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За някои трудности, които срещат регионалните музеи при приложението на Закона за културното наследство
4.50 €

За някои трудности, които срещат регионалните музеи при приложението на Закона за културното наследство

Author(s): Vanya Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Some of the individual aspects of the quoted problem have already been the topic of discussion in specialized publications after the adoption of the Cultural Heritage Act (CHA) and the ensuing secondary legislation (regulations, rules, classifier of basic museum occupations). They include articles, reviews or opinions (including online) along with a monograph devoted to the overall activity of regional historical museums in Bulgaria.The issues already outlined include the mechanisms of museums’ financing; a museum director’s nomination and possible dependences; in/adequate levels of competence of local authorities in the field of tangible and intangible cultural heritage; an absence of unified museum software and delaying digitalization of artefacts; an actually non-existent Register of artefacts that are national wealth.It is also possible to add: inadequate (or in fact missing) professional background of a large number of employees in the museums’ staff; absence of precise and more specific obligatory qualifications (theoretical education and practical skills) at the national level, in order to be appointed at the main positions in the museums; unjustifiably high or insufficiently clear criteria for inclusion in the various types of registers that should be established pursuant to the requirements of CHA, etc.

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Z dějin moskevské samosprávy (Boris N. Čičerin)
4.50 €

Z dějin moskevské samosprávy (Boris N. Čičerin)

Author(s): Josef Šaur / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

In his chapter on the history of the city administration in Moscow, Josef Šaur briefly describes the development of city administrations in Russia. Unlike those in Europe, they did not have defined privileges and autonomy, but for most of history, they played the role of administrative and military centers. Urban administrations were first introduced in pre-revolutionary Russia at the end of the 18th century, and they reached their peak under Alexander II. They are characterized by strict supervision from state authorities, who also interfered in cities’ internal matters. This is well illustrated by the example of Boris Chicherin, who tried throughout his mandate to defend the independence of the mayoral function. His public appearances were repeatedly criticized and became the cause of his removal from office despite his many successes in the administration of Moscow.

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Bol – centralni fenomen ljudske egzistencije u kontekstu počinjenog genocida nad Bošnjacima u Srebrenici

Bol – centralni fenomen ljudske egzistencije u kontekstu počinjenog genocida nad Bošnjacima u Srebrenici

Author(s): Rasim Muratović,Ermin Kuka / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Many will claim that life without pain is not a life. Yet, pain makes life so much harder to bear. In its fullness, pain takes life away from the present moment leading it into a longing for a time of its absence (even if this would mean the end of life itself). If life is defined by pain is it worth living? After all, we may not be experiencing pain in every moment but every moment carries a potentiality for pain. While its presence may vary from person to person, we all share this intimate exposure and vulnerability to pain and it is part of what defines us as humans. How we deal with pain on an individual level is not entirely in our control. Culture and the society we are embedded in provide us with the vocabulary for communicating pain and the stance on its value. The question then arises: How do we treat pain on a cultural and individual level? Bodily, sensory pain is perceived spontaneously, directly. Our bodies and their senses make us vulnerable to pain as well as susceptible to the pleasures of its opposites. Pain is defined as exclusively negative making our attitude one of resistance and the desire to be rid of it. This is, in itself, a result of a historically and culturally shaped vision. Simultaneously with avoiding it, however, we encourage and stimulate it, we seek it and it fascinates us. In any case, there is no indifference in or towards pain. When we are the ones inflicting it (torture, sadism), usually we seek explanations and further insight into this behavior. This paper aims to provide this insight. Torture and sadism, extreme forms of inflicting pain, were one of the instruments of committing genocide of Bosniaks in Srebrenica, July 1995. Our general conclusion is that pain, especially in its extreme form, cannot be perceived as anything other than pure negativity of human suffering.

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Stup srama za počinitelje genocida u Srebrenici

Stup srama za počinitelje genocida u Srebrenici

Author(s): Ferid Muhić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Više nego išta drugo, zaborav i prešućivanje smiruju savjest zločinaca. Praštanje neoprostivog zločina jeste zazivanje novog zločina. Dužni smo raskrinkati zločince objelodanjenom istinom, ne skidati ih sa stupa srama – nikada. Ponavljajmo riječ “Srebrenica”, podsjećajmo na zločin genocida u svakom trenutku, danju i noću, neprestano, da ga i potomci zločinaca, i potomci žrtava, kao i sve buduće generacije svijeta, uvijek imaju na umu i nikada ne zaborave. Za to su nam potrebni: a. svjedoci; b. dokazi. Jedan od onih koji ovu najveću ljudsku moralnu obavezu svjedoka zločina izvršavaju na najbolji način jeste Kadir Habibović. Umjesto nijeme žrtve, sam Bog kao da je htio da on postane gromoglasni svjedok genocida. Njegova knjiga Život protiv smrti postala je vječni stup srama za sve zločince genocida u Srebrenici i svojom snagom istine pokrenula je klizeće brdo dokaza. Ovo je prilika da još jednom podsjetimo i zločince, i žrtve, kao i cijeli svijet, na zločin genocida u Srebrenici.

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CARTEA DE PATRIMONIU ÎN COLECŢIILE PAROHIILOR DIN JUDEŢUL CONSTANŢA (1971)
4.50 €

CARTEA DE PATRIMONIU ÎN COLECŢIILE PAROHIILOR DIN JUDEŢUL CONSTANŢA (1971)

Author(s): Silviu - Constantin Nedelcu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In a file from 1971 from the State Department for Cults there is a list with the patrimony objects that exist in the collections of the parishes from Constanța county. The old church administrative organization of the Archdiocese of Tomis and the Lower Danube also included Constanța County. It should be noted that, in addition to cult objects (crosses, old icons, vestments, various liturgical objects), there were also many heritage books.

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BERNARD GUI, UN INCHIZITOR DE GENIU?

BERNARD GUI, UN INCHIZITOR DE GENIU?

Author(s): Mihai Floroaia / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Of the dozens of inquisitors that France had, the most illustrious image remained that of Bernard Gui (1261-1331), "a temperate, wise, modest, cultured man, a good speaker, deeply religious," according to the Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum. Born in 1261 in La Royère, he joined the monastic life and was converted to monasticism in 1275 at the Dominican Monastery of Limoges, where he found his resting place in 1331. Between 1280 and 1290 he studied in Provence. He took courses in logic and philosophy, after which he studied theology at the monastic schools of Montpellier and Toulouse. After completing his studies, he was appointed lecturer at the Limoges Monastery, then lecturer at Albi and Carcassonne. On August 4, 1302, Gui received the title of general preacher. At the age of 45 he was appointed inquisitor of Toulouse, a position he will hold for 17 years (1307-1323). As an inquisitor, he was very active. Historians who painted Bernard Gui's portrait insisted on his intellectual qualities. Sébastien Michaelis characterized him as "vir doctissimus", Jean-Jacques Percin emphasized his moral qualities as inquisitor „meritissimus” and bishop "dignissimus", and Jacques Echard saw him as "vir sua artate de republica litteraria ecclesiastica bene meritus". From the conclusions of his clergyman, Fr. Petrus Sicardi, it turns out that Bernard Gui had an exemplary life, fulfilling responsibly all the functions he held. He impressed with his oratorical and writing talent. In 1879, Léopold Deliste inventoried the works of Bernard Gui: The Practice of the Office Inquisitionis haereticae pravitatis (1324), A Brief History of Gaul, The Genealogy of the Kings of France and the Origin of This Kingdom, The Lives of some Bishops of the Holy Church of Toulouse, The Sentences of the Inquisition of Toulouse.

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Jihomoravské šibenice v písemných pramenech

Jihomoravské šibenice v písemných pramenech

Author(s): Daniel Wojtucki / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The places where the gallows stood still carry the name Gallows Mountain (Galgenberg), Justice (Gerichtsberg), Golgotha, Am Goling, Gallows, On gallows and so on. From the end of the 15th to the 18th century there was a process of replacing wooden gallows with brick gallows. A specific feature of gallows in central and northern Moravia is their quadrilateral ground plan in the shape of a square or rectangle, known from archaeological research and a description in Brno in 1788. The construction or repair of gallows was a complex matter in which many craftsmen had to participate due to the problems which could potentially discredit the workers as work on gallows was considered dishonourable. This is evidenced by documents from Šatov from 1661, Znojmo from 1650 and Brno from 1764. Besides brick gallows, wooden gallows (Schnellgalgen), known from Brno from 1603 and 1642, were also built for executions. Another place of execution of the death penalty by decapitation were beheading places (Rabenstei, Köpfhaus) existing in Brno, Znojmo or Tišnov. The description of the beheading place from Brno is know from 1788.

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Turnaj

Turnaj

Author(s): Martin Hložek,Irena Loskotová / Language(s): English,Czech Publication Year: 0

The tournament series comprises only four motifs, but it is easy to distinguish from the numerous relief depictions with similar content. Similarly as it was with the Adoration of the Magi series, the figures are not crowded together in the area of a single frontal heating panel, but appear individually on separate stove tiles. Apart from the overall visual design, these tiles are interlinked by the element of an ogee arch at the foot of the relief. The arch is topped by a transversal fess, on which individual figures are placed (Jordánková–Loskotová–Merta 2004, 582–583, 588–589; Jordánková–Loskotová 2007, 334–339, 352–355; 2007a; Loskotová 2011, 69–74). Inclined armorial shields are visible in pendentives on both sides of the arch. The main figures – two knights in full plate armour – are depicted just before the moment of their collision, with lance heads touching the opponent’s shield. The heraldic symbols (saltire raguly in escutcheon and a panache of peacock feathers with a fish in crest) enable to identify the knight riding to the left with Hynek Bítovský of Lichtenburk (Fig. 1; Stehlíková 1999, 227) – the leader of Moravian Catholic opposition against George of Poděbrady. The coat of arms on the other side of the relief and the armorial bearings on the shield on horse’s forehead belong to the Lords of Šternberk (eight-pointed star). The opponent can be identified on the basis of the figure preserved in the shield and crest as a member of the royal family of the Lords of Kunštát (Fig. 2). The coat of arms below the fess on the opposite side of this relief is unfortunately not preserved among the recorded finds. Behind this knight, there is a jester riding a hinny, donkey or mule.

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Palác Granovských v Ungeltu a jeho propojení s pražským dvorským okruhem

Palác Granovských v Ungeltu a jeho propojení s pražským dvorským okruhem

Author(s): Lenka Babická / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Palác Granovských nechal vystavět Jakub ml. Granovský z Granova po roce 1558, a to na starších základech zástavby kupeckého dvora, který získal do dědičného držení. V literatuře bývá palác shodně označován za významnou realizaci a mezník ve vývoji pražské renesanční architektury – tomu však neodpovídá prostor, který je stavbě věnován. Dosavadní bádání se zaměřovalo především na severní dvorní křídlo paláce, jehož arkády a chiaroscurové malby se staly podnětem k propojení stavby s dvorským okruhem. Toto propojení bylo zdůvodněno přízní, kterou choval císař Ferdinand I. k rodu Granovských z Granova. Otázkou postavení stavebníka Jakuba ml. Granovského a jeho kontaktů s dvorským prostředím v době výstavby paláce se však nikdo podrobněji nezabýval a proto bude jedním z hlavních témat tohoto příspěvku.

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SARAJEVO JE BILO NEOPISIVA NOĆNA MORA

SARAJEVO JE BILO NEOPISIVA NOĆNA MORA

Author(s): Morten Hvaal / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Interview with Morten Hvaal

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U OPKOLJENOM SARAJEVU SAM TRAŽIO PARČE HLJEBA I LITAR ČISTE VODE

U OPKOLJENOM SARAJEVU SAM TRAŽIO PARČE HLJEBA I LITAR ČISTE VODE

Author(s): Robert King / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Interview with Robert King

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PRVI SAM URADIO FOTOGRAFIJE RADOVANA KARADŽIĆA

PRVI SAM URADIO FOTOGRAFIJE RADOVANA KARADŽIĆA

Author(s): Imre Gergely Szabó / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Interview with Imre Szabó

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Hlinené stavebné technológie v kolonizačnom prostredí podunajsko-panonského priestoru v 18.–20. storočí
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Hlinené stavebné technológie v kolonizačnom prostredí podunajsko-panonského priestoru v 18.–20. storočí

Author(s): Ján Botík / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The contribution pays attention to mud building techniques in the Mid-Danube area and Pannonian Plain. After a large colonization process in the 18th century, the house of “Pannonian type” was formed in this multiethnic environment, which featured the multipurpose utilization of mud. More building techniques were applied allowing to use mud as building material for wall constructions. Mud was also used for the surface treatment of floors and ceilings in mud houses. In the Danube-Pannonian region, a special type of mud ovens developed. The house of Pannonian type also included special decorative forms of the internal and external elements of dwellings.

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Stavby z nepálených cihel na Berounsku a Hořovicku
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Stavby z nepálených cihel na Berounsku a Hořovicku

Author(s): Helena Mevaldová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when the quantity of buildings made of unburnt bricks was at the top, 30 % to 70 % of constructions were built from this material in some villages in the District of Beroun. Permanently inhabited houses, at which the unburnt bricks dominated as material of load-bearing walls, constituted 5,0 % of the total housing as late as in 1961. In the Bohemian Karst and Prague Plateau areas (north-east part of the District of Beroun), stone or brick masonry prevailed in the 19th century. The unburnt bricks were used here to a considerably smaller extent than in the rest of the region. Mud bricks, which had other four names in the regions of Berounsko and Hořovicko, often constituted supplementary material in combination with timbered constructions or stone masonry. Commonly used were mud bricks for one or even more walls (open-hearth kitchen) or to wall-up a strip from unburnt bricks as a half-storey above the house ground floor.

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Триумфът на кръста над полумесеца, или Краят на арабското господство на Иберийския полуостров

Триумфът на кръста над полумесеца, или Краят на арабското господство на Иберийския полуостров

Author(s): Ivona Karashtranova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The end of the Arab reign over the Iberian Peninsula also marks the end of one of the most colourful and beneficial periods during the Middle Ages, not only in Spain, but in the whole European continent. The powerful civilization center Al-Andalus, which was established by the Arabs, after a nearly eight-century long struggle finally kneels down before the Christian crown. The year is 1492, the place – Granada, the last Islamic fortress on the peninsula. The Christians, led by the Catholic Kings – a symbol of the unified royal power, managed to retrieve the lands that were enslaved by the Arab caliphate. What were the reasons and prerequisites for the successful Arab invasion and how did the Christians emerge triumphant are some of the questions that this article aims to answer.The end of the Arab reign over the Iberian Peninsula also marks the end of one of the most colourful and beneficial periods during the Middle Ages, not only in Spain, but in the whole European continent. The powerful civilization center Al-Andalus, which was established by the Arabs, after a nearly eight-century long struggle finally kneels down before the Christian crown. The year is 1492, the place – Granada, the last Islamic fortress on the peninsula. The Christians, led by the Catholic Kings – a symbol of the unified royal power, managed to retrieve the lands that were enslaved by the Arab caliphate. What were the reasons and prerequisites for the successful Arab invasion and how did the Christians emerge triumphant are some of the questions that this article aims to answer.

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Дневникът на свещеноиконом Тодор Пенков (1878–1959) – един забравен разказ за „Св. Пантелеймон“ в старозагорското село Ягода

Дневникът на свещеноиконом Тодор Пенков (1878–1959) – един забравен разказ за „Св. Пантелеймон“ в старозагорското село Ягода

Author(s): Rumyana Lecheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The reason for the present study is a manuscript found by me in the Metropolis library of Stara Zagora – Diary of the priest Todor Penkov, a longtime eparchial adviser to the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Pavel. The handwritten memories are titled “History of St. Panteleimon diocesan rest home in the village of Yagoda”. Father Todor is a contemporary of the Liberation, founder of the Union of the Priests (1903) and of the Union of Orthodox Brotherhood (1926), priest, teacher, journalist and Russian translator, as well as founder of the Bulgarian Red Cross in Stara Zagora. He became a widower very early and devoted himself to his service as an Orthodox priest to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The manuscript contains direct observations, described perhaps with self-esteem, by the priest participating in the realization of this socially significant for its time project, but without any pretensions or pride. On the yellowed over the time pages we find accurate and precise documentary narrative that keeps the memory of the Orthodox clergy with pure thoughts and deeds, who were willing to give their personal funds for the work of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. He kept records of each campaign among the priests of the diocese, without missing anything, describing truthfully and objectively. The manuscript reveals to us a clergyman, a zealous and worthy servant of God, who is bearer of remarkable Christian morality and moral principles. The realization of the church project does not encounter any difficulties and the “Diocese Brotherhood Home“ opens its doors after only one year. Its construction is funded entirely by the donations gathered in the diocese. The main donors are the parish priests. The construction of the Orthodox Church “St. Panteleimon“ is result of a new donation campaign, in which all priests from the diocese participated and each of them donated 1000 leva. The diocesan brotherhood home became an important cultural and educational center in which dozens of priests and citizens of the diocese increased their education in courses. During the training, special attention is given to the work of priests for the foundation of the Orthodox fraternities in the parishes, as well as to the organization of public places for religious and economic events in rural parishes. Father Todor’s diary shows that the system of self-financing and mutual assistance of church initiatives, imposed for the first time by the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Methodius, proves its great vitality and economic prosperity in the realization of the project for the creation of the Eparchial Brotherhood in the village of Yagoda. In just two decades the church premises became a place for education and training of priests, but also a home that created fraternal friendships and mutual help. This is a good and successful example that awaits its followers nowadays.The reason for the present study is a manuscript found by me in the Metropolis library of Stara Zagora – Diary of the priest Todor Penkov, a longtime eparchial adviser to the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Pavel. The handwritten memories are titled “History of St. Panteleimon diocesan rest home in the village of Yagoda”. Father Todor is a contemporary of the Liberation, founder of the Union of the Priests (1903) and of the Union of Orthodox Brotherhood (1926), priest, teacher, journalist and Russian translator, as well as founder of the Bulgarian Red Cross in Stara Zagora. He became a widower very early and devoted himself to his service as an Orthodox priest to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The manuscript contains direct observations, described perhaps with self-esteem, by the priest participating in the realization of this socially significant for its time project, but without any pretensions or pride. On the yellowed over the time pages we find accurate and precise documentary narrative that keeps the memory of the Orthodox clergy with pure thoughts and deeds, who were willing to give their personal funds for the work of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. He kept records of each campaign among the priests of the diocese, without missing anything, describing truthfully and objectively. The manuscript reveals to us a clergyman, a zealous and worthy servant of God, who is bearer of remarkable Christian morality and moral principles. The realization of the church project does not encounter any difficulties and the “Diocese Brotherhood Home“ opens its doors after only one year. Its construction is funded entirely by the donations gathered in the diocese. The main donors are the parish priests. The construction of the Orthodox Church “St. Panteleimon“ is result of a new donation campaign, in which all priests from the diocese participated and each of them donated 1000 leva. The diocesan brotherhood home became an important cultural and educational center in which dozens of priests and citizens of the diocese increased their education in courses. During the training, special attention is given to the work of priests for the foundation of the Orthodox fraternities in the parishes, as well as to the organization of public places for religious and economic events in rural parishes. Father Todor’s diary shows that the system of self-financing and mutual assistance of church initiatives, imposed for the first time by the Metropolitan of Stara Zagora Methodius, proves its great vitality and economic prosperity in the realization of the project for the creation of the Eparchial Brotherhood in the village of Yagoda. In just two decades the church premises became a place for education and training of priests, but also a home that created fraternal friendships and mutual help. This is a good and successful example that awaits its followers nowadays.

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Крепостта Русокастро в светлината на историческите извори от XII – XIV в

Крепостта Русокастро в светлината на историческите извори от XII – XIV в

Author(s): Milen Nikolov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The fortress of Rusokastro is only 22 kilometers west of the bed of the Bay of Burgas, at the foot of the south approaches towards the Aytos Pass and at north approaches of the Strandja Pass of Kovchas. Its significance to Bulgaria and Byzantium in 13th – 14th c. is well attested in the historical sources of the epoch. The information in them regarding the military campaigns of Andronicus III Palaeologus, the emperor, in 1330 – 1331 is particularly important. According to Ioannis Kantakouzinos as well as Nikiphoros Grigoras the emperor acted in a foreign country, his armies robbed the native population and annihilated their crops. Rusokastro was one of the main targets of the military expeditions of both campaigns. In accordance with the last archaeological investigations the fortress was newly built in the beginning of 13th c., and after 1263 there was new building. The significance of Rusokastro becomes apparent as well because the military camps of Byzantium and the Kingdom of Bulgaria encamped at the fortress in the 14th c.

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Археологически данни за представителeн неметализиран текстил от средновековните български земи – XIII–XIV век

Археологически данни за представителeн неметализиран текстил от средновековните български земи – XIII–XIV век

Author(s): Ivan Chokoev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

We have few written sources referring to the distribution of luxury textiles in medieval Bulgaria. Our knowledge on clothing is based primarily on foreign historical records, while the local Bulgarian sources (ecclesiastical texts mainly) provide general information without any details. The investigation on textiles, excavated in medieval Bulgarian lands lead to accumulation of data on silk fabrics, such as samite, twill damask, satin, velvet and partially covered the lack of written sources for this period. As a result of this study now we will have more solid grounds while comparing the distribution of luxury textiles in Bulgaria and Europe.

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Muğla-Menteşe İlçesi’ne Mübadillerin İskânı Meselesi (1923-1930)

Muğla-Menteşe İlçesi’ne Mübadillerin İskânı Meselesi (1923-1930)

Author(s): Seher Akça / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Cumhuriyet döneminde Balkanlardan Anadolu’ya birçok göç yaşanmıştır. Bu göçlerin en yoğun yaşandığı yıllar mübadele dönemi olmuştur. Bu mübadele döneminde Anadolu’dan Yunanistan’a 1.200.000 kişi giderken Balkanlardan Anadolu’ya da 400.000 kişi gelmiştir. Bu gelenlerin 4.968 kişisi Muğla İline ve bunun da 459 kişisi Menteşe İlçesi’ne iskân edilmiştir. Bu mübadillerin iskânı sırasında sorun yaşanmaması için dönemin hükümet önce İmar ve İskân Vekâleti kurmuş ve vekâlet de her il ve ilçede İmar ve İskân Komisyonları oluşturmuştur. Muğla’da da Vali’nin başkanlığında bir komisyon kurulmuştur. Bu komisyonun; yerleşim yerlerini tespit etme, sağlık sorunlarını çözme, taşınma işini düzenleme ve ev, arsa, zeytinlik gibi malların dağıtımını adaletli bir şekilde yapma gibi görevleri vardı. Mübadele olayının bazı avantajları ve dezavantajları olmuştur. Muğla-Menteşe İlçesi’ne Rodos Adası Kavala, Drama, Tikveş gibi yerlerde tarımla uğraşan kişiler gelmiş ve bu da bölge tarımının gelişmesine katkı sağlamıştır. Ancak, gidenler Menteşe İlçesi’nde zanaat ve ticaret ile uğraşan kişiler olduğu için bu da bölgede ticaret ve zanaat faaliyetlerini olumsuz etkilenmesine neden olmuştur.

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Bağdâd’da Bir Moğol Yönetici: Emir Aruk1

Bağdâd’da Bir Moğol Yönetici: Emir Aruk1

Author(s): Mustafa Aylar / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Founded during the Abbasid period and one of the most important cities of the Islamic world, Baghdad was captured by Hülegü, the founder of the Ilkhanid Empire, in 1258 and was subjected to great looting, destruction and massacre. Although the appointment of an experienced person such as Ata Malik al-Juwaynī in the administration of the city had positive results for Baghdād, the troubles in the city did not completely end. During the reign of Arghun, who came to the throne thanks to Emir Buqa after the throne turmoil in the Ilkhanid Empire, the Mongol emir Aruq was appointed as the ruler of Baghdad. Relying on the power of his older brother Emir Buqa, Emir Aruq increased his personal power and wealth in Baghdad. He also engaged in a number of behaviors that disturbed other Mongol emirs. This added to the already existing problems in Bagdad. Every day, more and more people became disturbed by what Amir Aruq and his brother Buqa were doing. As a matter of fact, the Jewish Sa‘d al-dawla, the deputy of Tatarqiya, the shihna of Bagdad, reported this situation to the Ilkhanid ruler Arghun. Finally, the Ilkhanid ruler Arghun put an end to the rule of the Buqa and Aruq brothers and eliminated both of them. Amir Aruq was the ruler of Baghdad for about five years, oppressing the people with his aides in the city and collecting large amounts of money, goods and property.

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