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Herojstvo, mučeništvo i karizma u civilnoj religiji titoizma. Proturječja između Titovog kulta i kulta narodnih heroja Jugoslavije

Author(s): Vjekoslav Perica / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Josip Broz Tito founded and ruled socialist-era Yugoslavia for 35 years. His personal cult was a part of a more complex system of myths, symbols and rituals for legitimating the nation and the regime that this article calls civil religion of titoism. This civil religion consisted of a number of elements such the Tito personal cult, the „Peoples' Heroes" cult, the Myth of the Partisans Antifascist War, etc. The article discovers and analyzes comparatively the Tito personal cult against the peoples' Heroes cult i.e. the cult of the fighters in World War II that liberated and founded the nation but most of them sacrificed their lives in that struggle.. It discovers a striking contradiction between the traditional Balkan, i.e. Eastern pattern of ascetic-puritan and self-sacrificing hero-martyr of the Peoples' hero versus Tito's cult based on his personal charisma and nonascetic or „western" lifestyle. However, Tito’s cult acquires the missing martyr dimension at the end of his life during his illness and death.

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Tito i popularna kultura

Author(s): Zoran Janjetović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The paper tries to depict Tito as a lover, a user, an object and a manipulator of popular culture. Based primarily on surviving testimonies of contemporary personages from the world of show-business, it is both a contribution to the study of Tito's personality and to the study of the Yugoslav socialist society. The conclusion is that Tito, as a conoseur, enjoyed the products of popular culture - particularly music and films - but that he also used them to enhance his own popularity. After the collapse of socialism, his person also began to be turned into an icon of popular culture.

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Slika Josipa Broza Tita u partizanskom ratnom spektaklu

Author(s): Nemanja Zvijer / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

This text should provide a sort of sketch for a film portrait of Josip Broz Tito. Partisan war epics were taken as examples for Tito’s cinematic image. Among the selected films, attention is particularly focused on those about seven military operations of German army and its allies against Yugoslav partisans during the World War Two. Those battles became very significant (in real and symbolic sense) for ideological discourse of Yugoslav communists, while the films about them were an important segment of the socialistic Yugoslav cinematography and popular culture in general. The modes of film construction of Tito's image will be observed through these films. Also, partially will be considered the role of the J. B. Tito in production of these films. In a broader sense, this kind of analysis should provide insights in mechanisms of visual ideologization and ideologization the popular culture in socialism, in which the partisan film was a kind of brand, and Tito's charisma formula that could not fail.

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Antititovske/antijugoslovenske karikature u Bugarskoj (1948-1953): Slučaj Stršljen

Author(s): Dmitar Grigorov / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The article deals with a relatively marginal topic which is part of a much larger framework that shapes the Tito-Stalin conflict after the Cominform resolution against Yugoslavia - namely the cartoon propaganda which took place in Bulgaria. The accent is put on the cartoons dedicated to the Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito in particular and Yugoslavia in general. This problem is discussed on the background of the dynamical and controversial Bulgarian-Yugoslav and Bulgarian-Serbian relations. The author tries to examine whether Bulgarian cartoons after 1948 used the older Bulgarian stereotypes regarding Serbs and Yugoslavs and whether there were new messages which under the influence of communist ideology departed from traditional images attached to the Bulgaria’s western neighbors.

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Sovjetski uticaj i Josip Broz Tito uoči izbijanja ustanka u Jugoslaviji 1941. godine

Author(s): Aleksej J. Timofejev / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

In the holdings of the Comintern reports by J. B. Tito are preserved that testify to the role of this organization in appointing new leader of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) and in determining personal and financial policy of the Party on the eve of WWII. Considerable number of Yugoslav communists received good military-partisan training in the USSSR and Spain during the prewar period. It is very likely that Josip Broz Ttio himself was educated at the „partisan school" in the USSR and that he later taught there himself. Connection with the Soviet security organs is also proven by Tito's special engagement in a tricky „cader" matter during the Spanish civil war. After the defeat of the Spanish republic most of the Yugoslav „Spaniards" were interned in France. Only in 1941 did part of the „Spaniards" manage to return to the Balkans. According to the official version of Tito’s biography the whole action was organized by Cvetko Većeslav Flores „without anyone’s help". Obviously someone with military and partisan experience had to help the Yugoslav communists to reach their homeland on the eve of the uprising. In the Comintern’s files of the Yugoslav „Spaniards" questionaries about their engagement on the Iberian Peninsula appeared in late 1940 and early 1941. These enquieries in the files of the Yugoslav „Spaniards" were made at the request of the „external organization" i.e. of the Soviet intelligence service. Some 250 former Spanish combatants took part in the events in Yugoslavia 1941-1945 and to all intents they were one of the main pillars in creation of the partisan movement The ascent of Tito’s career was aided by several factors which had different importance atvarious stages of his career. On the eve of 1941 the most dominant were the endeavors of Soviet instructiors to impart the Yugoslav Party cadres and even J. B. Tito himself, military and special skills during the 1929-1938 period. An important role was played by Tito’s ties with the Cadre's Department of the Comintern and the Soviet intelligence organs which Tito forged during the sending of Yugoslav cadres to Spain.

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Tito’s Cult: Chronological Borders and Intensity

Author(s): Nikita Bondarev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Tito's cult was created during the partisan days and broken in 1989. It was „alive and kicking" during all the days of the socialist Yugoslavia and every attack on the image of Tito was oppressed by the police.

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„I posle Tita – Tito”. Održavanje i rušenje Titovog kulta u Srbiji 1980-1990.

Author(s): Kosta Nikolić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The Yugoslav political system was an attempt to create a new reality in virtue of the principles of „communist philosophy of history" (scientific socialism), shaping it and managing it The one-party power of CPY/UCY was the result, but also Tito’s personal power. His cult in Serbia was part of the political identity and no-one questioned itutil mid 1980s when political processes that would lead to the break-up of Yugoslavia started. A historical phenomenon occurred in Serbia at that time where the ruling political oligarchy still respected the „person and the work" of Josip Broz, but transformed it in keeping with its political tenets, using only those elements of the cult that were useful at a given moment. At the end of that process, Tito’s cult in Serbia was completely abandoned but Serbia still remained a typical ideocratic state, because the ideology of class was substituted for the ideology of nation.

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Titov kult u Jugoslovenskoj narodnoj armiji

Author(s): Mihajlo Basara / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses the ideological obstacles to the research of Tito's era, characteristics of the cult in the self-managing socialism and its special features in the Army, as well as characteristics and manifestations in the Yugoslav People's Army (YPA). The author concludes that Tito's course towards liberalization of socialism in the form of self-management, as well as the results achieved in the modernization of the country, reduced the leeway for a broader use of the cult as an ideological instrument, especially in comparison with the countries of the former Eastern Block. Simultaneously with that, the historical science was rearranged and Tito became the creator of the theory and practice of socialism in Yugoslavia. With the YPA personnel loyalty was secured through selection (participation in WWW, social background, ideological background of parents), Party control and planned and systematic indoctrination. Having been coupled with the process of training, including the Army into peacekeeping operations and military-industrial activities and also having been to a larger degree under the influence of self-management due to the concept of General People's Defense, the cult in YPA hadn't the typical traits of a rigid personality cult. The break-up of Yugoslavia proved that Tito's cult wasn't of long duration. It was replaced by the cult of the nation and its new leaders.

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5.00 €

Jugoslovenska armija - oslonac Titovog kulta ličnosti u prvim posleratnim godinama

Author(s): Bojan B. Dimitrijević / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the creation and shaping of the personality cult of Marshal Tito in the Yugoslav Army during the first post-war decade. The author points out to the characteristics and the genesis of the myth, making a parallel with Stalin’s cult. It is pointed out that the Tito cult was very similar to Stalin’s one in the 1945-1948 period, but that many special features of Tito’s cult appeared after their split in 1948, that were particularly promoted by the Army. Tito’s cult was shaped and fortified through his visits to Army units and vice versa, through slogans, oaths and other manifestations, among which the ceremony of carrying the relay baton was specially emphasized. All in all, the military environment was very important for the development of his cult in the society, but his appearances in public attierd in Army uniform was a kind of demonstration of mutual relation between Tito and the Army, particularly in critical moments when military component of Tito’s power was stressed and a signal sent to domestic and foreign policy and public.

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Najteže teme

Author(s): Dimitrije Boarov / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Kada sam početkom prošle godine, nakon čitanja zbirke eseja Latinke Perović (koju je 2006. objavio Helsinški odbor) pod zajedničkim naslovom Između anarhije i autokratije, napisao jedan kratak novinski prikaz ove knjige, pomislio sam da se moram vratiti toj zbirci ponovo, na jedan ozbiljniji način. No, nije bilo vremena, znanja, a ni snage, a bojim se da ih i dalje nema. Ipak, usuđujem se da za ovu knjigu koju čitalac drži u ruci, opet u žurbi, bar naznačim šta je to zbog čega osećam da bi ove eseje Latinke Perović trebalo ponovo pomnije čitati i da pokušam da odgonetnem zašto se njeni ogledi o istorijskom plutanju Srbije, naizgled od nemila do nedraga, pa i čitavo njeno delo, u današnjoj srpskoj javnosti i u njenim vodećim političkim, naučnim i kulturnim institucijama - upadljivo ignorišu, to jest zašto se to toliko značajno delo dočekuje sa nekakvim strahom da će njeni pogledi satrti dugo godina uhodavani red stvari koji se zove “nacionalna politika”? Počeću ovu priču sa hipotezama o ovome drugom, ali predhodno osećam potrebu da navedem epizodu koja po mom mišljenju na neki način nudi utisak o značaju istorijskih tema koje je Latinka Perović proučavala.

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Ideologija Velike Srbije u XIX i XX veku

Author(s): Yves Tomić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Srednjovekovna srpska država nastala je u Raškoj oblasti. Kako se razvijala, tako se širila prema jugu (Kosovo, Makedonija), da bi svoj vrhunac dostigla za vreme vladavine cara Dušana (1308-1355), koji je proširio njene granice pripojivši područja Makedonije, Albanije, Epira i Tesalije. Zbog prodiranja Turaka sa juga Balkanskog poluostrva na sever u drugoj polovini XIV veka , srpska država je prestala da postoji, a Srbi iz južnijih krajeva (Makedonija, Kosovo, Metohija) selili su se na sever, pravcem Morava-Vardar (Skoplje-Beograd), i na severozapad (duž linije koja povezuje Skoplje, Kosovo, Sjenicu i Sarajevo). Usled otomanskih osvajanja izmenio se etnički sastav na osvojenim područjima. Pošto su se katolici Hrvati i Mađari povlačili na sever, Turci su se bojali da bi ova pogranična područja, bitna za odbranu carstva, mogla ostati nenaseljena, pa su na njihovo mesto naseljavali pravoslavne hrišćane i muslimane. Tako je u šesnaestom veku došlo do značajnog porasta pravoslavnog življa u severnoj Bosni (oblast Bosanske Krajine), ali i u Slavoniji. Ovom stanovništvu bila je poverena odbrana severne granice Otomanskog carstva. Usled svih tih pomeranja stanovništva, Srbi su se sve više širili po onoj teritoriji koja će u dvadesetom veku činiti Jugoslaviju. Na istoku je, dakle, nastao jedan srpski teritorijalni kompleks u kojem je Srbija, u dolinama reka Morave i Vardara, bila povezana sa Vojvodinom, koju su činili Banat, Bačka i Srem, u Panoniji.2 Na zapadu se taj kompleks prostirao do Dinarskih oblasti – do Novopazarskog sandžaka, koji odgovara teritoriji nekadašnje Raške, kolevci srednjovekovne srpske kraljevine dinastije Nemanjića, te do Crne Gore i Hercegovine. Drugi teritorijalni kompleks nastao je na zapadu i u njegovom sastavu su bili severna Dalmacija, Lika, Kordun, Banija, zapadna Slavonija (područje duž vojne granice Habzburškog carstva, [vidi geografsku kartu 1 u Dodatku] i zapadna Bosna (Bosanska Krajina).

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Мнимое княжество Киркельское в Юго-Западном Крыму XIII—XV вв.

Author(s): Victor L. Mytz / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The brief overview of the current studies on Qirq Yer discussed here demonstrates that, in spite of all academic attempts, a number of questions regarding history of this place in 13th—15th centuries are still unanswered. The suggested dates for the Mongol conquest of the town in 13th century (1238, 1260, 1298/99) or 14th century (1342—1363) are not supported by archaeological evidence. No real sources of 13th—15th centuries are known to witness presence of Yashlau beys and Kudulak family (clan) in the Crimea. Not even khan’s jarligs of 1459 and 1468 released to the residents of Qirq Yer mention them. All along this period between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries, no “Alan” or “Tartar” name of a prince of Qirq Yer is known, nor there is any information of whatever ‘principality’ that existed here. Hence, there are no grounds to discuss existence of a certain Kirkel Principality in 13th—15th centuries.

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Сарматское завоевание Северного Причерноморья (современное состояние проблемы)

Author(s): Sergey V. Polin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author addresses the problem of decline of the Great Scythia and the Sarmatian conquest of the Northern Black Sea region. The archaeological data suggest that there is no link between these events, because there is more than one hundred years between them. This idea, advanced twenty-five years ago, has been supported by new arguments over the past years. Nevertheless, new publications appear from time to time with different speculations on this issue based on obsolete arguments. These publications disregard modern condition of sources in the Northern Black Sea region. And they are relentless: the disintegration and disappearance of the Great Scythia and appearance of the Sarmatians in the Northern Black Sea region are not related and are separated by time.

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Два варианта городской истории средневекового Причерноморья — Белгород и Олешье

Author(s): Nicolaj D. Russev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Relying on written sources, the author considers the fate of two towns from the Black Sea region — Belgorod and Oleshye. In the “pre-Mongolian“ period, the two towns did not display any close relationship, because by the end of the 10th century, the town located in the mouth of the Dniester River and historically connected with the right bank of the Danube had already completed a whole stage in its history, while the town near the Dnieper, which played an important role in relations between Medieval Russia and Byzantine Crimea appeared only in the 11th century.By the end of the 13th century, under the rule of Mongolian governor Nohay, Belgorod saw a revival of Byzantine traditions and became an important obstacle on the way of the Italians spreading into this region. At the same time, Oleshye (Illiche) was in declining state. Only in the second half of the 14th century, the settlement attracted the Genoeses as a port in which it was possible to buy considerable amounts of food.In the last quarter of the 14th century, Moldova forced the Golden Horde out of the Dniester basin. In Belgorod (Asprocastro), the Greeks took leading positions. In the conditions of instability of 1432—1457, the autonomy of the city increased so much that the local community started running independent business with Italians and even Ottomans.The expansion of the Great Duchy of Lithuania towards the Lower Dnieper region broke the former tenor of life and led Illiche to decline. Only in 1440—1450 the life here became more active as the Mongols and Genoeses re-established their partner relations.The collision between Caffa and Belgorod, with the castle of Illiche just in the center of it, provoked irreparable damage to the urban life in the Lower Dnieper region. In the conditions of Ottoman rule established in the region in 1475—1484, Illiche never revived, and Belgorod (Akkerman) got an entirely new appearance.

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Генуэзский замок Калиера

Author(s): Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author publishes all archaeological materials collected during excavations in 1927—1928 and 2006 on a fortification on Kordon-Oba Mount (Eastern Crimea, Feodosia Municipal Council’s territory). The site was attributed based on written, cartographic and archaeological sources. The castle was built by the Genoese administration of Kaffa in the second half of 14th c. and ceased to exist after the Ottoman conquest of the Genoese lands in the Crimea in 1475. The castle took its name — Kaliera — after the nearest medieval locality. The author questions why this castle was built and why it was built here.

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«Крымский поход» Тимура в 1395 г.: историографический конфуз, или археология против историографической традиции

Author(s): Victor L. Mytz / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author analyzes a historiographic tradition related to the so called Timur’s “Crimean campaign” (or of his protégé Edigu) in 1395, during the war with Tokhtamysh. According to this tradition, this campaign led to devastation of a significant part of the Crimea, including its most important urban centers — Chersonese, Mangup, Solghat, Caffa. A detailed comparison of written accounts and archaeological materials, however, does not prove this view. Information about Timur’s campaign in Crimea originates from a biased Egyptian source. Most of the other contemporary accounts — Greek, Latin and Armenian — “ignore” this catastrophe. The archaeological research does not yield any reliable data to prove that any of the Crimean towns were ruined in late 14 th c. Overall, it can be substantially inferred that Timur’s western campaign in 1395 did not affect the Crimean territory.

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Путешествие Иосафата Барбаро в Персию в 1473—1478 гг. (текст, перевод, комментарий)

Author(s): Igor V. Volkov / Language(s): Russian,Italian Publication Year: 0

This is the first complete publication of the Russian translation, with comments, of the Journey to Persia by the 15th century Venetian public figure, diplomat and traveler Giosafat Barbaro. He headed Venetian embassy to the Persian shah Uzun-Hassan. The discussed travel account was written in late 1480s — early 1490s as a narration of this embassy, during which Barbaro had to make a long and eventful way through different cities and localities of the Mediterranean, Ottoman Empire and Persia. Besides, he provides some details on the countries he had never visited — India and China. Journey to Persia is a valuable source on history of international relations, historical geography, ethnography, economy and culture of medieval Persia and other Oriental countries. The article contains parallel Italian original and Russian translation texts.

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Археологические признаки административных границ южносибирского средневековья (по трудам Л. Р. Кызласова)

Author(s): Igor L. Kyzlasov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The study of archaeological and epigraphic monuments of the Middle Ages in South Siberia makes it possible to identify external (state) and internal (administrative) borders of the 8—14th-century state formations of the region. Thus, the northern boundary of the Uyghur Khaganate in the mid-8th — first quarter of the 9th century is determined by a succession of 17 similar fortresses in the mountains of Western Sayan. In the territory of the 9th—10th-century Ancient Khakassian State, the analysis of the tamga marks distribution makes it possible to fix the boundaries of the fiefdoms of six nobility clans. These data find confirmation in runic inscriptions. The expansion of the Ancient Khakassian State in the mid-9th to 10th centuries is marked by the distribution of mounds with specific rites. In the era of the Mongol Empire, urban settlements with elements of administrative and cult centers were located in the territory of Tuva within two clusters, which correspond to the two districts established by the Mongols on these lands, as confirmed by written sources.

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Булгарский улус Золотой Орды: историческая география

Author(s): Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The development dynamics of archaeological monuments (hillforts, unfortified settlements and necropolises) of the Golden Horde period in the Volga Bulgaria territory is analyzed. The history of historical geography studies of the Golden-Horde Bolgar Ulus is examined. The archaeological research of the area revealed not less than 330 settlements, both fortified and unfortified. These data made it possible to determine the territory of the Bolgar Ulus, the topography of individual sites, and the historical context of their emergence and development. Particular attention is given to the necropolises of the nomads who had inhabited the Bolgar Ulus. The necropolises and the permanent settlements founded by this population helped to define the territory of their residence. A hypothesis of administrative division of the Bolgar Ulus territory in the period from the Mongol conquest and prior to the early 15th century is considered. It is argued that there had been a few administrative areas centered on major cities — Bolgar, Juketau, and Kazan. Besides, there had been a special territory inhabited by the nomadic population.

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Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine

Author(s): Goran Marković / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine ima karakter oktroisanog ustava, pošto ga nije donijela domaća institucija, nego je stupio na snagu kao aneks (dodatak) jednog međunarodnog sporazuma. Pripada kategoriji pisanih, kodifikovanih, čvrstih i kratkih ustava. Sastoji se od malog broja dugih članova, koji obrađuju ustavnu materiju nepotpuno, donekle neprecizno, prozno i esejistički. Strukturu Ustava čine preambula, normativni dio i dva aneksa. Preambula je kratka i sadrži osnovne principe na kojima počiva ustavno uređenje Bosne i Hercegovine. normativni dio se sastoji od dvanaest članova, kojima se manjeviše cjelovito uređuju pojedini segmenti ustavne materije. Prvi aneks Ustava sadrži spisak međunarodnih akata o ljudskim pravima i slobodama koji se primjenjuju u Bosni i Hercegovini, a drugi sadrži tematski različite odredbe.

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