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Offender Patronage and other Measures of Assistance: 1874-1936. The Beginnings of Probation in Romania

Patronagiul infractorilor şi alte mãsuri de asistate: 1874-1936. Începuturile probaţiunii în România

Author(s): Anamaria Szabo / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 3/2010

Keywords: offender patronage; measures of assistance; origins and beginnings of probation in Romania

A short incursion into the beginnings of probation in Romania is made. The period chosen for analysis is 1874-1936, during which time a new law on the prison system was issued that paved the way for the establishment of the first and only Patronage Society in Romania. The study of different historical documents revealed a cleavage between the intentions written in laws and the actual reality. Though very eager to make a contribution to the lives of inmates, parolees and young offenders or children at risk, the Patronage Society struggled with financial problems and little support from public institutions. Also, the change in the political regime after World War II brought a closure to these small, but somewhat significant, measures of assistance and a delay in the professionalisation of offender rehabilitation. It is only after the fall of the communist regime, that some of the penal institutions were developed (e.g. sursis avec mise à l’épreuve). Today, these early beginnings of probation can constitute roots to which we can look back, understand the shortcomings and renew the tradition.

Reviews

Recenzii

Author(s): Al. Cistelecan,Dumitru-Mircea Buda,Luminiţa Chiorean,Iulian Boldea / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 10/2011

Al. CISTELECAN, Mircea Martin, Dictiunea ideilor, Editura All, București, 2010 Iulian BOLDEA, Adrian Marino, Viața unui om singur, Editura Polirom, Iasi, 2010 Luminita CHIOREAN, Dorin N. Uritescu, Fascinația numelui. Studiu al creației lexico-semantice și stilistice, Editura S.A.I.S., București, 2009 Al. CISTELECAN, Andrei Terian, G. Călinescu. A cincea esență, Editura Cartea Românească, București, 2009 Iulian BOLDEA, Ion Vianu, Amor intellectualis, Editura Polirom, Iasi, 2010 Dumitru-Mircea BUDA, Monica Lovinescu, Cuvântul din cuvinte, București, Editura Humanitas, 2007

Missing Churches in Suceava

Biserici dispărute la Suceava

Author(s): Paraschiva-Victoria Batariuc / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1+2/2007

Keywords: Missing Churches; Suceava town; des édifices de culte; églises disparues

Résidence principale des princes régnants de la Moldavie pendant presque deux siècles, du milieu du huitième décennie du XIV-ème siècle et jusqu’en 1564, la ville de Suceava a été embellie le long du temps avec plusieurs édifices religieux appartenant à la population orthodoxe, majoritaire, ainsi qu’aux catholiques et aux Arméniens qui y habitaient. Les informations documentaires offertes surtout par les mémoires de voyage de quelques prélats catholiques dans la Moldavie du XVII-ème siècle mettent en évidence l’existence à Suceava d’un nombre de 24 églises orthodoxes de muraille, de deux églises catholiques et de quatre églises arméniennes, pendant que l’érudit seigneur Dimitrie Cantemir mentionne en Descriptio Moldaviae 40 églises orthodoxes en pierre et plusieurs en bois. La plus grande partie des édifices de culte construits pendant le Moyen Âge à Suceava ont disparu le long du temps, jusqu’aujourd’hui ont résisté seulement sept églises orthodoxes, auxquelles s’ajoutent celles (trois) de la communauté arménienne. Les sources documentaires qui font référence à l’existence des églises disparues sont diverses. Les informations les plus nombreuses sont fournies par les découvertes archéologiques ; celles-ci sont suivies par les sources documentaires. En certains cas, les informations offertes par les sources écrites sont confirmées ou même complétées par les données fournies par les fouilles archéologiques. À leur tour, les recherches archéologiques systématiques, ainsi que les découvertes fortuites apportent de preuves directes de l’existence des édifices de culte, anonymes pour nous, mais aussi des témoignages indirectes, comme la présence des pièces de céramique monumentale, caractéristique aux églises, ainsi que des cimetières qui, chose connue d’ailleurs, se trouvaient pendant le Moyen Âge et l’époque moderne seulement autour des églises. Et pas dernièrement, la recherche archéologique fournit des informations – d’ailleurs inconnues d’autre part – , sur la présence des vestiges de certains églises superposées par des édifices de culte plus nouveaux, qui existent encore aujourd’hui. D’autre part, des actes patriarcaux, des privilèges des seigneurs, des chroniques, des notes marginales sur des livres de culte, des mémoires des voyageurs étrangers en Moldavie, des pétitions, nous transmettent des informations documentaires concernant les églises existantes pendant le Moyen Âge à Suceava et qui ont disparu le long du temps. À la suite des recherches archéologiques ont été découvertes les vestiges de deux églises en pierre dans la zone de l’édifice actuel Sfântul Dumitru, une datant du XIV-ème siècle et la seconde de l’époque d’Etienne Le Grand, à Şipot l’église Sfânta Paraschiva, toujours de l’époque d’Etienne Le Grand, l’église de la Cité Princière de Suceava, l’église en bois avec deux phases d’existence, datant des XIV-ème – XV-ème siècles de Câmpul Şanţurilor, une église en bois sur fondement en pierre, datant dès le début du XV-

BIOGRAPHY

BIOGRAFIA

Author(s): Constantin Măruţoiu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2009

S-a născut la 4 februarie 1949, în comuna Stănesti, judeţul Gorj, din părinţii Constantin si Floarea Măruţoiu. A urmat scoala primară în comuna natală (1956-1963), apoi Liceul Teoretic „Tudor Vladimirescu” din Tg-Jiu (1963-1967), Facultatea de Chimie de la Universitatea „Babes-Bolyai”, din Cluj-Napoca (1968- 1972), Specializarea în Chimie analitică (1972-1973). A susţinut doctoratul în februarie 1986 la Facultatea de Chimie din Cluj-Napoca, având tema: „Cromatografia pe strat subţire, cu gradient programat de temperatură”. Utilizarea la controlul mediului (conducător stiinţific: Prof. univ. dr. doc. Candin Liteanu, Om de stiinţă emerit), obţinând titlul de doctor în Chimie în luna iulie 1986.

IUS PRIMAE NOCTIS? THE WEDDING GODFATHER AND SOME ARCHAIC SEXUAL CUSTOMS IN ROMANIAN TRADITIONAL CULTURE

IUS PRIMAE NOCTIS? THE WEDDING GODFATHER AND SOME ARCHAIC SEXUAL CUSTOMS IN ROMANIAN TRADITIONAL CULTURE

Author(s): Andrei Oişteanu / Language(s): English / Issue: 01+04/2012

Keywords: Ius primae noctis; traditional wedding ceremony; archaic sexual customs; ritual defloration of the bride; godson & wedding godparents; forbiden incest

This study represents a chapter from my forthcoming book, Sexuality and Society: History, Religion, and Literature. In this paper, I attempt to present a series of arguments that could prove the existence of a special role played by the wedding godfather in the archaic and traditional Romanian culture. This role may be that of sexual initiator of the groom (and the bride) played by the godfather on the wedding night. The data have miraculously survived (as if they were “living fossils”, as Mircea Eliade named them in an article from 1939) in Romanian folk proverbs, in ritualistic customs from the traditional wedding ceremony, in folk ballads etc.

"How Did Our Life Flow"

"Cum a curs viaţa noastră"

Author(s): Sanda Golopenţia / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 01/2003

Interview with sanda Golopentia and Constantin Eretescu

Vatra 2008/3 part1

Vatra 2008/3 part1

Author(s): Dan Ţăranu Vatra / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 03/2008

Casting light on the long shadow of Romania's Securitate

Casting light on the long shadow of Romania's Securitate

Author(s): Suzanne Travers,Edward Kanterian / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2001

Keywords: Romania; communism; censorship; Securitate

The article discusses the oppression structures instrumented by the communists' Securitate to manipulate the Romanian society and keep it in submission.

THE FIRST WAVE OF THE ROMANIAN INDEPENDENT THEATRE AFTER 1989: FORMS OF MANIFESTATION

THE FIRST WAVE OF THE ROMANIAN INDEPENDENT THEATRE AFTER 1989: FORMS OF MANIFESTATION

Author(s): Theodor-Cristiian Popescu / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2011

Violent traumas in the Middle Ages. The St. Sava Church Graveyard

Urme de violență în perioada medievală. Cimitirul Mânăstirii Sf. Sava din Bucureşti

Author(s): Luminiţa Maria Andreica,Mihai Constantinescu,Claudia Radu,Andrei D. SOFICARU / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 14/2016

Keywords: Bucharest;Middle Ages;traumas;violence;

Archaeological surveys in 1972 and in 2010-2011 at University Square in Bucharest, Romania, led to the discovery of 688 graves in the cemetery of St. Sava Church, dated to 16th-19th centuries. The Ottoman, Tartar, Russian and Austrian invasions of Bucharest in the late and modern periods are likely responsible for the death of some the individuals buried in St. Sava cemetery.The object of this paper is the analysis of the violent injuries identified on the skeletons, detailing their type, location, distribution by sex and age, affected skeleton segments, incidence of peri- and antemortem traumas. The results of these observations were compared to data from other sites with similar temporal and geographical features as to ascertain the possibility of a distribution pattern of the traumas depending on type, sex and age of the individuals etc. Male individuals account for greater number of injuries compared to the females, leading us to the conclusion that men were the main target of the attacks.The demographic profile of the individuals that suffered violent traumas (peri- or antemortem) also shows higher incidence for 30 to 49 year olds and absence of “defensive” injuries on the limbs for most analyzed individuals. Given these observations, we conclude that most of the individuals were civilians who fell victim to military violence during the invasions or to sporadic civilian attacks.

The Research of the Traditional Culture of Bessarabia Under the Authority of the Romanian Academy

Cercetarea culturii tradiţionale din Basarabia sub egida Academiei Române

Author(s): Andrei Prohin / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 16/2016

Keywords: the Romanian Academy; Bessarabia; folklore; ethnography; collections; studies; prohibitions

The author of the paper reviews the contributions of the scientists of the Romanian Academy to the study of the traditional Romanian culture from Bessarabia, as well as from the eastern side of Dniester. Before the First World War, the existence of the border on river Prut, as well as the restrictions imposed by the Russian authorities, hindered researchers to have a direct contact with the ethno-cultural realities from Bessarabia. The scarce information from this field, published under the auspices of the Romanian Academy, originated from the correspondence with local informers, from the rare travels over Prut or had been offered by Bessarabians established in Romania. After 1918, the area between Prut and Dniester became better known to ethnologists, especially, due to the activity of the “Folklore Archive” of Cluj, under the directorate of Ion Muşlea, and to the monographic teams conducted by Dimitrie Gusti and Petre Ştefănucă. The documentary materials collected during the interwar period, as well as the studies published then, rest up till now valuable scientific sources. There are also important unpublished documents preserved in several archives of Romania. During the years of communist dictatorship, the subject of the Romanians from Bessarabia was a sensible one, being carefully treated within the academic research. Only after 1990 we can witness institutional projects and publications that try to recover the ethnography of Bessarabia

General Table of Contents: Issues XXI to XXX

Sumarul numerelor XXI-XXX

Author(s): / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2008

Keywords: General Table of Contents: Issues XXI to XXX

General Table of Contents: Issues XXI to XXX

Reviews of Books

Recenzii, note bibliografice

Author(s): Julia Derzsi,Maria-Emilia Țiplic,Vasile Ciobanu,Dan Dumitru Iacob,Viorel Gheorghe,Alexandru Nicolaescu,Mariana Vlad,Anda-Lucia Spânu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 27/2019

Keywords: review; Cluj; Kolozsávar; Hermannstadt; Sibiu; Otoman Empire; Buzău; modernization; WWI; Chișinău; Siebenbürgen; eikonocity;

Book reviews

The Romanian Teachers in Transylvania between 1868 and 1918

Învățătorimea românească din Transilvania în perioada 1868-1918

Author(s): Cristian Lupu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 32/2018

Keywords: teachers; professional training; Preparatory Institute for Teachers; teachers' conferences; teachers' reunions;

Legislația școlară de după 1868 impunea ca învățătorii să aibă o pregătire profesională adecvată. Angajarea lor a fost condiționată de obținerea unei diplome de Preparandie. Profesionalizarea învățătorilor a avut ca scop creșterea calității învățământului în școlile din Transilvania. Până la Marea Unire, s-au păstrat în școli și învățătorii fără pregătire specializată din cauza deficitului de cadre didactice din Transilvania, mai ales în mediul rural. Învățătorii care absolveau Preparandiile își însușeau cunoștințele necesare diferitelor discipline de învățământ, erau învățați să respecte atribuțiile școlare și să aibă purtare morală. Prima Preparandie românească a fost înființată la Arad, în 1815, iar a doua, în 1848, la Oradea. În 1859 s-a înființat Preparandia din Năsăud, având cursurile de 2 ani, după care, din 1869, ea s-a mutat la Gherla. Blajul a reușit să beneficieze de o Preparandie, cu 2 ani de studii, abia în 1865. O preparandie românească a mai funcționat la Sighet, în perioada 1862-1869. La Preparandii se studiau următoarele obiecte de învățământ: Religia și morala, Pedagogia și didactica generală, Metoda instrucțiunii – teorie, Praxa, Limba română, Limba Germană, Limba maghiară, Matematica, Științele istorice (Geografia, Istoria, Constituția patriei), Științele naturale (Istoria naturală, Agronomia și grădinăritul), Artele frumoase (Cântul figural și muzica, Desenul, Caligrafia), Cunoștințele rituale (Cântul bisericesc, Tipicul), Gimnastica etc. După terminarea anilor de studiu la Preparandie, pentru obținerea diplomei, elevii trebuiau să susțină un examen de capacitate. Angajarea învățătorilor pe post nu respecta întotdeauna legislația aflată în vigoare, iar satele căutau diverse modalități de a angaja în școală învățători pe bani cât mai puțini, indiferent de calificările pedagogice pe care le aveau, iar în anumite situații, din cauza sărăciei, sătenii îi propuneau ca învățători pe cantorii din sat sau chiar pe preoți. După ce au obținut o diplomă de la Preparandie și un post de învățător într-o școală, învățătorilor le era recomandată o continuă perfecționare didactică. Un mijloc de adaptare la noile cerințe pedagogice era acela al conferințelor învățătorilor. În același timp cu conferințele învățătorești, în Transilvania a apărut o nouă formă de organizare a întrunirilor învățătorești. Dacă în Transilvania învățătorii erau pregătiți în institutele denumite Preparandii, învățătorii din Vechiul Regat aveau la dispoziție Școlile normale.

Totalitarian Regimes and the Imaginary of the Body: Landmarks for a Comparative Anthropology

Regimurile totalitare și imaginarul corpului: repere pentru o antropologie comparată

Author(s): Alexandru-Florin Platon / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 36/2020

Keywords: body imaginary; ideologies; totalitarianism; the new man; communism;

The ideological horizons of fascism, Nazism and communism have specifically capitalized on the imaginary of the political body. The imaginary of the body in totalitarian regimes meant a process of recovery and adaptation, in specific ideological devices, of body images and representations from the past.The claim of totalitarian regimes to abolish the old social divisions has resulted in the imposition of monolithic figures of unity and power: people, nation, party, leader. While in fascist Italy the distinction between the political body and Benito Mussolini was annulled, in Nazi Germany the political body was personalized, colonized by the imaginary of the race. The eugenics of Nazism sought the creation of the Aryan man, with perfect physical, intellectual and moral traits. The imaginary of the body in the communist imaginary has its peculiarities. The new communist man evokes, to a certain extent, a state of consciousness, considered superior, attached to a strong and energetic body, which suggests vitality and power of work. Lenin and Stalin were the embodiment of power and genius, their representations being associated with worship by the people. In the communist period, the image of the physical body is explicitly translated into the cult of personality.

Metropolitan Bartolomeu’s Legacy

Moştenirea Mitropolitului Bartolomeu

Author(s): Dumitru Cobzaru / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 03/2019

Keywords: Bartolomeu Valeriu Anania; The Bible; Liturgy; The Renaşterea Radio; The Renaşterea Magazine; The Tabor Magazine; ecumenical relations; canonization of saints; monastic life; Metropolitan of Cluj;

Usually labeled as a high hierarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church or a first-class theologian, Bartolomeu Valeriu Anania was an complex intellectual, an valued playwright, a profound poet, a personality with medical studies, the undisputed leader of the ‘46 Generation, politician, opinion maker and leader. The article analyzes the legacy of Metropolitan Bartolomeu, which consists of a literary work, a theological and biblical work, but also a pastoral and administrative work.

Grigore Preoteasa (1915-1957)

Grigore Preoteasa (1915-1957)

Author(s): Dan Cătănuş / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 3-4/2020

Keywords: Grigore Preoteasa; Romanian Communist Party; Stalinism; antifascism; minister of Foreign Affairs;

Grigore Preoteasa was one of the first foreign ministers of Communist Romania appointed shortly after Stalin's death. A genuine intellectual with studies in literature and economics but born in a poor working family, Preoteasa joined the illegal communist movement in the mid-1930s. During 1940-1944 he was kept in a camp of antifascist political prisoners. Although initially a sympathizer of Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu, he changed sides and became a supporter of Gheorghiu-Dej, who promoted him in several party and government positions. He died in November 1957 in a plane crash.

"THE MOHR HAS DONE HIS WORK." THE BLACK-SKIN AS ADVERTISING CHARACTER

„DER MOHR HAT SEINE ARBEIT GETAN.” DER SCHWARZHÄUTIGE ALS WERBEFIGUR

Author(s): Lora Dagmar Constantinescu / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: advertising manipulation; "Moor"; pejorative food names; ethnic stereotype; racism; intercultural awareness;

Candies, chocolate, dark coloured treats, "the Ice Cream-Moor" or even “Negro’s bread”. In this way, over and over again, the trigger for a loud, critical and extended media debate over a so-called "discreet charm" of persistent racial discrimination in today's (here German) advertising. Starting from the personification of “Mohren”/”moors” (dark and black-skinned persons) in everyday culture and especially in the advertising industry (the Sarotti-chocolate products, appreciated traditional German and Austrian deserts), in this paper two possible advertising "incidents" of consumer goods advertising in Germany and Austria are under discussion. Most likely unintentionally, advertising appeals to (traditional, stereotyping) racist images or rather oversees their negative impact. So, the nowadays generally avoided, paraphrased or even prohibited food names could outrage the public one more time. The paper examines the possible sources and mechanisms of (unexpected) racism in the selected ad messages.

Book review

Book review

Author(s): Dafina Genova / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Derivational Structures. The Role of the Appellatives in the Formation of Proper Nouns

Производни структури. Ролята на апелативите при образуването на собствените имена

Author(s): Elena-Camelia Zăbavă / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: appellative; derivational structures; anthroponym

Analyzing the derivation of four words, characterized by concreteness as a semantic feature – 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑑, 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝑙𝑖𝑝, 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑, in two aspects (as an appellative and an anthroponym) we notice that the proper nouns have most of the derivatives. Although proper nouns are meaningless, they are not subject to changes that would drive them away from appellatives. The inventory of suffixes and their availability to be attached to a base-toponym or anthroponym are not the only differences noticed between the two categories of proper nouns. The anthroponomy can only form diminutives synthetically by suffixation, while toponyms, in addition to derivational structures of a diminutive meaning, also have analytical structures composed of mere toponyms and the adjective “mic” (small).