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The basis of this article is the written in Macedonian magazine review, just tenyears ago. The reason for the continuation of research deepening into the subject is the Jubileecommemorative celebrations in Bulgaria and Macedonia, the living public interest andsignificant European dimension of Balkan ethno-cultural and historical heritage.
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The article analyzes an aspect of the Sofia foreign policy to Yugoslavia and its successor in 1991, the Republic of Macedonia, which was not previously the subject of special research attention - the question of the rights of Bulgarians in Vardar Macedonia.
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This article aims at presenting for the first time a different interpretation of the origin of part of the archaeological findings from the Bulgarian lands related to the Early Middle Ages armament for close combat and in particular with the swords and their structural elements. On the basis of parallels and reports from artistic and written sources, the examined samples of arms are viewed through the prism of the Arab (Middle East) military art, which undoubtedly influenced the development of Byzantine military art. It is known that the Eastern Roman Empire (as any empire) is multicultural in its population. A large number of cultures scattered across vast areas of Eastern Europe and Asia are intertwined. This is the reason why we would expect to find the elements of armament, specific for territories far away from Balkans and to relate their occurrence on the lands of First Bulgarian Kingdom with the direct Byzantium influence. Close attention has been paid to the Middle East narratives, which mention the development of Middle East arms centers during the Early Caliphate – VII – VIII century. The great similarity in the constructive meaning of the Early Medieval cut and thrust weapons and their structural elements found in the territory of the Balkans and Middle Europe with examples from the Middle East, suggests that if not directly imported from Asia Minor /by commerce, military way or gifts/they were manufactured under Middle Eastern influence and probably represent a derived part of Middle Eastern military art.
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The failure of the Ilinden Uprising in the summer and autumn of 1903 caused severe ideological and organizational and institutional crisis in the IMARO. The establishedafter the suppression of the rebellion atmosphere of elemental reform generated centrifugal irreversible processes, which naturally led to the establishment of different often opposing factions and groups within the Organization.
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The article interprets the Macedonism as anti-Bulgarian psychological phenomenon.In considering the psychological system of the Macedonism, the focus is on the nature of Macedonist psychology, subjects of this type of psychology and main psychological techniques of Macedonism.
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The article is a survey of works by contemporary Russian and foreign researchers who apply to the urban identity issues, the collective memory, the process of formation and interpretation of the values of the cultural space of the city. The history of Vyborg, “places of memory”, reflected in the urban space, signs and symbols, often becoming the subject of political implications, have always attracted the attention of Russian and foreign, especially Finnish, researchers. The article analyzes the works devoted not only to the study of architectural monuments and other visual objects of the city, but also images that are created on the basis of these visual objects in the narrative, art and other forms of interpretations of urban space, as well as an explanation of cultural contexts and identify the spatial identity. Within the Finnish historiography researchers note the great symbolic value of Vyborg for the Finns however emphasize the one-sided perception of Vyborg in Finland as a city almost entirely Finnish. The idea “Vyborg is our” — one of the concepts that circulate in the culture of modern Finland. In general, the Finnish Vyborg imagological historiography is more advanced and extensive than the Russian. This is due not only to the duration of the time gathering evidence of the Finnish identity, great attention to mnemonic techniques and schemes, but also to trauma syndrome (loss), which stimulates the storage in the collective memory of the city space as a perfect Finnish.
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The arrival of the Ottoman Empire in our lands brought changes in terms of economy, culture etc. In terms of heritage, from this period of time are known to us some monuments such as mosques, masjid, bridges, old baths and some other architectural structures. Some of the buildings from this period of time are found everywhere in Albanian and not only, and legally are known as cultural monuments. Important cultural dimensions of this time are also Gravestone monuments, which can be found throughout the Kosovo area, and some of them are object of study in this paper. In this presentation we are focused only in one region in Kosovo, in Opoja, and more specifically in one of the villages in this area, in Xerxe. The arrival of Islam in Opoja in the XVI century is connected with one personality from Ottoman Empire, with Mehmet Kuklibegu. Kuklibegu has special merits on the development of this area in terms of economy and cultural education in the XVI century. Today, in the region of Opoja, as a part of the heritage from the Ottoman period are also Gravestone monuments, which can be found in every village. But in this paper, we are going to present Gravestone monuments in the village of Xerxe. We believe that focusing only in this village, shows more or less the reality of the present situation of these monuments in this area (Opoja).
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The paper focuses on a fragmentary inscription from Augusta Traiana which attests a complicated exchange of letters between three persons: an anonymous inhabitant of the city, the Emperor and the governor of Thrace Atrius Clonius. Though some unclear points still remain, this correspondence makes it possible to reconstruct the following dynamics of events: A local conflict seems to have started in Augusta Traiana, regarding the way distributions of money were provided to the community. The problem appears to have been a rather delicate one, as it stood on the boundary between local independence and the control exercised by the Roman authorities. The anonymous provincial who started the correspondence seems to have been actively involved in the conflict, supporting, in all probability, the status quo. In order to strengthen his position, he addressed the Emperor directly, asking him for support. The Emperor refrained from taking sides and shifted the matter back to the local authorities. However, by means of a series of indirect non-verbal indications in his response, he demonstrated his positive attitude to the local individual, thus consolidating considerably his position in the conflict. The man in question perceived the Emperor’s answer as a social success and a status symbol, and therefore provided for its publication, commissioning its inscription on a particularly sumptuous monument.
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The present paper aims at presenting and analysing the epigraphic monuments providing information on the presence of Bessi in Rome in the 2nd–3rd century AD. The monuments in which Bessi are mentioned as part of the praetorian cohorts, and above all of the Equites singulares Augusti, are most numerous among the epigraphic sources. At the same time, there exist other inscriptions that give information about Bessi occupying different posts in Roman society, e.g., about an individual who was nummul(arius) de basilica Iulia and about another one who was olear(ius) de portic(u) / Pallantian( a) Venetian(orum) parmul(ariorum). The analysis of all that information shows that the Bessi had an important place in Roman society. The large number of epigraphic monuments found in Rome, in which Bessi are mentioned, is evidence of their considerable presence in the capital of the Roman Empire. Probably through their participation in the Roman army, they had the opportunity to travel, to meet people from different ethnoses, while at the same time falling under Roman influence. The information provided by the epigraphic documentation demonstrates the diverse traditions influencing the culture of the Bessi. On the one hand, this is evidence of the level of their integration in Roman society, as well as of their relative Romanisation. As the inscriptions demonstrate, most of the Bessi and their heirs bore Roman names and followed Roman burial practices – a fact testifying to their ability to adapt to the new living conditions. On the other hand, the formula natione Bessus and sometimes vicus, or the name of the region from where the person identifying himself as belonging to the Bessi originated, were always present in the inscriptions. This is evidence in support of the hypothesis that in spite of the Roman influence, the Bessi identified themselves as such, preserving the memory of their native places.
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After the conclusion of the First World War, the danger menacing their national existence obliged the Albanians to act for their defence, therefore were created various committees and societies inside and outside the country.
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A history of German family Klein, coming from Mecklenburg, began in the Greater Poland in1652 when a captain of Ludwik Weiher’s dragoons, Georg Klein [later known as Jerzy Klejna]married Anna Eufrozyna Simon, a daughter of Martin Simon – a mayor of Wałcz. The articledescribes the fate of the family settled in the village Wiesiółka near Skrzatusz, which was givento Lieutenant Colonel Jerzy Klejna by the King Jan Kazimierz with both the coat of arms andthe rights of the nobility. It was all granted for his contribution in the field of battle in 1666. Theproperty had been passed to the Colonel’s sons and grandsons for four generations. The lastpossessor of the assets was Anna Szwander of Klejna who sold patrimony in 1808. Thus sheended the history of the family Klejna in Wiesiółka.
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In the historic church in Osieki there are interesting works of stained glass. They come fromdifferent, mutually distant historical periods testifying about local communities, cultural context,payers and finally artistic skills of performers . In the southern nave of the church there isone of the two that had once existed modern stained glass dated from around 1600. Despite thedamage occurred there is still a readable piece of enamel painted composition which authenticityis confirmed by the preserved invaluable sources, mainly by the inventory of Rudolf Hardowamade in the 30s of the XX century at the request of the Landesmuseum in Szczecin. Thecatalog included about 800 Pomeranian stained glass of the XVI and XVII century in a descriptiveand – now existing only residually – a drawing one. Moreover, we have additional informationabout other unknown Renaissance colored panes thanks to the archaeological researchundertaken in 2015 and the acquired invaluable research material. It confirmed not only theexistence of the modern glass cabinet in the windows of the chancel, but also the later stainedglass from the late XIX century. The today’s choir stained glass windows are associated withthe last pre-war foundation of Hildebrand family, then the owners of the property in Osieki.
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