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UN DOCUMENT INÉDIT: LE TESTAMENT D’ARON BUDAI DE L’ANNÉE 1847

UN DOCUMENT INEDIT: TESTAMENTUL LUI ARON BUDAI DIN ANUL 1847

Author(s): Lazăr Ioachim / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

Bien que Aron Budai (1763-1847) représente l’une de plus importante personnalité politique et religieuse roumaine, on a écrit peu sur sa vie et son activité. Pourtant quelques auteurs du siècle passé, parmi ils sont: George Bariţiu, Constantin Papfalvi, Sava Popovici et Emilian Cioran ont lui consacré des articles. Avec l’occasion des recherches scientifiques dans le cadre de l’Archives de l’État – le Département Deva, par un hasard heureux, nous avons découvert un document inédit, d’une excepţionnelle importance: le testament de Aron Budai. Le Testament a été fait dans le 20 avril 1847, et il nous permette de compléter avec de nouveaux informations, inédites, la biographie de cette complexe personnalité, politique de Transylvanie. Par le testament nous connaissons des dates sur la famille Budai du village Cigmău (le département Hunedoara). Dans le même temps le testament précise les noms des héritier de cette considérable héritage assamblé de Aron Budai au longue de sa vie. En même temps on peut détacher des prévoyances du testament, de nombreuses services que Aron Budai les a fait à la nation roumaine de Transylvanie.

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GEOSTRATEGICAL CONSIDERATIONS UPON INTERNATIONAL POSITION OF THE BALTIC COUNTRIES

CONSIDERAŢII DE FACTURĂ GEOSTRATEGICĂ ASUPRA POZIŢIEI INTERNAŢIONALE A ŢĂRILOR BALTICE (1938-1939)

Author(s): Silviu Miloiu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

In 1938-1939 some important events generated tension all over the world, including the Baltic States. The most significant of those were the advancement of Germany into East, following the Anschluss and the Minich agreement, the diminishing of Western democracies influence in the European policy and the attitude more aggressive of communist Russia concerning the small western limitrophe countries. In this work we tried to analyze the impact of the German, Russian, British and Polish military factors on the shores of Baltic. The Russian factor was pregnant trough the massive fortification of its border with the Baltic States in the 1930s and even more trough border incidents provoked by the Russian frontier guards. They entered to the alien territories many miles, taken in prison civil and military foreign citizens and killes people, despite of all official protests against. On the other hand, the German presence in the Baltic region became more efective one. The Reichs' fleet was in 1938-1939 a daily attendance in the Baltic Sea. The official and unofficial voyage of German ships (like Köln, Admiral Hipper, Stuttgart, T107, T108, T110, T111) to Riga, Liepaja or Tallinn harbors demonstrated the regenerated and powerful military force of the new Germany. The British were yet a power factor in the balance of Eastern Baltic Sea in 1938 and declined in 1939, especially after the broke of war on September 1. The interlacery of those multifarious power factors with discontinuous and often discordant influence had remarkable consequences on security strategies of Baltic States who proclaimed neutral themeselves in 1938.

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THE POINTING OUT OF SOME ROMANIAN CALENDARS IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE NATIONAL UNION MUSEUM (1780-1947). GENERALITIES

SEMNALAREA UNOR CALENDARE ROMÂNEŞTI ÎN COLECŢIILE MUZEULUI NATIONAL AL UNIRII (1780-1947). CONSIDERAŢII PRELIMINARE

Author(s): Doina Dreghiciu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

This study consists of general considerations concerning some theoretical aspects taken from the 103 Romanian calendars published internal and abroad, that can be found in the collections of our museum, and enrich the national bibliography of these publications. The number of these calendars depends on the place of their publication: Blaj (7 ex.), Braşov (2 ex.), Bucureşti (13 ex.), Buda (4 ex.), Cluj (1 ex.), Cleveland-Ohio (1ex.), Comloşul-Mare (2 ex.), Gherla (1 ex.), Orăştie (11 ex.), Sibiu (58 ex.), Vălenii-de-Munte (3 ex). Chronologically speaking, their spreading is like this: the 18th century (1), the 19th century (24), the 20th century (78). These calendars represent one of the most important category of periodical publications, as one of the first elements of laical Romanian culture, a very good competitor of the religions books. Their publication in the 18th century contributed , diring almost 2 centuries, to the integration of our national culture in the universal values and brought to light new sources of approach-a historiographical one.

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L’EGLISE FORTIFIÉE PROTÉSTANTE DE BENIC (DEP. ALBA)

BISERICA FORTIFICATĂ REFORMATĂ DIN BENIC (JUD. ALBA)

Author(s): Inel Constantin,Gheorghe Fleşer / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

En se trouvant dans un état avancé de ruine, l’église protéstante de Benic conserve encore quelques composantes architecturales et plastiques, qui nous permettent la tentative de reconstituer ses caractheristiques constructives. Typo logiquement, l’édifice a fait partie de la catégorie des églises-salles avec fortification, constituées d’une nef plafonnée et d’un choeur polygonal voûté en ogives. Le tour plus tard été située sur la part du sud de l’église. Du point de vue chronologique et stylistique l’église impose un encadrement plus large (pendant le XV-ème siècle) presque dans la même construction on retrouve des éléments éclectiques, les formes archaïques en se complétant avec les solutions techniques plus évoluées.

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LA RESTAURATIONS DE QUELQUES PIÈCES CÉRAMIQUES DÉCOUVERTE DANS LA NÉCROPOLE D’ALBA IULIA, “STAŢIA DE SALVARE”

RESTAURAREA UNOR PIESE CERAMICE DESCOPERITE ÎN NECROPOLA DE LA ALBA IULIA, “STAŢIA DE SALVARE”

Author(s): Şerban Sorin / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

L’étude essaye de présenter quelques observations concervant la restaurations et la conservations en milleures conditions du mobilier archéologique découvert dans la nécropole romaine et médievale d’Alba Iulia. La recupérations d’un grand nombre de pièces céramiques datant de ces périodes, d’autant qu’elles se présentaient dans ceu mauvais etat de conservations, a constitué un grand succès.

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The folk climatology in Bulgaria and the climate’s changes in the last 10 years

Народната климатология в България и промените в климата през последното десетилетие

Author(s): Vladimir Vlaskov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2011

From the longstanding people’s observations on our lands concerning the climate in the different seasons in Bulgaria was accumulated important information for the specific characteristics of the weather in fixed periods in year. She has been counting really importantly on the agrarian work and has been appointing the last dates beginnings for all types of activities in the field. In the last 10 years the well-defined global, regional and local climate’s changes brought order to alteration to some of these specific characteristics as dating, continuousness, intensity as well as parameters of the principal climatic elements.

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“Three chains-gangs” – Three “chains” problems

„Три синджира роби” – три „синджира” проблеми

Author(s): Albena Malcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2011

The return to the theme “liberation of three chains-gangs” is dictated by the interest to the specific place of the song in the Bulgarian epic repertoire. In a general plan it can be taken as ethnospecific mark and it acquires the entire national peculiarities in some sense. These facts show us that the theme is important and deserves its prolonged actualizations of investigating. The work is based on research of the song material from the collection “Bulgarian national songs, collected by Miladinovi brothers” and especially on three songs, published in it, which have a relation to the realization of the theme “liberation of thee chains-gangs” while they are distanced from the “traditional” (in the sense that it is more often met) subject song plan. According to this plan the hero who liberates the slaves is Krali Marko and his name is always connected with this great deed. As a result of the research it is ascertained that it is most important to search a concrete impression which can be reached with a definite character. The character, on its hand, in each different context interacts with other characters and impressions. They have to be researched too because it is important to fi nd out what connects them in one relatively textual entireness. In this sense it can be proved that in the epos could be fi nd out the presence of “constant characters” but which realize differently depending on context of usage. The context is determinate according to the aim of creating of the song i.e. to the searched impression.

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The buildings by fortifi ed settlement to the St. Spas hill in village of Belchin

Сгради от укрепеното селище на хълма „Св. Спас” при с. Белчин (По данни

Author(s): Michail Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2011

The text represents the preliminary results of archaeological excavations during 2008 in fortified settlement dated from late antique period. The settlement occupies fl at top end of St. Spas hill in village of Belchin near Samokov. In spite of small investigated areas we found evidences about two periods of active life in settlement. To the fi rst period refers parts of two houses №1 and №2 reveled beneath the foundations of early Byzantine tower № III in north-east corner of fortress. The ceramic materials and small objects were found there. They revealed by two regular household structures from early V c. A. D. During the devastating Huns’ assaults in the 40 years of 5th c. AD the settlement is demolished and burned. The life is renovated in the beginning of 6th c. AD when a new fortress wall is erected in the north part of the hill. Close to the wall we investigate another two structures – №3 and №4. The fi rst is a large rectangular building situated near to tower № II and maybe is related with defense of settlement and the tower itself. Another structure from this period erected near to the fortress wall is building №4. The building is situated between main entrance of the settlement and tower №III. The finds from building №4 are the reason to interpret it as a metal workshop. Buildings №3 and № 4 are demolished by fi re in 80s years of 6th c. AD probably by some of early Avars’ strikes on the Balkan provinces of Byzantine Empire.

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The pericopes from the Book of Genesis for the Holy week (Textual criticism and hermeneutics)

Перикопите от Книга Битие за Страстната седмица (Текстология и херменевтика)

Author(s): Andrey Bobev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2011

The textual criticism of the Old Bulgarian translation of the Old Testament appears to be a fi eld of scholarly research, where not only the Old Bulgarian studies and the Bible studies can participate, but the ethnology should also be involved. Both the primary, most likely Cyrillo-Methodian translation and its subsequent changes contain a large number of problematic points, that could hardly be explained without the ethnological or anthropological view. On the other hand, the same places contain important data for the ethnologists, who seldom have the opportunity to trace their own theoretical constructions in written texts, dating even earlier than the dawn of Slavia Orthodoxa’s civilization. The diachronic analysis can clarify the origins of certain social, cultural, mythological concepts and explain their development to that state that contemporary folklore studies register.

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Marriage of the Sun cancelled: Roots of the Balkan myth

Свадьба Солнца отменена: балканский миф и его истоки

Author(s): Yuri E. Berezkin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 9/2011

According to Bulgarian and Serbian folklore texts, Hedgehog who came to take part in the marriage ceremony of the Sun, put stones to feed his donkey or horse and explained that he was training his animal. When new Suns were born to the present one, the earth would burn and no other food be available. The Sun cancelled his marriage. Such a story, slightly different in details (Frogs instead of Hedgehog, the Sun persecuting them with his heat since then) is also recorded among the Lithuanians. The motif of cosmic marriage that would have catastrophic consequences if realized reminds the story of Thetis married not to Zeus but to the mortal man, Peleus, after it became known that Thetis’ son would be more powerful than his father. Europe, the motif of cancelled cosmic marriage (this time of the Earth and the Sky that would end in destruction of gods) was known to the Dravidians (Gonds and Baigas) of Central India. Hedgehog as a wise man and prophet is a widespread character across Eurasian Steppes up to Siberian Buryats. The Balkan stories about the wise Hedgehog are here the westernmost ones. As about the motif of the Sun children who could destroy life on earth, all the parallels are in South and Southeast Asia and in sub-Saharan Africa. The ultimate origins of this theme seem to be in Africa from where it was brought to Asia by the first modern humans. Though it could get to Europe at the same time or, it is more probable that it spread to Europe from Asia much later.

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Interpretation of sagas for Tsar Ivan Shishman in the light of the epic code. Name, plot, place

Интерпретация на преданията за цар Иван Шишман през призмата на епическия код. Име, сюжет, топос

Author(s): Tsvetelina Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2011

The article reviews sages for tzar Ivan Shishman in the light of the epic code because of their belonging to “history genres” and like a part from epic tradition in a broad sense. The done analysis is based on a triad name – plot – place like fundamental interpretative keys. The approaches for determination the basic characteristic of regimen of historicity and the type of semiotisation of history in Middle Ages (written and traditional/ oral) shows typological identical type of interpretative logic of real doings through compression of information, codification through prototypes, anthroponymes, plots and places.

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The correspondence between Archpriest Avvakum and Boyarina Morozova – Language mythology

Кореспонденцията между протопоп Авакум и болярката Морозова – създаване на езикова митология

Author(s): Ekaterina Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2011

This research investigates a crucial moment for Russian history and culture, i.e. 17th century. This is a period of „Smuta” or „Time of Troubles”, False Dimitris. By the end of the 17th century, Russian literature had changed in important ways. The change in literary culture is also evident in the beginnings of prose fiction. Similarly, Western cultural influences gradually penetrated Russia in the 17th century. That is why this period characterized by the struggle between „New” and „Old”. This article as well as analyzes the evolution of epistolary manner in Russia and pays attention to fundamental moments in the literary correspondence development. This tendency was discovered in the letters, written by the leader of the Old Believers Avvakum and him „daughter” Boyarina Morozova. Their language means their literary relations.

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The system of Personal names in the City of Dve mogili, Rousse district (1878-1893)

Личноименната система на гр. Две могили (1878-1893 г.)

Author(s): Preslava Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2011

The presented study includes more than 500 personal names, given in baptism to orthodox citizens of Dve Mogili between 1878-1893. The material is excerpted from the oldest preserved kondika of the “Holy Trinity” Church, the earliest entries being from 1863. Studying the personal names from the city gives an opportunity to fi ll the data about the local distribution of certain anthroponyms, as well as to register the specific features of the local dialect in the 19th century. On account of the character of the used source it is also possible to be put to analysis the tradition of baptismal naming in this confessional group in the city of Dve Mogili.

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Treasure-hunter diary from Belitza village, Middle Rhodopes

Иманярска тетрадка от с. Белица, Средни Родопи. Предварителни бележки

Author(s): Radostina Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2011

During ethnological expedition arranged by ‘Ongal’ Association of Anthropology, Ethnology and Folklore Studies in Belitza, Laki district, in 1999 two notebooks and some sheets were found. They contain the dairy of treasure-hunter Asen Redzhushev. This is a valuable document about very interesting part of Bulgarian folklore – traditions and narratives of treasure-hunting. The purpose of this text is a description of the document and finding typical characteristic of treasure-hunters’ maps. It contains information about natural landmarks and artificial signs (with classification of symbols – after function and type of images) used by treasure-hunters. Rituals connected with finding the treasures and getting the right of possession are also object of description.

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Troglodytism as a cultural phenomenon. Formation of new optics towards heritage

Троглодитизмът като културен феномен. Формиране на нова оптика към наследството

Author(s): Nikolay Nenov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2011

Troglodytism is a new look for Bulgaria towards cave dwelling places, where the natural phenomenon is not the value, and not the exotic characteristics as a lifestyle, but cultural specificity. Although in many cases the natural cave stands in the basis of scientific interest, human presence is what makes this cave different, adds value to it. The main example in the text is the Ivanovo rock-hewn churches in the Rousse Lom river valley in Northeast Bulgaria, a UNESCO World Heritage subject, which are at present exhibited as a treasure in a museum display case. What is missing, however, is the context, in which these churches are located. Culture of the Rousse Lom includes various by functions types of troglodytism – religious, funerary, defensive and related to habitat. In this context, the rock-hewn monastery at Ivanovo can be revealed as a peak achievement, only if along with the “monastery”, the “pens” are exhibited. By setting the parameters of the phenomenon, troglodytism may become the basis for understanding the social history and heritage of the region. Such an approach for understanding and presentation of local heritage – as a specific way of life, brought to a value for both the people of its own and for strangers, gives a possibility for a new life and use of tradition in contemporary terms. It favors the many-faced existence of the past by updating it, which creates new semantic paradigms for contemporaries. Troglodytism is considered an anthropological approach for understanding nature and culture, which have fused in some areas, inhabited by humans.

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Folklore and religion I: Problem of terms

Фолклор и религия І: Проблемът за термините

Author(s): Konstantin Rangochev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2011

The article considers the main problem for the ethnology from the end of XIX century to the beginning of XXI century: the war about the terms which describe it. That means defining and verifying of the link between the constituent terms folklore and religion. The contemporary ethnology (as well as the folklore studies and the anthropology…) is a science in which the degree of abstraction of the researches is very big and increase without interruption. The researcher usually operates with a text, not with a discourse. The most frequent situation is when the context of one text is unclear, lost etc. Consequently, when the researcher investigates the text, he discovered in it a great number of meanings. However they are not obligatory to be adequate to the “real” context. From here follows a sad conclusion – nowadays the sense of great parts of the Bulgarian folklore culture is lost, even for its modern bearers. From this point of view the large numbers of problems in the considered terminological sphere folklore and religion are around the defining of the religious and its historical fate in the period XV-XIX century and in particular the folklore orthodoxy. The article shows that in its concrete acts the orthodox Christianity and the Bulgarian folklore culture does not contradict but the opposite – between them are available direct and absolute congruencies. Therefore it is arrived the time for giving a new meaning of these terms as ordinary Christianity, folklore Christianity and utilitarian sacrality which obviously or not are opposed to orthodox Christianity. In a view of the fact that the Bulgarian ethnos is in the centre of the orthodox civilization the Bulgarian folklore culture could be understood and interpreted adequate only in the light of the orthodox Christianity.

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Cultural and historic inheritance of municipality Sapareva banya

Културно-историческото наследство на община Сапарева баня

Author(s): Milena Kyoseva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2011

The goal of the lecture is to present the cultural and historic inheritance of municipality Sapareva banya – material and nonmaterial; movable and immovable. A short historical reading of the region is done, based on the region’s research, since little has been written on this subject and the region has not been studied by specialists for the last several years.

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Second Tsar Shishman Days – 2008

Second Tsar Shishman Days – 2008

Author(s): Rossen Malchev / Language(s): English / Issue: 9/2011

In the autumn of 2008 were carried out The Second Tsar Shishman Days in Samokov, organized by ‘Ongal’ Association of anthropology, ethnology and folklore studies and supported by Samokov Municipality, “St. Kliment Ohridski” Sofia University, Council for Bulgarian Studies Abroad in BAS and “Ekip 123” EOOD. They were dedicated to the 130- anniversary of liberation of Samokov from Turkish slavery and carried out in three formats: International scientific symposium “EPOS – LANGUAGE – MYTH” with 32 reports of scientists from Bulgaria, Russia, Germany, Greece and Albania; Third season of the Festival for short ethnographic and natural scientific film and photography “Balkan Cultural Filmbox” – 7 films and photo-presentations; Memorial exhibition about the professional way of Slav scholar Boyka Dobreva.

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The Bulgarian toponym Oпака (Opaka) – Attempt for Etymology

Топонимът Опака – опит за етимология

Author(s): Vyara Kalfina,Dimitar Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2011

The article offers a new etymology of the Bulgarian toponym Опака (Opaka) by the means of phonetic and semantic reconstruction. The etymologies previously given by different scholars are critically reconsidered. The derivation of Opaka from the Latin opacus is rejected as unconvincing for two reasons: it is highly improbable that the phonetic structure of the Latin world is preserved for centuries virtually unchanged in Bulgarian; and opacus in Latin is learned and poetic, thus not belonging to the common vocabulary that is usually used in naming places. Secondly, the derivation of the name from the Bulgarian опак (opak, ‘opposite’) is considered. It is not rejected on synchronic level, but, diachronically, the toponym is associated with the Thracian root *ap- ‘water’ and the hypothesis is built that the later Slavic-speaking population of the region gave a new meaning, through vulgar etymology, to a previous Thracian toponym connected with the local river that had become obscure.

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Wedding and Wedding songs from Golo Bardo region, Republic of Albania

Сватба и сватбени песни от областта Голо бърдо, Република Албания

Author(s): Vesselka Toncheva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2011

The Text presents wedding custom and wedding songs of the Bulgarians from Golo Bardo region, Republic of Albania. In the research it was found that the wedding ritual among this community is very good preservation and the wedding songs have archaic musical and textual characteristic.

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