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The influence of the world crisis on the economy and policy of China. Is there a crisis in China?

Wpływ światowego kryzysu na gospodarkę i politykę Chin. Czy można mówić o kryzysie w Chinach?

Author(s): Zbigniew Wiktor / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: world crisis; influence on China; globalization; overcoming of crisis; economic and social development of China; 18th Congress of CPC; new policy

The contemporary financial and economic crisis is dangerous for the whole world. Because of globalization it has negatively influenced the Chinese economy since 2008, weakening the level of Chinese GDP from 14.2% in 2007 to 7.8% in 2012, with the average 9.22% for 5 crisis years (2008−2012). This period can be named the time of dynamic development. In 2012 the main role in the political and economic life was played by the 18th Congress of Communist Party of China, which planned a new program of building the middle class as part of the socialist market economy.

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Impact of the crisis on horse racing in the world

Wpływ kryzysu na wyścigi konne na świecie

Author(s): Marta Wincewicz-Bosy / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: economic crisis; horse racing; breeding; wagering

Horse racing system getting involved a large number of different types of business entities causes that the development of racing in a positive manner can result in the development of the whole cooperative system. However, in the times of crisis, this dependence makes it tangible in all areas of the economic subsystem. Therefore this relation can have negative influence. In the horse racing system a special role is played by breeding, racing tracks and wagering. The economic crisis that began in 2008 had a negative impact on all components of horse racing system. It has particularly been felt in breeding activities, which have been struggling with the consequences until now. The crisis also negatively influences the system of racing organization and related wagering system. Europe and America continue to remain under the influence of negative consequence of the crisis, only the results in Asian indicate dealing with it.

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The problem of the European Union enlargement on the example of Ukraine

Problem rozszerzenia Unii Europejskiej na przykładzie Ukrainy

Author(s): Alina Nychyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: European Union; EU enlargement; Ukraine – EU; Ukaine’s accession

Nowadays the European Union is a global player in the modern economy. Because of the fact that the world changes quickly and other competitors do not leave behind, it should always improve itself and grow its power in the world not to lose its position. The aim of this article is to research the opportunities of the European Union enlargement and to show that Ukraine is a good challenger for entering it. The article also shows problems which can appear in the process of it, the reasons of causing them and how to solve them in the best way for both sides.

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Assessment of effectiveness of environmental management system in accordance with ISO 14001 in enterprises of the Lublin voivodeship

Ocena efektywności systemu zarządzania środowiskowego według normy ISO 14001 w przedsiębiorstwach województwa lubelskiego

Author(s): Waldemar Zadworny / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: Environmental Management System (EMS) ISO 14001; economic effectiveness of enterprises

The article is devoted to the analysis of effectiveness of the Environmental Management System in enterprises. In the first part of the analysis the author describes theoretical aspects of the Environmental Management System in accordance with ISO 14001, as described in the literature. Then an attempt is made to analyze the economic effectiveness of the Environmental Management System implemented in enterprises operating in various branches of economy on the territory of the Lublin Voivodeship, based on the author’s own survey. On the basis of estimated costs and benefits generated by EMS, it has been indicated that the EMS implementation in the companies surveyed is an undertaking which is considered economically effective.

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The benefits of implementing lean management in Polish enterprises in the era of crisis − survey results

Korzyści z wdrożenia lean management w polskich przedsiębiorstwach w dobie kryzysu – wyniki badań ankietowych

Author(s): Agnieszka Piasecka-Głuszak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: lean management; benefits of lean management; lean; kaizen

Lean management is a management method that through using a variety of tools may effectively eliminate all sources of waste, activities that add no value from the point of view of a client. A method of management, which in the time of crisis lowers costs and through continuous kaizen improvement, and the involvement of employees can streamline processes, products, and services which affect the overall customer satisfaction. The article consists of two parts. The first theoretical part introduces the concept of lean management and the benefits of using this method. The second empirical part presents survey results in Polish enterprises on the goals of lean/kaizen and the main benefits from the implementation of lean management.

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Competitiveness of the European Union in the context of euro zone debt crisis

Konkurencyjność Unii Europejskiej a kryzys zadłużeniowy strefy euro

Author(s): Michał Nowicki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: competitiveness; crisis; European Union; Europe 2020; international competitiveness

The main purpose of the article is to show how the crisis in the euro zone influenced the competitiveness of the European Union in global economy. At the beginning the author emphasizes the controversy in literature about competitiveness as a concept and the sense of using it to describe countries/group of countries. Next he briefly characterizes the major strategic document of the European Union, “Europe 2020” strategy. The article presents the main reasons of the financial crisis and the euro zone debt crisis. It also shows a competitive position of the European Union by reference to GDP, share of export and import in global trade and number of patent applications.

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The idea of “multi speed” of european integration: myth or necessity? Selected aspects in the context of the management of crisis within eurozone

Idea wielu prędkości integracji europejskiej – mit czy konieczność? Wybrane aspekty w kontekście zarządzania kryzysem w eurolandzie

Author(s): Eugeniusz Pluciński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: eurozone; internal and external conditions of the eurozone fiscal crisis; “multi speed” of the European Union integration; crisis of global commodity-money economy

The aim of this paper is to analyse causes of fiscal crisis in eurozone as well as the process of its management: its philosophy and instruments, in the context of “multi speed” of the European Union. The analysis is pursued against the background of the paradigm of economics of integration and of monetary integration in particular. The performances of the eurozone economy is confronted with the theory of monetary union.

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Science and technology parks − support for innovative business

Parki naukowo-technologiczne – miejsce wsparcia innowacyjnego biznesu

Author(s): Michał Staszków / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: technology park; innovations; business support

Science and technology parks (STPs) have been studied since the 50s of the twentieth century, when the first STP was founded. The number of technology parks in the world increased in decades. We could see a real boom on STPs in Europe at the beginning of the twenty-first century thanks to the availability of EU funds. The aim of this article is to systematize the definition of a technology park, science and technology park, science park and to show the goals for STPs, as well as to determine whether science and technology parks provide opportunities for the development of innovation. The author presents services by which parks are trying to create a pro-innovation environment, while showing characteristics that distinguish them from traditional office buildings. In the paper there were used data from the International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation study conducted in 2006-2007 and 2012, and observations of the author.

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Economic effects of the European Union-South Korea free trade agreement

Ekonomiczne efekty utworzenia strefy wolnego handlu między Unią Europejską i Koreą Południową

Author(s): Paweł Pasierbiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: regionalization; free trade area; foreign trade; the Republic of Korea; the European Union

The author of the study focuses on the issue of the economic effects of a free trade area between the European Union and South Korea (KOREU FTA). The agreement, which entered into force on 1 July 2011, is the most comprehensive agreement reached by the European Union. The author analyzes the potential and, where possible, the actual effects of the agreement on trade and economic growth.

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The use of advertisement on the international arms market

Wykorzystanie reklamy na międzynarodowym rynku uzbrojenia

Author(s): Przemysław Skulski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: market communication; advertisement; international arms market

The end of bipolar world division brought about by geopolitical changes at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s had a noticeable effect on the global arms market. In terms of market activities, global arms market is dominated by direct communication, most of all – direct sale – but the sector also employs a range of indirect communication instruments, such as sale promotions and public relations activities. The role of advertisement on global arms market is somehow limited, but by no means obsolete. Advertisement is used to good effect as a supporting instrument in the process of communication between the industry and the market, concentrating mainly on informing and shaping a company image. In terms of communication media used, the most significant are: press advertisement, TV and radio spots, electronic ads, outdoor advertising, gift advertising and trade fairs. Similar to civilian institutional markets, trade press is the prevailing medium of market communication on the international arms market. Based on a sample of 327 advertisements placed in the years 2010- -2012 in specialized press publications on defence and military technology, this author analysed and distinguished a range of characteristic forms of communication message presented in trade press, namely: benefit appeal, security appeal, accent on cooperation, accent on environment, practical message based on information and technology, and unconventional message. In recent years, there has been a marked increase of electronic advertisement, the sign of the times. Another interesting phenomenon in this context is the unprecedented advance of arms advertisement in civilian space. In the United States, outdoor billboards of military equipment are placed on the streets in major cities, most notably in Washington, DC. There is also a marked increase of arms market communication in local press. Similar messages are employed by the arms sector in other countries, including Poland, but to a much lesser extent. However, it may be assumed that the scale of this phenomenon will grow in the foreseeable future, due to the increased competition brought about by the emergence of new global players.

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The economic crisis in argentina − legacy of Peronism

Argentyński kryzys gospodarczy – scheda Peronizmu

Author(s): Ewelina Stachurska-Rak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: Juan Domingo Peron; Peronism; economic crisis in Argentina

The article describes the nature of the socio–economic-political doctrine of Peronism. The aim of this paper is to identify the causes of the economic crisis in Argentina in the twenty-first century, due to Peronism policy. Key macroeconomic indicators, such as gross domestic product, inflation, and unemployment were analyzed to characterize the economy of the country in reference to the governance of the current president of Argentina, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner.

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Integrational processes of enterprises in clusters in the conditions of economic downturn

Procesy integracyjne przedsiębiorstw w klastrach w warunkach spowolnienia gospodarczego

Author(s): Barbara Szymoniuk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: clusters; economic integration; anti-crisis actions

Clusters, which should be regarded as a specific type of the networks of cooperating enterprises, are the site of continuous processes of economic integration and disintegration – with the a predominance of the former ones. While the overriding aim in the classic processes of economic integration is to gain specific financial benefits, in the situation of economic downturn, it is increasing the sense of security and maximally reducing the operating costs of enterprises that gain importance. Integration is treated as “a remedy for the crisis.” As a result of the analysis of the studies on Polish and European clusters, the article presents such processes as: 1) a group “leap into the future” through generating innovation, with the supporting role of universities; 2) creating networks and organizations of clusters; 3) economic patriotism; 4) maximization of the synergy effect, eliminating at the same time any unnecessary activities and wastage of resources in clusters; 5) benefiting from all available programs of cluster support.

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The role of international human resource management in multicultural projects

Rola międzynarodowego zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi w projektach wielokulturowych

Author(s): Agnieszka Szańca / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: human resource management; project management; multicultural management

The paper tries to show the basic issues concerning international human resource management. At the same time it indicates a substantial role of cultural diversity in such organisations and transnational corporations. It focuses on the meaning, and it suggests project management method as one of the most successful and efficient ways of managing difficulties resulting from the complexity of these kinds of problems. Moreover, the paper outlines essential advantages and disadvantages of functioning in multinational space as well as it explains manager’s role as a key figure in the realization of undertaking, which in its nature takes place in intercultural conditions.

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International determinants of innovation in Poland

Zewnętrzne determinanty innowacji w Polsce

Author(s): Anna Skoczylas / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: innovation; foreign capital; human capital

Improving the quality of human resources and internationalization of Polish economy have opened new opportunities for innovation. The increase in the availability of external effects in Poland as the effect of international knowledge economy boosted the internationalization of companies with domestic capital to increase the absorption capacity, facilitated by an increase in the abundance of human capital. The aim of this article is to analyze how Poland has used foreign capital for the development of innovation in the economy.

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Integrating and disintegrating factors of regional and global markets during the downturn of economy on the example of 2008+ crisis

Czynniki integrujące i dezintegrujące rynki regionalne i globalne podczas dekoniunktury na przykładzie kryzysu 2008+

Author(s): Katarzyna Żukrowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: integration; disintegration; 2008+ crisis

The article tries to prove that both integrating and disintegrating factors occur in parallel. It also shows that the weight of the first group of factors is overwhelming in economy, while the second in the area of social matters. These differences are used by politicians as a tool in achieving their particular interests and in the decision making process. Nevertheless, the period since 1945 can be seen as a period of deep changes in international relations, which has permanently shaped links among states and their economies. The applied solutions limit the possibilities of returning to autonomous trade policies. This can be used to positively evaluate the integrating elements applied in the word international relations on all possible levels. In the future it can also lead towards further deepening of ties between states and regions and on the global scale. The article covers some integrating as well as disintegrating factors, which can be found in different areas and levels of life, including micro, mezzo, national, bilateral, regional, subregional and global levels. The analysis and used arguments indicate that the created net of international relations can be positively evaluated in the context of future prospects of economic development, structural changes and prospects of creating wealth. The applied solutions bring closer the goal designed by economists which is defined as sustainable development.

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Structure of financial account in the balance of payments and foreign exchange market disorders in Poland in the period from 2000 to 2012

Struktura rachunku finansowego w bilansie płatniczym a zaburzenia na rynku walutowym w Polsce w okresie 2000-2012

Author(s): Paweł Śliwiński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: international capital flows; foreign exchange markets disorders; balance of payments

The purpose of the article is an empirical analysis of the impact of disorders in the currency market to changes in the composition of capital flows in Poland in the years 2000- -2012. In general it can be said that the turbulences in the foreign exchange market had little impact on foreign direct investment. Portfolio capital flows were characterized by high volatility. In contrast to the dominant opinion in the literature, the equity portfolio investment was very unstable, behaving more like volatile portfolio investment in debt securities than like fairly stable direct investment. Other investments, in turn, were amortizing shocks occurring in the capital market, which would indicate more of their long-term rather than short-term nature.

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International trade of the European Union in high technology products during the economic downturn (2007-2012)

Wymiana handlowa towarami zaawansowanymi technologicznie w krajach unii Europejskiej w okresie dekoniunktury gospodarczej (2007-2012)

Author(s): Bożena Pera / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: high technology products; the European Union; inta-Community trade; extra-Community trade

High tech goods have been more and more important components of the international trade among the European Union countries, as well as in the global economy. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the European Union trade in high tech products during the global financial crisis and at the period of economic uncertainty in the euro zone. At the beginning, the economic tide in the European Union has been assessed from the perspective of manufacturing sector. Then the paper explores the main trends of international trade in high technology products on the single European market as well as outside it.

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Innovativeness of a region vs. expenditures on innovative activities of entities with foreign capital

Innowacyjność regionu a nakłady na działalność innowacyjną podmiotów z kapitałem zagranicznym

Author(s): Katarzyna Puchalska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: innovativeness; region; investment; foreign capital

The study attempts to present the scale of innovative operations of entities with foreign capital in the context of the region’s attractiveness, on the example of Podkarpackie Voivodeship. The analysed data was obtained from the Central Statistical Office’s local data bank, and covered the period of 2005-2011. The first part highlights the theoretical approach to the innovativeness of a region and presents the factors of major importance for attractiveness. The second part is devoted to the attractiveness of a region in the context of investors’ decisions. The third part, in turn, presents the attractiveness of Podkarpacie region and involvement of entities with foreign capital in its innovative activity.

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Global trends in services trade

Globalne tendecje w handlu usługami

Author(s): Magdalena Rudnicka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: international trade in services; commercial services; WTO; value added; global value chains

Services are the largest and most dynamic component of both developed and developing country economies. Important in their own right, they also serve as crucial inputs into the production of most goods. Services without which the global value chains could not function – such as communication, finance, computer and information, other business services – have been the fastest growing component of services trade. This is the category of “other commercial services”, which have increased in importance from 40 to 53% of total services trade over the 15 years from 1995 to 2010. Services are not adequately captured in official trade statistics, with one recent estimate reckoning that services account for around 40% of world trade on a value added basis rather than the currently estimated 22-26%. The recent agreement between the WTO and the OECD to publish trade statistics on a value-added basis is a highly positive development and will be a big step towards allowing the importance of services to be better understood and appreciated in the future.

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Internationalization and globalization of stock exchanges

Internacjonalizacja i globalizacja giełd papierów wartościowych

Author(s): Jan Rymarczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 315 vol 2/2013

Keywords: stock exchange; globalization; internationalization; mergers and acquisitions; financial markets

The acceleration of globalization which happened in the last two decades of the last century and the first years of the current century concerned among others the financial markets and their important element, including stock exchanges. Financial markets are considered as the most globalized markets and it can be explained by competition and speculation reasons, their particular importance for the development of real processes in economy and more ease in the international flow (virtual flow) of funds than products, services, and people. The basic reason of globalization of stock exchanges are liberalization and deregulation of financial markets and the introduction of modern information and communication technologies. The last factor caused the replacement of traditional trade by electronic trade, the creation of joint electronic platforms of trade, the use of the same systems of electronic trade by several stock exchanges and the development of so called algorithmic trading. The globalization of the stock exchanges is connected with the securitization and decrease in financing by credit and the increase in financing by shares and bonds. Other factors of globalization of stock exchanges is the introduction of numerous innovations of financial instruments − derivatives (futures, options, swaps) and the appearance of institutional investors that means investment, pension, insurance, mutual and hedge funds and political changes in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia and China. The globalization of stock exchanges means that they become larger, their geographic scope is wider, and their capitalization and turnover are bigger. As a result of the above mentioned factors there are special mergers and acquisitions among stock exchanges throughout the world, the appearance of two huge corporations of stock exchanges, ie NYSE Euronext and NASDAQ OMX with headquarters in New York, which has strengthened the USA position as a leader of the world stock exchanges. One can presume that with the progress of globalization also stock exchanges will follow in the same direction.

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