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ТРАГИ НА РУДАРСТВО ВО ВИНИЧКИОТ РЕГИОН

Author(s): Julijana Ivanova / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 23/2024

A large number of archaeological sites registered in the Vinica’s region from the period of prehistory to the Middle Ages provide insights, based on serious evidence discovered so far, into the development of pottery, mining and metallurgy as economic branches that influenced the economic development of the settlements in the region. Some of them, in the early antique, Roman and late antique periods grew into developed craft, cultural and commercial centers, and with the acceptance of the Christian religion, into significant religious centers. Archeological research at several sites has confirmed the existence of the remains of metal slag, stone crushers and stone vessels for smelting ore. The various metal objects that are distinguished by high quality speak of mining – metallurgical activity, which was one of the main reasons for construction of some of the settlements. Of particular importance for the development of mining in the region is the locality known under the name of Rashka near the village of Peklani, where several gold-bearing mining galleries have been discovered which, based on the archaeological material, are dated to the Roman period. That gold-bearing material was exploited there was proven by chemical analysis of the material from inside the galleries, where, in addition to native gold, certain amounts of silver were also found. The large concentration of archaeological sites that are located in its immediate vicinity goes in favor of the conclusion of the development of the settlements that gravitate around this mining center.

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Seoska samouprava u periodu 1944-1955 u antropološkoj perspektivi: primer sela Dobri Do

Author(s): Saša Nedeljković,Biljana Anđelković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2024

Rural self-government is an insufficiently researched topic in domestic and foreign anthropological literature. What is more, the extent to which archives of local self-government bodies can be useful as sources for anthropological research has not been sufficiently studied. For this reason, an attempt was made to provide a contribution to a better understanding of these scientific issues on the example of the village of Dobri Do in the vicinity of Pirot, and on the basis of material in the Historical Archive of Pirot that refers to the work of the Local People's Committee in this village. The period after the Second World War was chosen, due to the state of the materials in the archival collections and the fact that the period was marked by numerous processes that highlighted scientific problems more clearly. It started from the assumption that the local self-government, as a mediator between the rural community and state authorities, was primarily directed towards protecting the interests of the rural community itself.The analysis showed that MNO archives can be very useful sources, and that they can be combined with classical anthropological research methods (participant observation, interview, biographical method). Nevertheless, a critical attitude must be taken towards this archival material, because it is incomplete, insufficiently conscientiously collected and organized. Based on the available material, it is possible to see many questions that have not been raised so far about the relationship between the local community and state institutions. Further research will show to what extent it is possible to improve the use of this material within ethnological and anthropological research.

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Contribuții la fauna blazonului în Transilvania princiară

Author(s): Alexandru Ștefan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 45/2024

This paper aims to provide a concise presentation of the heraldic patrimony featuring animal motifs in the Principality of Transylvania, during 1541–1690, a time when the region was under the Ottoman suzerainty and the increasing pressure of the Habsburg hegemonic tendencies. The study begins with a brief overview of human mentalities, imaginary and attitudes towards animals during the Middle Ages, focusing on the symbolic meaning of various species within a heraldic context. Key features of the elite society in princely Transylvania are also outlined, together with the most significant modern and contemporary historiographical contributions to the study of noble coats of arms from this period. Drawing on two compiled corpora of heraldic descriptions, the paper elaborates both quantitative and qualitative observations regarding the recruitment pool of animal figures, and conducts a statistical analysis of the most frequently represented ones in these nobility symbols, including the lion, the crane, the swan, the dove and the bear. The horse, always depicted with its rider, has a special place in this hierarchy. The study concludes with eight miniatures illustrating some coats of arms granted by various Transylvanian princes during the already mentioned time span.

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Стопанският облик на балканския град според географския труд на ал-Идриси (ХII век)

Author(s): Stoyanka Kenderova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

The work of the Arab geographer Abu Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Idrisi (d. 1165), titled “Entertainment of the Longing to Traverse the Countries” (Nuzhat al-Mushtaq), was created under the patronage of the Norman King Roger II (1130–1154) and completed in 1153 in Palermo. The text reflects or mentions a total of 184 Balkan settlements, described with varying levels of detail. The information was gathered from sailors, merchants, travelers, Arabs in Roger II’s army operating in the Balkans, Crusaders returning from the Holy Land via Sicily, and other sources. In describing these settlements, Al-Idrisi follows a structured approach: the settlements are situated along main trade and military routes or their branches, with details on their size and the distances between them. The descriptions provide a vivid depiction of cultivated fields, vineyards, orchards, and bustling markets, presenting a comprehensive view of the economic and social life in the region.

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В сезонния ритъм: представата за годишните времена у средновековния българин в контекста на селскостопанската дейност

Author(s): Teodora Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

Weather conditions directly influenced human activities, and it is no surprise that even in the Middle Ages, climate variability led people to seek explanations for various weather phenomena. During this pre-industrial period, agrarian societies were highly dependent on natural resources. The geographical environment, along with natural and climatic conditions, shaped the primary occupation of medieval people: agriculture. Meteorological descriptions were often influenced by sociocultural factors, incorporating both theological interpretations and observations of the natural world. Weather forecasting relied on interpreting signs, such as unusual natural phenomena, which required explanation. The interest in climate and environmental changes was closely linked to agricultural activity and the need for sustenance. Evidence of this is found in Byzantine narratives, hagiographies, hexameters, oratorical prose, and even apocryphal literature. These texts reflect the daily life of medieval people, their fears for the harvest, and their perceptions of climatic conditions. The medieval period reveals a climate perception with minimal abstraction, where daily life was governed by the rhythm of the seasons, natural conditions, beliefs, and the drive to understand the surrounding environment.

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95 години от създаването на „дом на благотворителността и народното здраве „Димитър Петров Кудоглу“ и 160 години от рождението на дарителя Димитър Кудоглу

Author(s): Petya Boncheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2022

This article deals with part of the history, organization and activities of the “House of Charity and Public Health “Dimitar Petrov Kudoglu” in the town of Plovdiv. It presents brief biographical data and facts related to its donor Dimitar Petrov Kudoglu.

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Reminiscences of the Bulgarian-Paulician Past in the Cioplea Community: from Residual Culture to an Ethnic Revival Paradigm

Author(s): Ilie-Cătălin Grigore,Marius Oanță / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The community of Cioplea developed itself on two main cultural coordinates: a religious one, of Catholic expression, and an ethnic one, Paulician, which was also derived, in the latter instance, from a religious substrate. However, in its continuous identity development, a new factor emerged: the Bulgarian cultural heritage. For the 19th-century Cioplea villager who recently moved to Wallachia, the Bulgarian space represented a lost paradise, a nostalgia that was amplified in the case of this countryless population and religionless ecclesia, such as the Paulician one. By testing this hypothesis, the present study tries to quantify the influence of all these factors, while also taking into account what we might consider a true identity complex: although a genuine historical instinct of self-preservation prevented them from being assimilated into the host populations, stimulating specific differences from others, the Paulician micro-communities became fragmented and isolated from one another by this practice. In this sense, is no wonder that the villagers from Cioplea, although sharing common ancestors with the inhabitants of Popesti-Leordeni, have always claimed cultural differences from them in terms of dialect, customs, traditional clothing, etc. Even if recent studies have analysed the meaning of home for diaspora communities, is likely possible that those terms – diaspora and home – have a completely different meaning for Bulgarian Paulicians. Pointing out those moments in the historical timeline of people from Cioplea that led to the alteration and distancing of the cultural roots with which they came here could also indicate paradigms that they could follow to revive this community in accordance with the most intimate meaning of the word home.

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Българското политическо и етническо присъствие в гр. Облучица–Исакча от края на ХІІ до края на ХVІІ в.

Author(s): Tervel Popov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

During the 13th–15th centuries Obluchitsa-Isakcha was ruled by various states. It finaly fell under Ottoman rule in 1419/1420. A number of autors claim that the Danubian town was located on Bulgarian lands. The name “Obluchitsa” also testifies to his Bulgarian affiliation. It was preserved and used alongside the name “Isakcha” for a long time, wich is evident in many historical sources. In 1462 Bulgarians were the predominant Christian population inhabiting Obluchitsa-Isakcha. Although foreign invasions had a negative impact on the town's population, the Bulgarian ethnical presence remained strong among its diverse population in the 16th–17th centuries.

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Иновации и трансформации в антропонимията на едно село от края на XIX и началото на XX век

Author(s): Stoyan Antonov / Language(s): Bosnian,English Issue: 2/2024

Through examples extracted from population registers of a village, the paper illustrates some aspects of change in the Bulgarian naming system at the turn of the 20th century. The main results refer to twotrends of modernization of anthroponymy: introduction of names belonging to members of the Bulgarian rulinghouse, and replacement of the original form of the name in the process of “renewal” in subsequent generations.These innovations were reflected in changes of the traditional rhythm of naming, and were most likely provoked by the introduction of population registration and the need for written forms of specific folk names.

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Irlandzka kwestia narodowa w twórczości muzycznej zespołu The Dubliners

Author(s): Adam Romejko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2024

The most effective tool for building national consciousness is to find a negative reference point in the form of a foreign nation or state. For the Irish, these are the English, who are often referred to as Anglo-Saxons or even Saxons, and Britain. The history of the Irish is marked by English oppression, which during the Reformation gained another factor in the form of religious persecution. Consequently, Catholicism became the hallmark of the Irish, and this in a situation where there was no shortage of Irish of the Protestant faith who did not identify with the English/ British crown. The Irish were eagerly portrayed as a backward people, and hence the folk music popular among them was looked down upon in the same way. The merit of the band The Dubliners, formed in 1962, was to strengthen Irish national pride – many came to believe that there was no need to imitate what was English or American. It is enough to remain oneself. In the songs performed, The Dubliners refer to important events in the history of the Irish struggle for independence. One can point to the Revolution of 1798, the Great Famine (1845–1849), the Easter Rising (1916) and the unrest in Northern Ireland in the decades following World War II. Many of the characters appearing in the ballads performed by The Dubliners, even a dog named Master McGrath, are historical in nature. To this day, songs arranged by The Dubliners are regarded as exemplary.

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Duchowieństwo Kościoła gorzowskiego represjonowane w trybie karno-administracyjnym. Analiza historyczna na przykładzie Zestawienia Biura „C” MSW z lat 1945–1963. Zarys problematyki

Author(s): Dariusz Śmierzchalski-Wachocz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2024

After World War II, the communist security apparatus blackmailed, persecuted and murdered priests who resisted the government. In every political trial against Polish citizens, some priest or other clergyman sat on the defendants’ behalf. In addition to the accusations of inciting war, accusations of moral corruption of youth and children, embezzlement, attempts to overthrow the system, espionage for foreign intelligence, etc., were also common. The resources of the Office for the Disclosure and Archiving of Documents of the branch of the Institute of National Remembrance in Warsaw contain a collection of documents consisting of 37 typescript cards with the title: Statement of facts and symptoms of hostile activities performed by spiritual persons of the roman-catholic Church in the Gorzow (Gorzów) diocese in the period of 1945–1963. The title page of the collection indicates that it was produced in Office „C” of the Ministry of Internal Affairs with the preservation of „classified” clause. It was declassified by the decision of the Head of the Office for State Protection of October 5, 1999 and transferred to the resources of the Institute of National Remembrance in Warsaw, when this institution was established, where it was given the reference number: IPN BU 0397/468, vol. At the seat of the Office for Disclosure and Archiving of Documents of the Institute of National Remembrance in Szczecin, as part of the research project carried out on June 25, 2009, copies of these documents were made and the author was in possession of these. Based on this archival collection, a historical analysis was made according to the nature of crimes related to the hostile activity of the Roman Catholic Church clergy in terms of legal and propaganda terminology from the communist period. These were the classifications of crimes: activities related to the underground, espionage, illegal possession of weapons, enemy propaganda (e.g. against patriots and political organizations, against the political principles of the People’s Republic of Poland, against the policy of the state towards the Church, and others) and against the legislation of the Polish People’s Republic (i.e. the decree on freedom of conscience and religion, the law on assemblies, the law on termination of pregnancy, secularism, financial regulations and ordinances, construction regulations, distribution without debit and others). According to the data contained therein, in general, 162 priests were hostile against the authorities, while the recorded facts of hostile actions by the clergy were recorded 215.

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Bulla Piusa VII De salute animarum a odradzający się Kościół katolicki na Pomorzu Zachodnim i ziemi lubuskiej w latach 1821–1945

Author(s): Grzegorz Wejman / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2024

The papal bull of Pope Pius VII De salute animarum of 16 July 1821 put in order the affairs of the Catholic Church in Prussia, including West Pomerania and Lubusz Land. Together with it, the face of the Catholic community, which in the Middle Ages was part of the Kamien (Kamień) Pomorski and Lubusz Bishoprics, and completely destroyed during the diaspora (starting from the mid-16th century), began to be reborn in its structures. The area of the former Kamien (Kamień) Pomorski Bishopric was subordinated to the Berlin Delegation, which was part of the Wrocław (Breslau) Diocese, which in 1930 was raised to the rank of a bishopric, and the areas of the former Lubusz Bishopric directly to the Wrocław (Breslau) Bishopric. When in 1821 there were three parishes within the Berlin Delegation (in Szczecin, Stralsund and Frankfurt (Oder)), already in the mid-19th century there were two archpresbyterates: Pomeranian with 10 parishes and Frankfurt with 7 parishes, and within the Wroclaw (Wrocław – Breslau) Diocese the Neuzelle Decanate with 5 parishes (covering the area of the former Lubusz Bishopric). Before the outbreak of World War II (1938), the face of Catholicism changed even more: the Berlin Bishopric already included 5 archpresbyterates: Szczecin (with 14 parishes), Stargard (11), Koszalin (8), Stralsund (8) and Frankfurt (6) and 4 parishes belonging to the Walcz (Wałcz) and Lębork Decanates, and within the Wroclaw (Wrocław – Breslau) Archdiocese there were two Decanates: Gorzow (Gorzów) (with 11 parishes) and Eberswald (2). In total, there were 64 parishes in the former Dioceses of Kamien (Kamień) Pomorski and Lubusz in 1938 (51 parishes in the area of the former Kamien (Kamień) Pomorski Diocese and 19 in the Lubusz Diocese), and in addition, 3 male religious congregations (with 3 monastic houses) and 5 female religious congregations (with 14 monastic houses) performed pastoral services here.

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Bistrița în apărarea Belgradului. Cheltuielile orașului pentru luptele împotriva turcilor (sec. XVI)

Author(s): Maria Frînc / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 38/2024

Since the early days of their settlement in Transylvania, the Saxons have played an importantrole in defending the southeastern and northwestern borders of the Kingdom of Hungary.This study examines the military efforts undertaken by the city of Bistrița in 1521 in the context of Belgrad crusade. The city’s expenses for paying mercenaries and covering various services necessary for preparing for the battle are discussed based on a 1521 register preserved at the National Archives– Cluj, within the archive of the city of Bistrița, in the “Accounts” series.

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Vas strunjit în lemn (urnă de vot) din proprietatea primarului Josef Gull (1820–1899), aflat în colecția Muzeului de Istorie Sighișoara

Author(s): Nicolae Teșculă / Language(s): Romanian,German Issue: 38/2024

Die Geschichte Schäßburgs ist seit Jahrhunderten mit Leben und Schaffen der Zunfthandwerker verbunden. Die Zünfte waren diejenigen, welche Maßstäbe des wirtschaftlichen, sozialen, militärischen und politischen Lebens setzten. Der Wohlstand der gesamten Stadt hing von der Entwicklung des Handwerks ab. Die Auflösung der Handwerkszünfte im Jahr 1872, führteschließlich dazu, dass das Museum deren Güter durch Spenden übernahm. So kam eine Reihe von handwerklichen Artikeln hinzu, die sich durch ihre Qualität und ihre außergewöhnliche Form auszeichnen, welche uns diese - ohne Zurückhaltung - in die Kategorie der Kunstwerke einordnen lässt. So auch bei einem gedrechselten Holzgefäß mit der Inventarnummer 514. Dieses Gefäß hat eine Höhe von 38 Zentimetern, der Durchmesser der Vase beträgt 13 Zentimeter und an ihrer Öffnung 9,5 Zentimeter. Sie hat auch einen Holzgriff, der aus dem gleichen Material ausgehöhlt wurde. Der Deckel fehlt. Außen ist sie schwarz lackiert und mit einem Emblem bemalt, das ein Schild über dem sich eine Krone befindet darstellt. Auf der Verzierung ist auch die Jahreszahl 1744 erkennbar. Aus dem von Julius Misselbacher erstellten Aktenblatt geht hervor, dass sie dem Bürgermeister der Stadt Josef Gull gehörte. Das Gefäß ist aus Holz gedrechselt und war vermutlich eine Wahlurne der Glockengießerzunft.Die Anwesenheit der auf das Drechseln spezialisierten Handwerker in Sighișoara zeigt, dass sie die notwendigen Techniken des Drechselns von Holz in Europa kannten. Die Kunstfertigkeit,mit der dieses Gefäß ausgeführt wurde, zeugt von der tiefen Kenntnis des Handwerks der Holzdreher, welche ihre Berufserfahrungen durch Reisen als Lehrburschen auf dem europäischenKontinent vertieften. Nicht zuletzt, kannte der Besitzer dieses Gefäßes die Moderichtung der Zeitund wollte sein Haus so ausstatten, wie es auch seine Zeitgenossen aus dem Westen des Kontinents eingerichteten, wobei die künstlerische Genauigkeit, mit der er dieses tat, zu der Vervollständigung unseres Bildes von der Privatsphäre und den damaligen Denkweisen beitrug.

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Tsar Samuel († 1014) in the historical memory of the Bulgarians in 13th – 14th centuries

Author(s): Georgi N. Nikolov / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The memory of Tsar Samuеl (997 – 1014) among Bulgarians has been preserved for centuries after his death. This is clearly noted in a number of historical sources: the correspondence of the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan (1197 – 1207) with the Roman Pope Innocent III (1198 – 1216), the Synodicon of the Bulgarian Church (13th – 14th centuries), the 14th-century Bulgarian translations of the Byzantine chronicles of Symeon the Metaphrast and Logothete (10th century), Ioannes Zonaras (12th century) and Constantine Manasses (12th century). The memory of Samuel in the Bulgarian Tsardom in the 13th – 14th centuries is a specific expression of the enduring sense of historicity, which was also one of the characteristics of Bulgarian society in the middle Ages. Tsar Samuel is among the few Bulgarian rulers from the early middle Ages whose memory has been preserved throughout the centuries.

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Сведения за цар Самуил в Руския хронограф

Author(s): Denitsa Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The Russian Chronograph is the only Russian chronicle that includes information about Tsar Samuel and the Cometopuls dynasty. Only this period from Bulgarian history is described differently in the separate editions of the Chronograph. In the First edition from 1512, the main source is the Manasses` Chronicle with the Bulgarian additions to it. In the Basic and Common Editions of 1617, the source is the same, but the text is abridged. In the Western Russian edition, the notices are different, since it uses John Zonara’s Paralipomenon. Only in it does the narrative continue until the final conquest of the Bulgarian lands and information about Gavril-Radomir and Ivan-Vladislav appears.

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Българското политическо, църковно и етническо присъствие в земите на днешно Косово през Средновековието

Author(s): Tervel Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

During the Early Middle Ages Kosovo was an inseparable part of the Bulgarian political, ecclesiastical and ethnic space. For nearly two centuries (until ad 1018) the area was within the boundaries of the Bulgarian Khanate/Tsardom and after the Byzantine conquest was included in the diocese of the Ohrid Archbishopric. Kosovo was the centre of a rebellion leaded by the Bulgarian boyar Georgi Voyteh in 1072 – 1073. After the restoration of the Bulgarian Tsardom in 1185/1186, only part of Kosovo with the town of Prizren was under Bulgarian rule, only for a period of just few years. Slowly and gradually the Serbs conquered the area to finally settle in it in 1208/1211 and to overpower it not only politically, but also ecclesiastically. However, part of Kosovo’s population has preserved their Bulgarian ethnical self-awareness.

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Песенно книжовно наследство от времето на цар Самуил (X – XI в.)

Author(s): Svetlana Kujumdzieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The article defends the thesis that in Tsar Samuel’s time in Bulgaria a universal liturgical hymnographic book called tropologion was in use, which was also known in Greek, Georgian, Syriac and Armenian languages. The above claims, in addition to the wide dissemination of the book throughout the Orient, are backed up by some sources in Slavic written in the 10th – 11th centuries. Most of them are Glagolitic whose origin is connected with the western Bulgarian lands and especially with Ohrid. The criteria for the selection of the presented sources are, first, that they contain texts that were undoubtedly chanted; second, they exhibit proximity to each other in both palaeographical and structural aspects; and third, they combine Eastern and Western elements. Such are the Kiev Folios from the first half of the 10th century, the recently discovered Glagolitic fragment from a single folio dated from the first decade of the 11th century, the Sinaitic Euchologion from the second quarter of the 11th century, the Sinai Missal from the middle of the 11th century, the fragment of a two-folio tropologion from the 11th – 12th centuries and the Elijah Book, which, although it is from the 12th century and is in Cyrillic, it has been proven to reflect a liturgical practice from the end of the 9th – beginning of the 10th century. The structure of the presented books is commented on, which turns out to be close to the old type of the tropologion in its ‘global’ form. It is emphasized that the structure is an expression of memory and preserves the creative process. It is also stressed that the presented manuscripts are evidence of a heritage in which can be found traces of literary legacy of the holy brothers Cyril and Methodius. That heritage proved the exceptional erudition of the brothers, who were deeply knowledgeable of both Eastern and Western worship and theology. A similar legacy could have been developed and practiced in a literary centre such as Ohrid, where the activities of both St. Clement of Ohrid and St. Naum of Preslav-and-Ohrid took place.Tsar Samuil; Macedonia; Bulgaria;The Russian chronograph describes the entire history of the Orthodox world. From the standpoint of time, Russian writers not only retell the facts, but also give an assessment of the events. Tsar Samuel gets an honorable place in their story.

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За облеклото на цар Самуил (997 – 1014)

Author(s): Silviya Arizanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The present paper is devoted to the information about the clothing of the Bulgarian tsar Samuel (997 – 1014). Sources indicate that it was similar to that of the Byzantine emperors, but some elements found show similarities with the Armenians and had possible Eastern influence. At the same time, the way the Bulgarian ruler dressed did not differ significantly, except for the lavish decorations and insignia, from what was known for the high-ranking Bulgarians of that time. Characteristic of the ruler’s clothing were silk, tinsel embroidery, and probably at least pearl decoration. The insignia, like those of the Bulgarian tsars Simeon and Peter who preceded him, were similar to the Byzantine ones.

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Финансирање развоја Београда путем општинских зајмова од 1929. до 1941. године

Author(s): Ranka Gašić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2024

The article focuses on Belgrade municipal borrowing during the Great Depression and its aftermath, up until the start of the Second World War in Yugoslavia in 1941. The loan terms, the distribution of municipal spending, and developments in the Belgrade Municipality’s loan financing during the 1930s are also analyzed. From 1929 to 1941, the Belgrade Municipality received 30 loans, all obtained from the local banking institutions. During the Great Depression, all Belgrade municipal loans were short- and mid-term, whereas following the Depression, they evolved into long-term. Throughout the 1930s, there was a rising trend of investment in infrastructure, cultural and social institutions, kindergartens and schools, and social housing. In contrast, there was a reverse trend in purchasing municipal properties.

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