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The aim of the article is to look at Zamość as a three-dimensional spatial construct, which may be compared to an architectural and sculptural work of art. Analysing the external image of the town, its form, characteristic features, and dominant height one may broaden the interpretation by adding figurative, emotive or metaphysical aspects. The text constitutes the development of the thought of Stanisław Herbst, according to which Zamość was designed as a three-dimensional shape, not as a plan. The subject matter was examined using the sources of historical cartography and iconography along with modern aerial photographs. The text also includes the review of scientific publications concerning the subject matter. The observation of the town also played a major role.
More...Obraz, znak, symbol, tekst
The article constitutes an overview of the most important views of Cracow in the Old Polish times. The keynote is the presentation of specific representations (11 views have been discussed) along with the rules of showing the city and – which is the basic thesis – their subjective interpretation in the social and political context. A view beyond the axiomatic principle of the faithfully portrayed urban space usually carried out interpretations which were more or less visualized (both by their creators and recipients). It should be read as a testimony of the epoch, exploring the circumstances of their creation and possible cultural analysis. The first of the discussed representations is the view in the work of Hartman Schedel of 1493; it is not so much the real image of the city as its sign – it corresponds to the views of the city landscape at that time. The second view, from 1537, probably by Mathias Gerung, despite being generally the faithful reflection of the reality, omits many details or distorts them. However, the first representation which faithfully presents the details is the view of 1581; however, it, in turn, deforms the urban space (which, incidentally, was a conscious choice of the creator). Two views in Civitates orbis terrarum by Georg Braun and Franz Hogenberg, published in 1617, are the most informative views presenting Cracow. The latter is the most beautiful picture of the capital city and it also became the source which was later used by the creators of the next panoramas of Cracow, who changed the prototype more or less uncritically (1619, 1696, the second quarter of the 18th century). A breakthrough in the representation of the city, rooted in modern thinking, was the “rationalist” view of 1785. Iconography, like any historical source, is subject to critical review; it should also be – for verification purposes – confronted with other archival sources. In this process, methods from the area of art history, history of architecture, urban planning and historical landscape architecture are applied. There are mutual relations between iconography and written communication; iconography can be the complement, but it can also be the main source, or even the only one.
More...Między tradycją a zmianą
When discussing the composition of the Polish and Lithuanian provinces of the Society of Jesus, this article is part of the trend of prosopographic and socio-historical research devoted to the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. The aim of the research is to grasp both permanent elements and changes that took place in the structure of the Jesuit community in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The author not only presents similarities and differences in the development of the Polish and Lithuanian provinces, but also discusses the trends occurring in their area in a wide pan-European context, comparing the situation of Polish and Lithuanian Jesuits with other administrative units of the order. The chronological scope of the work covers the years 1608–1773, i.e. from the creation of the Lithuanian province as a result of the division of the Polish administrative unit of the order to the dissolution of the Society. The base of primary sources consists of annual and three-year catalogues kept in the Roman Archives of the Society of Jesus, which were analyzed in the form of survey using statistical methods. Against the background of the development of the institution’s network and its financial situation, the author focuses on four issues: the number of Jesuits, their religious vows, their geographical distribution and regions of origin. The conducted research above all shows the influence of the political and military situation of the state on the size of the Jesuit community: the wars of the mid-17th century and, albeit to a lesser extent, the first decade of the 18th century brought serious consequences. The structure of the community in terms of religious vows evolved in a similar way to other European provinces of the Society, as indicated by the increase in the number of professes of four religious vows, who constituted the elite of the order. This phenomenon testifies to the fact that, despite the crises that affected the Commonwealth, the order provided its members with better and better education. The geographical distribution and regions of origin of the Jesuits are closely related, since the recruitment of candidates for the order took place mostly among graduates of Jesuit schools. The most important change in this respect was the increase in the significance of the eastern territories of the Commonwealth both in terms of the number of friars residing there and the participation of representatives of local society in the Jesuit community. As a result of this tendency, in the 18th century the role of the inhabitants of the ethnically Polish territories of the Commonwealth weakened; in the previous century they had constituted, due to their geographical mobility, a substantial part of the Jesuit community in the eastern regions of the Polish-Lithuanian state. This phenomenon clearly indicates the process of cultural integration that took place in the eastern lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and changes in the social mechanism of recruiting friars, manifested in the increase in the number of Jesuits of noble origin.
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This study approaches a little known episode in the history of Iași: the pogrom of May 16, 1899. At the end of the 19th century, Iași was a center of the anti-Semitic movement in the Old Kingdom. Anti-Semites complained that Jews had become more numerous and more influential than Christians in the local economy. The 1899 pogrom was preceded by other Judeophobic turbulences in several cities, Bucharest included. This article points out the viral character of the idea that violence was an instrument to „solve” – or to speed-up the solution to – the Jewish question. International events, such as the Dreyfus Affair or Russian pogroms, also played a role in the dynamic of events. The perpetrators of the 1899 Iași pogrom were involved in previous incidents and tried to unite in a national or regional anti-Semitic movement. The Iași pogrom was the peak of violence and resulted in numerous injured people and widespread devastation. The atmosphere changed forever in Iași and Jewish-Christian cohabitation became extremely difficult afterwards. Because of this pogrom and other similar incidents, thousands of Jews left the country – they are known as „fussgeyers”. A conclusion of the study is that the anti-Semitic discourse and the appeal to violence had a local tradition, this feature being under-researched, in spite of the fact that it proved influential to the 20th Century history of Iași, which was devastated by another pogrom, in 1941.
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The article recasts the divorcing phenomenon at the level of the Romanian elite from Mărginimea Sibiului. The time framing comprises the second half of the 19th century, when ending the marriage and settling the marital divergences used to fall under the purview of the church. Starting from the example of the 13 church communes from the Orthodox archpriestship Sălişte, the article establishes the causes of marriage dissolution and the demographic features of the local front-rank people (age of divorce, period of marriage, locality of origin and residence, marital and socio-professional status, number of children). At the same time, we shall explain the historical sources available, their relevance and the manner in which we have laid down a database in Airtable format. Divorcing used to be a long, costly and complicated process from the perspective of canonical law. At the level of the local elite from the southern Transylvania, the main divorce reason used to be “aversion and mutual hatred”.
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This article is about life of Vladimir Petržek, student and Saint, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Orthodox Theological Faculty of the University of Belgrade. Article is about the historical context of theology and pan-Orthodox cooperation in the 20th century, the relations between the Serbian Orthodox Church and Orthodox Churches in the Czech Republic and Slovakian countries, but also to explain the true faith and life in the Church in the turbulent 20th century, and also to describe the life of a Czechoslovak student, later a priest-martyr in the Second World War, Vladimir Petržek. He began his student days in Belgrade (1928–1932), and then the article developed through an analysis of Vladimir’s theological works published in the journal Svetosavlje and shows that theology is in fact the life of an Orthodox clergyman and that through his theological contribution shows both his life and his zealous confession of God through an experienced and active faith. Precisely this complementary examination of true faith in God and active faith in the life of a priest in the 20th century, the century of many martyrs, is the goal of this research.
More...Pereklad ì komentarì Leontìâ Vojtoviča. Bìla Cerkva: Oleksandr Pšonkìvsʹkij, Pokažčik, 2019, ss. 244
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W artykule poddano analizie spisany w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku szkolny katalog biblioteczny szczecińskiego Gimnazjum Królewskiego i Miejskiego przechowywany w Książnicy Pomorskiej. Autorka przedstawiła krótki biogram dyrektora placówki – bibliotekarza i pierwszego redaktora rękopisu – Johanna Jakoba Sella (1754–1816), a także genezę powstania oraz budowę i charakterystyczne atrybuty katalogu. Metoda porównawcza pozwoliła na wskazanie cech wspólnych i różnic w klasyfikacji fakultetowej zastosowanej przez dyrektora gimnazjum, w odniesieniu do układu zaproponowanego przez Gottfrieda Wilhelma Leibniza (1646–1716), popularnego w kręgu bibliotek niemieckich oraz porządku przedstawionego w książce Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque autorstwa Gabriela Naudè (1600–1653), której drugie wydanie przechowywano w szkolnym księgozbiorze. Szczegółowa budowa zastosowanego schematu została zaprezentowana na przykładzie układu w dziale teologicznym. W ostatniej części artykułu autorka, w świetle aktualnych definicji terminu, podjęła kwestie katalogu Sella jako biblioteki uniwersalnej.
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Due to its cultural-historical and archaeological value Trg Cimiter (Cemetery Square) has been included in the protected urban historical centre of the town of Senj and has been entered in the register of immovable monuments of culture of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia under the number Z- 4186. It is known archaeologically as one of the cemeteries of the area of the town of Senj and people were buried here from Late Antiquity to the mid-19th century.During November and December 2015 protective archaeological research was carried out on Trg Cimiter. After the removal of the first layers of earth a large quantity of dislocated human bones and finds of religious items characteristic of the period from the 17th to 19th centuries were detected. After defining the stratigraphic relationships with the probe at the researched area graves were uncovered and documented, which were orientated in a north-south direction and an east-west direction. In several cases it was noted that the human bones were dislocated by later burials in the same location. Of the found bones at the end of the research within the total of 15 graves 23 somewhat intact skeletal remains were singled out.Rich ceramic material and remains of flooring, burning and soot were uncovered in the graves, as well as remains of architecture i.e. several walls that were partly destroyed by new burials at the site. The remains of the architecture could not be investigated due to the space limitations of the probe. However, according to the building technique and their structure some of the uncovered walls could be dated to Antiquity, early Christian and mediaeval periods. The earliest layers of Trg Cimiter, according to the found ceramic material in the lowest layers at a depth of 2.5 metres from today’s walking surface of the square, could be dated to the first century AD. From the mentioned, it shows the great archaeological significance that Trg Cimiter has for the cultural-historical heritage of the town of Senj.
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Autor u radu analizira regionalne i lokalne gospodarske povijesne radove na primjeru Ludbreške, Koprivničke i Đurđevačke Podravine valorizirajuć njihovu vrijednost te mogućnosti daljnjih istraživanja gospodarske povijesti ovog dijela Republike Hrvatske.
More...Treści symboliczne herbu Kamienia Pomorskiego do końca XIX wieku
The article aims at presenting the town’s coat of arms as a medium of social communication in the Middle Ages and early modern times, with the example of one of the small towns in Western Pomerania – Kamień Pomorski. The text analyses the transformations that took place in the iconography of the town seal from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries and investigates different ways of understanding the symbolism of the coat of arms, based on written sources created from the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries in the town chancery. The example of the coat of arms of Kamień Pomorski was used to determine the reasons that led to changes in its appearance and in the message it conveyed. The undertaken studies demonstrated that the changes in the symbolic meaning of the coat of arms were the result of an intentional adaptation of the visual message shaped in the Middle Ages to the changing religious and social circumstances of the early modern period. The changes in the conveyed message were not only the result of the replacement of emblems placed on the seals, but also of their new interpretation by means of legends explaining the origin and symbolism of the coat of arms conceived by the town council and burghers.
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Review of: Slávka Kopčáková: Vývoj hudobnoestetického myslenia na Slovensku v 20. storočí. Prešov : Filozofická fakulta Prešovskej univerzity, 2013, 303 s. ISBN 978-80-555-0804-7
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Book-Review: Zwischen Prag und Nikolsburg. Jüdisches Leben in den böhmischen Ländern. Hrsg. von Katařina Čapková und Hillel J. Kievel. (Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum, Bd. 140.) Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen 2020. XII, 427 S. ISBN 978-3-525- 36427-7. (€ 70,–.) ‒ Wolfgang Gasser
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Aleks Buda, SHKRIME HISTORIKE (Ecrits historiques) (en trois volumes) Publication de l’Institut d’Histoire de l’Académie des Sciences de la RPSA. Tirana, 1986, le premier volume 386 pages, le deuxième volume 322 pages. Review by: Mark Tirta
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The purpose of this article is to reflect on Russian nationalism ‒ its significance and territorial range, real and imagined ‒ in the Kingdom of Poland at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. As a case study, the author chose the renowned Byzantine frescoes from the early 15th century that cover the inner walls of the chapel of the Holy Trinity in the Lublin Castle. The author considers whether, due to the presence of Ruthenian frescoes, whose uncovering dates back to early 20th century, Russian nationalists understood Lublin as a “Russian” (Ruthenian) city, which would then need to undergo Russification (as had occurred in the neighbouring Chełm region for at least the previous 30 years). Where then was the border of Russian nationalism? Given Lublin’s location on the border with the Chełm land, the discovery of the paintings could have caused a radical reassessment in the perception of the city as Polish.Well-known Polish intellectuals, as well as Russian archaeologists historians and zealous seekers of antiquities took part in the debate about the origin of the frescoes and their attribution. The First World War interrupted all conservation projects, and with them any further attempt at unearthing Lublin’s “Russiannes”.
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