Introduction. Voicing Alternative Interpretations of the Russo-Ottoman War 1877 – 1878

Author(s): Dominik Gutmeyr / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

In 2012 a consortium consisting of scholars from eight scientific institutions from eight different countries, whose historical developments were influenced to different degrees by the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878, started working to thoroughly analyze the causes and consequences of that war. The present volume comprises one of the scholarly outputs of this EU-funded Marie Curie project “Politics of Memory and Memory Cultures of the Russo-Ottoman War 1877/1878: From Divergence to Dialogue” (MemoryROW).

Empires from the Margin: Bosnian Muslim Migrants between the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire – Petitions of the Returnees

Author(s): Bayram Şen / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

In this article, I will briefly describe the 19th century migration movements towards the Ottoman Empire just after the Russo-Ottoman War (known as 93 Harbi) and I will give some figures about the Bosnian migration. Later on, I will deal directly with Bosnian Muslim returnees who migrated to the Ottoman Empire after the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1878 and their petitions for their returns.

The Influence of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 on the Historical Memory of the North Caucasus Peoples

Author(s): Alla S. Kondrasheva,Olga O. Chernyshova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

The article takes into consideration two tragic themes connected with the history of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878: the revolt of the mountaineers in the North-Eastern Caucasus and the process of muhajir emigration that led to the second powerful wave of migrations of North Caucasus peoples to the territories of Ottoman Empire. The interpretation of the memory of these events in Russian and national historiography is analyzed from the point of view of imperial, Soviet and modern traditions. Dominant elements in the collective memory of the North Caucasus mountaineers reflected in historical folklore and poetry are researched. Social problems of “memory” of these dramatic events are analyzed in unity with the politics of “oblivion” – the desire for overcoming the past.

Minorities in Conflict: The Russian Advance from Plevna to Adrianople (1877 – 1878) and Ottoman Repressive Measures against Greek Ottoman Subjects

Author(s): Spyridon Sfetas / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

After the fall of Plevna the Ottoman Empire feared uprisings of the Greek population in the Ottoman provinces. It took repressive measures to prevent a Greek uprising. After the fall of Adrianople, the Greek state incited insurrections to internationalize the issue of the unredeemed Greeks. The uprisings were brutally stifled by the Ottoman army with the substantial help of irregular troops. The protection of non-dominant groups appeared in the Congress of Berlin in a bid of the Great Powers to secure peace in the Balkan states after the religious fanaticism during the Russo-Ottoman War.

The Military Clergy in the Russo-Ottoman War 1877 – 1878 – East Orthodoxy and Other Confessions

Author(s): Anastasiya Pashova,Petar Vodenicharov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

In the paper we followed the tradition of priests serving in the Russian Army during the wars in the 19th century. Their statute and functions and the process of establishing a centralized structure of the military clergy directly subjected to the tsar have been analyzed. Special attention has been paid to the participation of the military Orthodox clergy in the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 but the functions of the priests of other denominations – Catholic, Protestant, Muslim and Jewish have also been analyzed. The mechanisms of using religion for military purposes in the past and the restoration of the system of military clergy in today’s Russia were also researched.

National Minorities of Armenia during the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878

Author(s): Grigor Aghanyan,Karine Bazeyan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

National minorities of Armenia also actively participated in the Russo- Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878. The article examines the involvement of Kurds-Muslims, Yezidis, Assyrians, Greeks, Lom people (Boshas), and Caucasian Tatars (Turks) of the Russian Army in the military operations at the Caucasus Front. In the article interethnic collisions in different inhabited localities in Armenia are considered as well. To provide some comparative material, the appendix presents an example of an interethnic collision in the Balkans published in the Armenian press of the time.

Yezidis in the Yerevan Gubernia (Province) after the Russo-Ottoman War (1877 – 1878)

Author(s): Milena Angelova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

The text presents the Yezidi community after the Russo-Ottoman War and the efforts of the Russian administration to regulate the situation of these people on the territory of today’s Armenia. The article is based on publications and research on the historical destiny of Yezidis in the South Caucasus as well as on documents kept in the National Archives of Armenia.

Трагови османске културе у урбаној инфраструктури и живој заједници обреновићевског ниша (1878–1903)

Author(s): Milan Ranđelović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

Even though the Europeanization of Niš under the Obrenović dinasty (1878–1903) was a continuation of the Ottoman westernization, carried out in Niš during the late Tanzimat (1856–1878), it was not only a continued adoption of the advanced achievements of European culture and society. In Niš, under the Obrenovićs, the effort was also spent on removing everything that belonged to the culture and heritage of the Ottomans, and replacing it with Serbian, so that the city would catch up with other developed cities in the Principality of Serbia, in terms of appearance and the way of life of its inhabitants. This paper aims to show how deep the roots of the Ottoman influence were in Niš during the reign of the last Obrenovićs, through the most visible characteristics of its urban layout and the daily life of its inhabitants (habits, language, and clothing). Since the preserved archival materials written in the language of the administration mostly do not contain data on the mentioned aspects of everyday life, the research used the narrative records of authors who stayed in Niš during this period and left their observations about it.

Личната библиотека на Петър Дънов – Учителя: опит за библиографска идентификация и реконструкция

Author(s): Tsvetanka Pancheva,Lyudmila T. Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/2016

This work presents the results of a study of the currently preserved private library of Petar Danov, the Master. A bibliographic identification of the collection is performed, the data are analyzed chronologically, in linguistic and thematic aspect. Most significant Bulgarian and foreign authors and their works related to the interests and creative pursuits of Petar Danov are researched. The inscriptions and autographs left on individual specimens are studied in details. The study is the first attempt to present the private library of Petar Danov thouroughly, with full bibliographic database, by exploring even the limited historical records of some modifications in it as a result of persecution, confiscations of books and repressions against supporters of his teachings.

Старини в землището на село Искър, Плевенско

Author(s): Tosho Spiridonov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The article examines two issues – the history of the village, through the analysis of the origin and development of the village and the presentation of the antiquities in its land. The origin of the village is around the middle of the 19th century, as evidenced by a photo of a family from around 1940, in which the oldest woman is 100 years old. The toddler is the current resident, and is now 80 years old. In the yard of the same person is also the only dugout known to me so far, in which the current owner was born. The second part presents a reconstruction of the Roman aqueduct that supplied the ancient city of Escus. Until now it was only tentatively known, now this is supported and documented by fragments of the water pipe found in the village. In addition, the text mentions the presence of a Villa rustica, which was located at the eastern end of the village in the town of Manastira. Evidence for this is the partially destroyed flat necropolis and burial mound (destroyed in the 1950s) from the Roman era, which are located southwest of the villa. There is evidence of an earlier life at the height of the Samodiv Mound, where there is a burial mound of the Thracian ruler of the settlement located in the area. The author witnessed a large part of the events in the history of the village.

Panovnický antijudaismus na Moravě v první čtvrtině 18. století. Hledání klíče k regulaci židovské menšiny

Author(s): Martin Štindl / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The paper focuses on the territory of Moravia between 1708–1728, when the Habsburg state produced a series of legislative measures that had a lasting impact on the status of the Jewish population. The author sees this process as the formation of a monarchical anti-Judaism that gradually abandoned the older models of the Estates State and adopted the principles of absolute monarchies. In addition to formal shifts, the paper focuses primarily on the themes of these measures, the targets of which – the Jewish home, the synagogue, the ghetto, the family – tended to change frequently as the state sought the most an effective method for regulating the Jewish minority. Last but not least, the paper focuses on the actors who initiated the individual measures or were involved in their practical application.

Proměny vzdělávání českých Židů za vlády Josefa II.

Author(s): Iveta Cermanová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The decade of Joseph II’s reign was crucial for Jewish history in the Habsburg monarchy. For the firsttime, in the context of the growing Enlightenment-absolutist tendencies of the state and changing attitudestowards members of non-Catholic Christian denominations, the Jewish issue became an importantpart of state policy, and the monarch did not hesitate to intervene in almost all spheres of Jewish lifeduring his reign. He sought to gain greater control over this minority, distinct in both religion and language,to bring it closer to the life of the majority society and make it more useful to the state. The keyarea through which he intended to promote these aims was Jewish education. All of this was closely relatedto the Enlightenment-absolutist state’s efforts to comprehensively reform the monarchy’s educationalsystem, the aim of which was to provide education under state supervision for broad sections ofthe population, thus helping to “elevate them morally” and turn them into useful citizens of the state.However, since Jewish education in its traditional form played a crucial role in the process of preservingJewish identity, most Czech Jews viewed the changes that Joseph II brought about in this area with apprehensionand distrust. The importance of education for the Jewish community was understood by allconcerned – the monarch, the highest central and provincial authorities, the Jewish enlighteners whosupported state policy – but resisted by their opponents within the Jewish community, that is to say adherentsof the rabbinic tradition, which led to a number of clashes related to these developments. Thisarticle first outlines the forms of Jewish education in Bohemia in the second half of the 18th century,then discusses the efforts of the Josephine state to transform them and enforce compulsory secular educationfor Jews in the context of the Habsburg monarchy. Finally, it sheds light on the various Jewish reactionsto these developments and reflects on the outcome of events in this field.

Circulation of Books, Manuscripts, and Ideas between Hungary and Italy. Cultural Transfers in the Environment of György Klimo, Bishop of Pécs (1751–1777)

Author(s): Ágnes Dóbék / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The period between 1750 and 1800 witnessed a significant transformation in the modernization of Hungarian culture and literature. The members of the ecclesiastical elite, who had completed their studies at the Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum in Rome, played a pivotal role in this process; they emerged as key figures in the Catholic renewal upon their return to Hungary following their studies in Rome. Their contributions extended beyond the revitalization of the Hungarian Catholic Church and religious life, encompassing the reconstruction of bishoprics, the establishment of educational institutions and libraries, and the publication and dissemination of both religious and secular literary works. This dissemination of knowledge was also closely intertwined with the influential court in Vienna. On the one hand, the rich heritage of ancient Rome played a crucial role in reshaping the baroque tradition. High-ranking clerics began to take a keen interest in the historical context of their immediate surroundings, initiating local excavations and conducting research in the Vatican Archives. On the other hand, they were greatly influenced by the vibrant culture of contemporary Rome, including Catholic reform efforts, the patronage of the Roman aristocracy, and the volumes of recent Italian literature. This paper explores the cultural influence of Bishop György Klimo of Pécs through an analysis of his correspondence with members of the ecclesiastical aristocracy in Rome and Vienna. Notably, Klimo made significant contributions to the spreading of Ludovico Antonio Muratori’s ideas in Hungary. He also played a pioneering role in disseminating knowledge by being the first among his contemporaries to open his personal library to the public. Furthermore, he commissioned research at the Vatican to compile a comprehensive history of his diocese. By examining Klimo’s endeavors, we gain valuable insights into the transformative influence of Roman culture on the Baroque tradition in Hungary. Moreover, the analysis sheds light on the distinct and organic development of the Italian line within Hungarian culture.

Count Leopold I Berchtold and His Contacts with Great Britain as a Source of Inspiration for His Philanthropic Activities

Author(s): Filip Binder / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This paper deals with the British contacts made by Count Leopold I Berchtold (1759–1809), a prominentphilanthropist from the Czech lands, as well as examining how these contacts influenced his activitiesand the spread of scientific knowledge to the Czech lands and presenting a rather unusual kind of culturaltransfer between Britain and the Habsburg Monarchy involving philanthropism and medical science.The paper is based on the analysis of the sources stored in the Moravian Provincial Archive in Brnorelating to Leopold’s life as well as on the analysis of some of his writings.

THE PERSONALITY OF THE METROPOLITAN DOSOFTEI

Author(s): Nicolae Nucă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 38/2024

Romanian Orthodox theology had a categorical and unwavering attitude on the line of the right faith in respecting the dogmatic and liturgical truth. The metropolitan of Dosoftei was a providential man in the eucharistic dispute between the two churches, Russian and Ukrainian, having a major contribution in clarifying the eucharistic liturgy. Through the holy liturgy, the most lively spiritual connection and the richest communication between Christ and his church is realized.

Нотирани паметници от Югозападните български земи до XV век

Author(s): Svetlana Kujumdzieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The notated manuscripts from the South-Western Bulgarian lands up to the fifteenth century are discussed. The sources are an evidence for the adoption of the musical systems that were in use at that time in the Balkan Orthodox countries – ekphonetic, palaeo-, middle- and late-byzantine. The systems were adopted on a high professional level. Numerous Triodia manuscripts testify to the work started in the Ohrid school at the time of St. Clement of Ohrid on the preparation of the repertory in Old Bulgarian language that was necessary for the worship in the newly founded Bulgarian Church: for Great Lent, Easter and post-Easter time, as it was pointed out in the Vita of St. Clement. The adoption of the musical systems on a high professional level suggests the maintenance of the church music by a strong liturgical and educational center, such as the Bulgarian Archbishopric in Ohrid.

Българските еснафски организации през периода на Възраждането: светец-покровител и еснафски празник

Author(s): Petya Nedeleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The Bulgarian guild organizations during the Renaissance were the most comprehensive economic and social organization, professional and social support of the population. The guilds represented self-governing craft and trade associations of a closed nature, uniting people with the same livelihood, with a common leader, obeying common rules, the guild statute and a specific structure. The members of the guild organization, as residents of a given settlement, complied with local traditions, honored and celebrated holidays (Easter, Christmas, etc.), and also celebrated the holiday of their guild and the patron saint of the craft. The guild holiday belongs to the so-called “heavy” holidays, i.e. holidays celebrated with particular solemnity by the members of the community. During the guild festival, which often lasted several days, there were church services for the living and deceased members of the guild, a general meeting of the guild was held, at which the report of the governing bodies was accepted and those who would rule in the future were elected. There was also a real celebration with a common meal and merriment.

AMERIČKA DIPLOMATIJA I POLITIČKI ŽIVOT NA STRANICAMA „GLASA CRNOGORCA” 1873–1914.

Author(s): Ivan Tepavčević,Predrag Adžić / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 1/2024

In the Montenegrin newspaper Glas Crnogorca, within the period 1873 - 1914, we found 596 texts that refer to the term America, ranging from Canada to Argentina. The largest number of texts published in the press related to the United States of America, the situation in the country, political and economic conditions, but also to everyday issues, fantastic news. On the pages of Montenegrin newspapers, there were a wide range of topics that journalists dealt with, in order to present America, sometimes in a better, sometimes in a not so bright light.

Стопански връзки между търговска фирма „Хаджи Минчо х. Цачев и дружие“ и братя Тъпчилещови

Author(s): Veselin Goranchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The publication is a continuation, supplement, and summary of several previous studies devoted to the economic relations between the company „Hadzhi Mincho Tsachev and Company“ from Tarnovo and the Tapchileshtov brothers (Hristo and Nikola) in their trade in metals (copper, iron, and steel), tallow of animal origin, and buffalo hides. This publication provides information on the exchange of other goods and raw materials between the mentioned contractors: raw silk, cordovans, wheat, yellow cheese, caviar, coffee, olive oil, and soap. It also presented information about the assistance that the Tapchileshtov brothers (mainly Hristo Tapchileshtov) have provided to the partners in the Tarnovo company in their activities on the purchase and exploitation of state sources of revenue. The present publication, as well as the preceding ones, is prepared mainly based on previously unused Greek-language documents (letters and transcripts of letters). The research method is thematic-chronological. The conclusions we reach are: The information on the topic of the relations between the trading company „Hadzhi Mincho Tsachev and Company“ and the Tapchileshtov brothers is fragmentary, and it is not possible to make a complete analysis of the trade exchange that has taken place between them (quantities of goods sent, their value, financial turnovers, respective profits, etc.). It can be assumed that the beginning of the economic relations between the company „Hadzhi Mincho Tsachev and Company“ and the Tapchileshtov brothers was established in 1847. The exchange of goods is two-sided. The Tapchileshtovi brothers (together or independently) sent to their partners in Tarnovo the following raw materials and goods: metals, caviar, coffee, olive oil, soap, and dye. The Tarnovo company sent to the Tapchileshtovi brothers (to both or one of them): tallow, buffalo hides, raw silk, cordovans, yellow cheese, wheat and possibly corn. The economic operators in question also carried out commission activities. The Tapchileshtovi brothers assist the company „Hadji Mincho Tsachev & Company“ in its activities on the purchase and exploitation of state revenue sources. This is what Hristo Tapchilestov is mainly involved with. The documents testify that the contact between the Tarnovo company and the Tapchileshtovs lasted until the spring of 1855, i.e., until the murder of Hadji Mincho.

Н. А. Куртов, Е. В. Арнаутова, С. И. Георгиева-Митител. Д. Г. Мететелов. Генерал-майор, военен юрист, публицист, 2023.

Author(s): Ivan Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024