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The article presents documents pertaining to the construction of a Catholic church at Ussuriysk, kept in the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East in Vladivostok. The documents span the period between 1912 and 1921. They reveal that the Municipal Duma of Ussuriysk was in favour of the construction of a Catholic church in the town; this could be concluded from the fact that they gave free of charge a lot of land to the community of Catholics for that purpose. But the church was built on the lot belonging to a local entrepreneur, a certain Feliks Steckiewicz, for it was more suited to the needs of the Catholics due to its central location in the town. Initially Steckiewicz declared his intention to give the land to the Catholic parish. And because he was held in high esteem by the local community, he was put at the lead of a committee for the construction of the church. This made it possible for him to spent money collected by the faithful without any control. A conflict within the committee started when its members demanded financial reports. Steckiewicz never presented a financial statement; in addition, he withdrew his donation of land and demanded that the Catholic parish paid him for the church building constructed on his lot. Archival documents disprove the thesis, popular in the literature on the subject, that Steckiewicz’s actions were motivated by his fear of a growing strength of the Bolsheviks in Primorsky Krai and a possibility of nationalisation. The reasons for his actions were more mundane – his character that made it impossible for him to reach an agreement with the committee, and financial matters. This seems all the more probable in the light of testimonies of witnesses in court. They emphasised that Steckiewicz withdrew his donation of land to the church only after the committee requested financial reports and tallies of his expenses. It seems, therefore, that the local Polish community quarrelled not for political reasons, but financial matters related to the construction of a church.
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The continuity of settlement in Pomerania (with the exception of Kashubia and Kociewie) was interrupted after 1945. New settlers brought with them some of the tangible and most of the intangible heritage material. They combined them with an existing heritage material, which was nationally and culturally foreign to them.Research conducted by the author and her team from 2013 shows that the intangible heritage in post-migration areas is insular and mosaic in its character, which is the net result of customs imported by settlers from various parts of the country, as well as the patterns provided by means of mass communication. Its specificity and intensity depend on the following factors: the regional and national origin of the settlers and their number in a given locality; the activities of institutions which support or invent heritage and tradition; the activity of local communities, especially local leaders; the current cultural and political trends. The Kashubians and Ukrainians are distinctive as groups in post-migration areas . Living in larger agglomerations, they retain the language, religion and the related annual rituals, sayings and jokes.The activities of various associations, community centres, schools and museums contribute to the “Kashubian autochtonization” of the settlers. Also members of the Kurpiowie group living in the village of Klęcino in the municipality of Główczyce (Słupsk district) cultivate the culture of the region of their origin. Where none of the groups is dominant, we are dealing with the phenomenon of inventing traditions or reaching to the cultural heritage of the region’s ancient inhabitants, for example the Mennonites in Żuławy.
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The paper refers to the results of previous fieldwork referring to religious phenomena and places of worship as part of intangible cultural heritage in Eastern Pomerania. Even though religion is not strictly included in the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, cultural practices and cultural means of expression are strongly inspired by the religious tradition and faith. For more precise systematization of the discussed issues, these phenomena are classified into three thematic groups (domains): places (space), gestures (practice), the ritual year (time). The first group is described in detail on the basis of ethnographic material.
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Part one of the article reconstructs the definition of intangible cultural heritage protection, based on the UNESCO Convention of 2003 and the Polish guidelines on applying for registration in the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Part two briefly describes the ritual of brodacze [literally: bearded men] – traditional New Year’s caroling – as practised in Sławatycze (Biała Podlaska district, Lublin province). Part three systematically discusses successive measures aimed at preserving the brodacze ritual that have been taken since the 1980s by the local community cultural centre, local cultural managers and the town authorities in consultation with the depositaries of intangible cultural heritage. In conclusion, the author complements the definition of protection with the elements practised in maintaining the brodacze tradition and poses some problems for consideration: the subjective aspect of heritage protection, the concept of educational measures, and the potential of protective measures practised in Poland.
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Tourism is an important social phenomenon and a sector of economy that is developing more and more rapidly. It is especially cultural tourism that grows fast and also serves as a platform for the meeting of tourism and intangible cultural heritage. It meets the needs of the postmodern man who seeks excitement and diversity. The UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) does not address the topic of tourism. From the point of view of researchers, it is regarded as a threat to intangible cultural heritage that may result in its commercialization and commodification. However, tourism can also have a positive impact on intangible cultural heritage, including traditional handicraft skills. The topic of the paper is the relationship between tourism and intangible cultural heritage with particular emphasis on traditional crafts and handicrafts. The text is an attempt to show the positive and negative consequences of this contact and to demonstrate on the example of traditional lace-making in Bobowa that the relationship does not entail only negative consequences.
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What makes the Wilamowice town so unique is the original language, Wymysorys. Vilamovian was brought to Poland by the settlers from the Western Europe and survived through the historical storms in the region till today. However, due to the after-Second World War suppressions of the German-like speaking community – bans of using the language, population displacement and deportations to the labor camps – the intergenerational knowledge transfer was disrupted. Children for whom the Vilamovian was their first language were being force to “unlearn” the language on the behalf of the dominating Polish. This violent political practice resulted in life-lasting trauma and unbreakable fear of speaking Vilamovian. Their native language was being forgotten by the post-war generations, although it was too late for them to naturally canvass Polish instead. Accordingly, a number of people declaring to do not know Wymysorys use particular words from it, while talking in Polish about traditional Vilamovian clothing, customs and values, deeply associated with Vilamowian identity. Contradictory to the earlier predications that Vilamowian language will die completely by the end of the 20th century, in the being of the second decade of the 21st century the dedicated revitalization program was introduced in the region. The initiative engaged scientists from major Polish universities – the University of Warsaw, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań – as well as foreign scholars. Wymysorys was introduced to the curriculum of the local schools and the intergenerational meetings are being held regularly. After some time, the Vilamovians also engaged into the revitalization program, even though there are strong differences in their linguistic bases. Today, the knowledge and use of Vilamowian is vividly growing amongst the young. The language once almost forgotten starts not only to gain back its communicative function, but more and more often takes upon a functions of identity construction and linguistic code, understood only by the narrow group of people.
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A simple highland girl, who lived until the mid-20th century in one of the Lesser Poland’s villages, namely Stryszawa, has become a permanent element of the local iconosphere. Stryszawa has always been an important centre of folk sculpture and toy-making. Nowadays, the village is famous for an autochthonic mystic, Kunegunda Siwiec (diminutive: Kundusia). Websites connected with Stryszawa, apart from advertisements for agrotourism and multi-coloured birds for sale at the Beskid Centre of Wooden Toy, provide information about the mystic. Memories of her, both those written down and those that can be heard from local inhabitants, point to the increased interest in Kundusia and positive changes in people’s attitude towards her.
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The city of Iași, capital of the principality of Moldavia, was occupied for the first time by the Russian army in September 1739. Although the occupation was short (only one month), it had fortunate consequences for those interested in the topography of this center: the drawing of the city plan, the oldest preserved, published in a copy by Fedor Fedorovici Laskovskij in 1866. The plan pursued a specific goal, to contribute to the fortification of the city. For Iași, Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich, the commander of the Russian army, proposed a defense system that – at least in the Copou area – was inspired by the Vauban model. The system had been designed to be part of a larger ensemble designed to protect the positions already achieved by Russians in the northern half of Moldavia. Even if it did not reach its goal, the plan left behind includes important elements related to the city and its surroundings. Because of the short time available to the topographers, the streets of the city were not drawn; instead the plan contains the most representative buildings, the palace of the prince and the churches/monasteries. It is also the only plan that includes the old lake located in the southern part of the city, which disappeared in mid-18th century, and is not present in later plans.
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This article presents new findings from research and analysis into 19th century population movements for the small Transylvanian, predominantly Unitarian, community of Aranyosrákos (in Romanian: Vălenii de Arieş, Cluj County, 16 km from Turda). The research was conducted using historical demographic methods and is therefore applicable to the fields of both historical demography and historical sociology. The primary sources for the research were the 19th century registries of the Aranyosrákos Unitarian Parish, which were found both in the Romanian National Archives in Cluj County, and in the Aranyosrákos Parish Archive, as well as the 19th century census data. Analysis of these sources focused on birth, marriage, mortality, remarriage, epidemics, illness, infant mortality and child mortality, as well as the ethnicity and religion of the people. The results of the analysis yield new insights into the history of this Unitarian community, and movement of people into and out of the community. It lays a foundation for an additional comparative research.
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The article is about Germans colonies in Bessarabia. German colonization of Bessarabia began in 1812 when Russia acquired this territory from the Ottoman Empire. Tsar Alexander I. issued an invitation to Germans - mainly in the Duchy of Warsaw - to settle in this region. These Germans had migrated there from several German states - especially Prussia, Wurttemberg and Baden - to colonize the Prussian districts after the first partition of Poland. After 125 years they had displaced. Through this exhibition ,,Divout and hard-working people..." German settlers in Bessarabia (1814-1909)”, organizers try to relate not only the rich history in events of this people, but reflects their daily life in community, their way of managing, culture, as well as their relationship with the other ethnic groups
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During the significant period between late medieval times (15th century) and the end of early modern era (18th century) the oath was an important tool of communication not only between the town and its lord but also among the members of the municipal community itself. The whole community and its representatives had sworn to the Territorial Lord the oath of loyalty, submission and obedience. To swear an oath of loyalty to the community was an important part of initiation process for every new townsman. Generally we can say the oath was a kind of bond to the town structures. Also, it has been a tool frequently utilized within the judicial process. Besides, from the city scribe to the least servant in the city jail, whenever they were taking up their office, there was also an obligation to swear an oath to the city council and to the community. The course of study of the following paper is the oath of office in the sphere of food production, food distribution and utilization of sources within late medieval and early modern Silesian and Moravian town communities (Wroclaw, Zlotorya, Opava, Olomouc and Swidnica with some additional oaths of office from Klodsko) and relevance of the oath as the source for research on urban structures of those times. The fact that the city, despite its inanimate nature, proves itself to behave like a living organism was noticed and mentioned by many scientists including biologists, sociologists and – of course – historians. Alike the living creatures, the town needs its sources for living and growing. And for the existence of urban structures, the issue of who could control these resources and how, is crucial. We can specify three substantial sources important for living within the walls of medieval and early modern town – water, wood and trade. Analysing each defined sphere we will try to demonstrate the aforementioned functions of the oath of office and the possibilities of its utilization as the historical source for observation of the food production and administration of the sources within the dynamically changing world of late medieval and early modern town.
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At the book launch ,,Manuscripts” by Dimitrie Balica comisul, Beatrice Suru-giu held a speech pointed out that today the manuscripts printing is very important. This is a proof that, during the period of denationalization of the country, it was written in the Romanian language. Thus compensated the existing literary deficit in that period
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Following the publication of results on the Sarmatian animal bone assemblage found at Hajdúnánás–Fürjhalomdûlô, this paper presents the archaeozoological analyses of the early medieval assemblage from the same site. By its 1,220 bone remains of which 1,038 pieces could be identified to species level, the assemblage represents one of the largest Árpád Period archaeozoological materials.Aside from the common archaeozoological interpretation, bone artefacts are also presented and discussed. This is the first time a bone anvil from the North-Eastern part of Hungary is being described.
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Finds and chronology of a middle Copper Age settlement in Budapest, 3rd district. In the spring of 2002, rescue excavations were conducted in Kiscelli Street, Budapest for about one and a half months preceding the construction of a residential block. Finds and features of the middle Copper Age were found under a thick Roman period layer. The time was not enough to reach the subsoil on the entire territory, so not all the prehistoric features could be uncovered. Twelve pits and a small oven were unearthed from the middle Copper Age. The number of finds was uneven in them. An important result was that we could observe the traces of metallurgy: the fragment of a casting pot and copper drops, which imply local copper production. The analysis of the ceramic material led to the conclusion that this site represents a yet unregistered although, according to former finds, already existing phase of the Hungarian middle Copper Age, which lends a special importance to this site. This study is dedicated to Erzsébet Ruttkay, an eminent researcher of the period, who died last year.
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The article examines the role of the society "Down with Illiteracy" (Геть неписьменність») in the campaign for the elimination of illiteracy, which was conducted on Ukrainian lands in the 1920-1930’s; the forms and methods of the company's practice on the territory of Sumy region in a definite period are described. The texts of the documents of the State Archive of Sumy Oblast concerning the organization of work and financial activity of the company are given.
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The article gives an analysis of the search for the genesis of a family settled at the end of the sixteenth century in Samogitia, undertaken in the second half of the eighteenth century by the chamberlain (podkomorzy) of Samogitia Jakub Ignacy Nagórski (d. 1799). First, the armorial by Kasper Niesiecki, edited not long before, has been examined. Later, a chronicle of a family of the same name has been found, a family bearing the coat of arms Leszczyc, based in Poland, in the Łęczyca district. This chronicle, written down between the mid-seventeenth and early eighteenth century, became an incentive for the Nagórski family from Samogitia, bearing the Pobóg coat of arms, to create a similar chronicle of their own. Finally, it could be established that the Nagórski family came to Samogitia from Poland, from the Łęczyca district; although a real genealogical connection with the Polish counterpart could not be made. The ancestor was to become Jakub, living in the sixteenth century in Poland, father of Marcin, the first family member who arrived in Samogitia. This ‘combined’ lineage was convenient for Jakub Ignacy Nagórski, the initiator of the search, who – thanks to his status and his choice of ancestor – ‘immortalised’ the name of Jakub in the family’s genealogical consciousness.
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The article is devoted to an overview and analysis of capital-intensive urban development projects undertaken in 18th century Istanbul, with particular reference to investment in commercial buildings. The questions of planning, funding, initiative and agency as well as the use of the traditional vakf instrument as the preferred funding mechanism are all addressed. The impact of this investment on macro-economic development patterns and the promotion of trade are also considered. Attention is also paid to the relationship (partnership) between public funding and private initiative assessing the degree to which competing sources for investment in urban development projects were able to work together harmoniously and coherently for the achievement of shared objectives.
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