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Dance pieces emerged as one of the three main instrumental genres of the 16th century. It is perhaps no coincidence that both instrumental music and choreography simultaneously gained and developed their status as independent arts on the basis of their own authoritative figures, theoretical grounds and codes. Dance music consists of that part of the repertory which is in closest relation to its primary function, namely providing dancers with rhythmical, melodic and general structural framework. The same framework, on the other hand, gave instrumentalists good opportunities to explore and experiment with their compositional, improvisational and technical skills and limits. In the 16th century certain sets of instrumental pieces based on dance forms appeared. They played a crucial role in the development of the repertory over the following 17th and 18th centuries. Did these forms still keep their initial relation to dancing or did they rather change into stylized pieces with completely different functions? The present survey aims to shed light on the problems of when and how dance music became “purely” instrumental and separated from its initial role, and the extent to which dance and music kept their close interaction in the 16th century. In the search for answers the paper attempts to contextualize the two processes and practices by means of delineating their social functions and roles in the period and by relying on the testimonies of leading authorities on dance art during that time.
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The article deals with the icon of St Anastasia the Pharmakolytria with eight scenes from her life, originally belonging to the Monastery of St Anastasia on the island of the same name across from Burgas, now kept at the Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos, Burgas. The icon, presumably of the patron saint, was made by painter Demetrios and is dated to 1789. It is one of the three known icons with scenes from her life in the Balkans, and five of the total of eight scenes depicted on it occur only here.
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The article presents for the first time in one place reliquaries made by Pazardzhik goldsmiths, the sources for them known in the scientific literature, and attempts to put them in the context of the Pazardzhik goldsmiths’ trade. The available data about the development of the goldsmiths’ trade in Pazardzhik is systematized and a hypothesis is proposed regarding the role of that goldsmiths’ center during the period of Ottoman rule on the territory of present-day Central Southern Bulgaria.
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During the first cholera epidemic in Vilnius in 1831, a hospital for cholera patients was set up in the Pohulanka district. Over a thousand patients were treated there, of whom approximately half died. Although it was intended for the Roman Catholic population, people of various faiths were admitted. The article is an attempt at a demographic and social analysis of those who died during the epidemic, with the source for the research the Register of those who died of cholera, drawn up and kept between April 10, 1831 and January 3, 1832 by Father Kazimierz Kontrym. Thanks to the preserved data, it was possible to determine the age structure of 553 men and women, their religion, social status, information on whether they received the last rites and where they were buried.
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Over time, mankind has progressed steadily, gradually satisfying all human needs through the development of technology, economy, and industry .With the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19thcenturies, human settlements evolved proportionalto their population and economic role. There arewell-defined urban agglomerations with industrial specificity, depending on the natural resources. These were meant to exploit the natural resourcesto the maximum, but which, with the technologicalprogress or the depletion of the raw material, devalue, regress, becoming no longer of interest to the population or for the authorities. Thus, the citiesin question became ghost towns. In Romania, during the communist period, the economy and industrial development reached an important level. The pape raims to present the main stages of the emergence of industrial localities (monofunctional or multi-function), how they evolved (creating jobs, living spaces and social facilities that met all human needs of that period - education , health, economic activities), as well as their current situation -depopulated or even ghost towns and villages.
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The purpose of the article is presentation of an unknown collection of copies of the municipal seals Apparatus Sigillorum Pomeraniae et Rugiae Civitatum and an attempt to establish authorship, time, and circumstances of its origin. The work survived among the remnants of the so called Ostens Library, where it came in 1773. Brief notes made on its cover suggest that it originates from the collection of Matthäus Heinrich Liebherr. The analysis of the aesthetic of the executed copies allows a supposition that there were several drawers and the work could be completed by the successive owners. The content of the dorsal notes implies that the author used the seals from the collections of Pomeranian scholars belonging to the society Collectores Historiae et Juris Patrii. It is likely that the activity of this society inspired the compilation of the catalogue of the Pomeranian towns’ seals.
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The scientific article presents the pedagogical views of the Bulgarian teacher, author and translator of a scientific book from the 19th century Joachim Gruev. He considers his views on education and upbringing.
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As a teacher who works with visually impaired toddlers and students, by using various resources, the author of this text follows the ways different communities used to treat the visually impaired during the ages, as well as the beginning and the development of their education throughout the course of History.
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There have been numerous publications on genocide, which provides evidence that this topic is up-to-date, important and still insufficiently researched. The author of the legal concept of "genocide " is Rafał Lemkin, a Polish scholar of Jewish nationality: "Father of Genocide Convention". In 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a convention on the prevention and punishment of genocide crime. During the hundred years (1894-1995), genocide repeatedly occurred in Central and Eastern Europe. The greatest genocide in human history is the extermination of the Jews (the Holocaust). The author also recalls the genocide of the Armenians (1894-1915) in the Ottoman Empire (although it goes beyond Central and Eastern Europe and Russia). There were numerous genocide cases in the Soviet Union, and it is only about them that it is possible to accumulate substantial literature. Namely, the author reminds: the Cossacks genocide following the Bolshevik revolution; genocide in the countryside in connection with the collectivization process; Great Famine in Ukraine; the extermination of entire national minorities (so-called national operations 1937-1938); the most massive such operation was the "Polish operation." The author also recalls genocide in the countries of former Yugoslavia: especially in the fascist so-called Independent Croatian State [Nezavisna Država Hrvatska - NDH). The genocide of Ukrainian nationalists on Poles (1943-1946) closes the text. The article describes the largest genocidal operations carried out in Central and Eastern Europe over the course of a century and outlines their historical and political background, the manner in which they were carried out and their relationship with the international law and individual national regulations in force at the time.
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Review of: Robert Skenderović - Građa i prilozi za povijest za povijest Dalmacije, br. 15 (1999.), Split 1999., 354 str.
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Review of: Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević - MLADEN MEDAR, SEDAM STOLJEĆA SAJMOVANJA NA PODRUČJU BJELOVARSKO-BILOGORSKE ŽUPANIJE. PRESJEK KROZ POVIJEST SAJMOVA I IZLOŽBI STOKE, Bjelovar 1999., izd. Bjelovarskog sajma d.o.o. i Gradskog muzeja Bjelovar, str. 1.-87
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The main subject of this discussion is relation between modernity and classical sociology. In this article is shown that sociology, as a specific science, is an answer to social crisis of modern society. Industrialization and political revolutions are two main forces responsible for constitution of modern society. Here is emphasized importance of social context in which sociological thought was born. In this article the authors also shows that sociology is founded under the influence of two contrary lines of thought. Although Enlightenment had significant impact on classical sociology, for early sociologists ideology of conservatism was the main source of ideas. Influence of these two contradictory perspectives is the main reason for ambiguity of classical sociological theories. In other words, classical sociology has a critical approach to different aspects of modern society, but, at the same time, this criticism does not mean rejection of modern society as a whole. Classical sociologists thought that the course of social process could not be changed. Thus the restoration of former social structures is neither possible nor desirable at all. Duality of traditional and modern values is a universal characteristic of all classical sociological theories. How this duality is expressed in the works of Comte, Spencer, Durkheim, Tönnies and Weber is examined further in the article. At the end the author places an emphasis on the relevance of classical sociology today.
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This paper analyses the history of ethical thinking of Kazakhs and its context in the nomadic traditions of Central Asia, which arises from an ancient branch of Turkic-speaking culture and includes layers of IndoIranian, Chinese and Arab cultures. The position of Kazakhs on the Silk Road has meant that ethical thought has been influenced by ideas from across Eurasia. However, even with the coming of Islam and later invasions, Kazakh thought has retained its distinctiveness and elements dating back to its early origins. The paper explores the evolution of ethical thinking from Korkyt-Ata in the VIII century to that of the Abai Kunanbayev in the XIX century Kazakh Enlightenment. Throughout Kazakh history, the expression of ideas and their relationship with society (rulers and people) has been through poetry and song. Kazakh poetic philosophizing is a fusion of mind and heart, Sufi mysticism and rational knowledge. Further traditions, such as the principle of hospitality, are also key elements in the evolution of Kazakh ethical thinking.
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The study continues the topic of relations between the Vice Consul in Plovdiv Naiden Gerov and the Russian Ambassador to Constantinople General N. P. Ignatiev, partly analyzed in two already published studies on the political activity of the Russian Vice Consul in Plovdiv Naiden Gerov in the first year of the Eastern Crisis of 1866–1869. Although the relations between the two Russian diplomats have repeatedly been the subject of historiographical interest, now for the first time the author brings them out and analyzes them as a separate and independent research problem. Although the emphasis is on the “personal” relationship between the ambassador and his subordinate vice-consul, they will inevitably be projected on key moments in the history of the Eastern Question, in whose labyrinths national and state interests intertwined lasting and non-lasting cooperation and confrontations were born.
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The „royal places“ in Bulgaria have very often been the subject of speculation over the years and are almost always shrouded in a vague strangeness. In addition to their official palaces, chalets and villas, the king and royal family in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were associated with a series of landed estates, forests and buildings requested by the head of state or provided to him by local authorities in hopes of compensation of another nature. As these are almost always “exclusive” properties and areas, there is always the suspicion of attempts at some (albeit soft) coercion to acquire them; on the other hand, the municipal councils and the mayors considered the properties in question as a bargaining chip for the purpose of personal political career or favoring the settlement due to royal proximity. The study examines this phenomenon based on known and almost unknown examples across the country.
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The aim of the article is to give an overview of the veneration of Anthony the Great in medieval and early modern Estonia, identify its typical characteristics and find out how the veneration of the saint differed for urban and rural populations. Therefore, the topic will be approached from a wider transcultural perspective, rather than along the lines of ethnic and/or social divisions. Different sources indicate the rich heritage associated with the cult of Saint Anthony as well as its long-lasting effects on local culture.
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This short essay aims to provide insight into the emotional background underlying Quaternary palaeontology and encourage scholars to thoroughly discuss the psychological determining factors behind its practice. The nostalgia for past times and the feeling of loss of a world that will never return are the emotional landmark of Quaternary palaeontology. Due to its taste for perished things and nostalgic turn into the past, Quaternary palaeontology participates in the bias of the pagan version of the Ubi sunt elegiac motif. While this work specifically concerns Quaternary palaeontology, it can probably serve as a guide to reveal the perceptions and motivations behind other sciences.
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The paper considers whether it is possible and appropriate to differentiate between the types of saints in the Middle Ages and the early Modern Era in Europe. The study is based on the analysis of various types of sources, such as saints’ lives, protocols of canonization processes, and other church acts. The typologies of “old” (late antique and medieval) and “new” (represented by the so-called beati moderni) saints were compared. The differences between the medieval and the modern vision of sanctity in Catholic Church were revealed. The classifications of saints proposed by A. Voshe and M.Yu. Paramonova were discussed. A new classification of beati moderni was suggested. The specifics of canonization of “new saints” and the phenomenon of their emergence were explored. Using the results of the comparative analysis, it was concluded that “new saints” must be distinguished from the medieval ones, because they are a reflection of the realities and values of the early Modern Era. In many cases, they determined a new image of saints in Catholic Church, which has been common since the Council of Trent until the present times.
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