapter are or have been archivists working in the mentioned archives. The book is addressed in particular to students of history and archival studies as well as professional historians and archivists in all the successor states of the Austrian monarchy.
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The book written to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the Battle of Warsaw shows this historic battle in broad historical and cultural context. The main theme of the publication is the military triumph, which resulted from the heroic endeavour of the whole nation, military genius of the commander-in-chief and his generals, the work of radio intelligence officers and tremendous support of Polish Catholic Church. The comments of renowned historians are accompanied by reflections of art historians who present an iconographic panorama of Polish military triumphs, and the Battle of Warsaw in visual culture, as well as in collective memory, severely deformed during the Soviet dominance.
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The author undertakes an analysis of the narrative of Catalonia’s past, in particular where it concerns its relations with Spain which, in the Catalan discourse, happen to be presented in a way that moulds historical awareness of Catalans in terms of injustices the nation has suffered. Focusing on “victimhood” makes it possible to forge a sense of community by celebrating historical trauma. Consequently, we are dealing not so much with history as critical reflection on the past, but with a history of memory. This book sets out to show how the landmarks of Catalan history – the defeat of 1714 in particular – became a salient interpretive trope which, having assumed the shape of a spectre of the past that haunts the Catalan community, dictates how that past should be remembered and perceived.
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In the nineteenth century, scientists' discoveries resonated not only within the closed walls of laboratories and academies but also in literary and social space. They changed the way life and humans were presented in literature: since then, it has been possible to reflect on the origins of life, distant human ancestors, and species that will replace humans in the course of biological evolution. This book aims to help introduce the Polish reader to these unobvious links between literature and natural science in nineteenth-century France.
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This book takes a historical look at the relationship between French and Polish literature and the natural sciences in the nineteenth century. The three studies present the shift in the scientific paradigm that occurred at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; they also show the impact this shift had on literary practice in Poland and France. The works prove that modern literature entered into a dialogue with natural sciences, which had been undergoing extremely intensive development since the mid-eighteenth century: botany, zoology, physiology, and later biology became an attractive source for the literary imagination and contributed to a new reading of the classical relations between nature and culture. For the authors whose works are discussed in the following chapters (including Jules Michelet, Gustave Flaubert, Honoré de Balzac and Dyzma Bończa-Tomaszewski), knowledge of nature makes it possible to reread the history of cultures, states and civilizations, to describe contemporary reality and diagnose its characteristic phenomena, and even to envision the future. It also allows us to see what is common to humans, animals and plants.
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The author of this book analyses the influence of the encyclical mentioned in the title on the situation of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States of America, and especially on how the social issue and workers' problems were perceived by the main figures in the American clergy. The basic research questions concern how sensitivity to social problems was fostered in the American clergy before and after the encyclical's publication (i.e. before and after 1891), and its influence on Catholic social teaching in the United States and on US federal legislation. The author posits that under the influence of the encyclical Rerum novarum, a unified social thought was formed in Catholics in the United States which was adapted to the realities and peculiarities of the American economy and society. The work focuses on the years 1891-1919, i.e. the period between the publication of the encyclical Rerum novarum and the publication of the Bishops' Program of Social Reconstruction. However, in order to present the particular conditions in which the Catholic Church functioned in the USA and the broader context related to its attitude to what was called ‘the workers' question’, the author draws on the Third Plenary Synod in Baltimore in 1884. In turn, after presenting the long-term effects of the reception of the demands contained in Pope Leo XIII's encyclical, he traces the influence of the Catholic social programme on federal legislation up to the 1930s.
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The famous historian akad. Dimitar Kosev presents the politician and statesman Andrey Lyapchev as a very strange phenomenon in the history of the Third Bulgarian State, he took over the government after the painful national catastrophes and succeeded in pacifying Bulgarian society through well-thought-out reforms, with human kindness and Christian charity.
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This book presents an extraordinary event – the daring march of Hadji Dimitar’s and Stefan Karadja’s troops in 1868. “It came from without, struck only the alarm signal, the beating of which shook the lowlands and prepared them for the auspicious seed of revolution.” The shots of the group of revolutionaries scares not only the Turkish Empire, but also Europe talked about the Bulgarians.
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The book presents the history of the Bulgarian people from the beginning of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, refracted through the personal fate of a Bulgarian patriot and fatherland lover – Panayot Nikolov (1799 – 1909). In it can be found a variety of information about a number of events that occurred in the northeastern part of the Bulgarian lands during the historical period under consideration.
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The publication deals with the research of gallows in the South Moravian Region. So far, research has brought knowledge of the form of gallows, their dating, the situation in the field, and of delinquents, who were executed on the gallows and whose remains are found around the gallows. This publication is a summary of the current knowledge of South Moravian gallows in the early modern era in terms of history, history of law, archaeology, anthropology, botany, zoology and geomorphology.
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