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MYSTICAL EXPERIENCE – POLISH ADAPTATION OF THE MYSTICAL EXPERIENCE QUESTIONNAIRE

Właściwości psychometryczne polskiej adaptacji kwestionariusza do badania doświadczenia mistycznego (Mistical Experience)

Author(s): Stanisław Radoń / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2014

Keywords: mysticism; mystical experience

Hood has created a Mysticism Scale (1975) based on the theoretical work of Stace (1961). Using the 12-item Mystical Experience (an abridged version of Hood’s Mysticism Scale- Anthony, Hermans, Sterkens, 2010), the polish adaptation was developed. The psychometric properties of the Polish ME were assessed in a sample of 708 persons: 581 students of Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow 20–50 y.o. and 127 students Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow 20-32 y.o. (control group). Construct validity was examined with reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analyses and by relating the polish version of ME to others measures of religious maturity and mindfulness. The results confirmed reliability (test-retest: 0,92 < r < 0,97), internal consistency (AlfaCronbacha: Extravertive Mysticism = 0,76; Introvertive Mysticism = 0,72; Religious Interpretation = 0,56), internal validity (CMIN/df = 1,816; GFI = 0,97; AGFI = 0,93; CFI = 0,95; RMSEA = 0,05 [0,03-0,08]; PCLOSE = 0,34) and external validity (religious maturity and mindfulness) of Polish version of ME.

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Self-Determination Theory and the Emerging Fields of Relationship Science and Niche Construction Theory

Self-Determination Theory and the Emerging Fields of Relationship Science and Niche Construction Theory

Author(s): Tamás Martos,Viola Sallay / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2017

Keywords: Self-Determination Theory; Relationship Science; Niche Construction Theory; motivation; human relationships

In this paper we summarise the basic tenets of Self-Determination Theory (SDT). As a specialoccasion for this overview, we review two recently published edited books on relationship motiv -ation (WEINSTEIN 2014) and work motivation (GAGNÉ 2014) because both of them rely extensivelyon SDT concepts and principles while they extend the conceptual frames of the theory to severaldirections and applied fields. Furthermore, we argue that the basic propositions of SDT may contributeto the emerging field of the so called Relationship Science, the continuously forming interdisciplinaryknowledge base on close relationships. On the other hand we propose that SDT couldand should be further enriched by broader system theoretical approaches. Therefore we outline theevolutionary theoretical principles of human agency as represented in Niche Construction Theoryand its applications in social sciences. While a complete theoretical integration exceeds the framesof a review, we draw a series of conclusions that may point in this direction.

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Nondual awareness and the state of samādhi in the context of the neurophenomenological research

Niedualna uważność a stan samādhi w kontekście badań neurofenomenologicznych

Author(s): Piotr Płaneta / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: meditation; dhyāna; nirbīja‐samādhi; classical Sāṁkhya‐Yoga; Theravada Buddhism; Tibetan Buddhism

The aim of this paper is to compare various meditative states, such as Buddhist dhyāna‐s, yogic nirbīja samādhi and nondual awareness (Tib. gñis‐med). The primary sour‐ ce texts I refere to are Yogasūtras of Patañjali, Ānāpānasmṛtisūtra (MN 118), Samādhisūtra (AN 41), The Tibetan Yogas of Dream and Sleep. I also discuss some relevant claims of contemporary empirical studies. First, I define the key terms used in Eastern meditation studies as well as in neurophenomenology, a contemporary method applied to examining the meditative states of mind, such as samādhi, dhyāna, and śamatha. Inspired by Shinzen Young, I distinguish three groups of meditative states that might be identified with nondual awareness. These three groups are: the second, the third and fourth Buddhist dhyāna being equivalent to nirvicāra samādhi and nirānanda samādhi in the classical Indian yoga; nirbīja samādhi and nondual awareness, typical to the Mahayāna contemplative traditions. I explain why we can recognize each of the above states as nondual awareness and how they differ from each other. Then, I make a comparison between meditation practice explained in Ānāpānasmṛtisūtra and nondual awareness presented in the Tibetan Buddhism. Besides, I discuss the above kinds of mental states in terms of recent neurophenomenological findings. While doing so, I am trying to demonstrate that our understanding of meditation can benefit from the empirical studies which help us to objective this kind of subjective experience, to some degree, if they are given an adequate place in our study.

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Treatments for Compulsive Buying: A systematic Review of the Quality, Effectiveness and Progression of the Outcome Evidence

Treatments for Compulsive Buying: A systematic Review of the Quality, Effectiveness and Progression of the Outcome Evidence

Author(s): Benjamin Hague,Jo Hall,Stephen Kellett / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

Keywords: compulsive buying disorder; effectiveness; treatments; meta-analysis; review;

This review appraises the progression and status of the evidence base for the treatment of compulsive buying disorder (CBD), in order to highlight what currently works and to prompt useful future research. Methods: Online databases ISI Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, and PubMed via Ovid were searched at two time points. Two quality checklists and an established model of therapy evaluation (hourglass model) evaluated the quality and progression of both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy treatments for CBD. Uncontrolled effect sizes were calculated and meta-regression analyses were performed regarding treatment duration. Results: A total of 29 articles met the inclusion criteria, which were divided into psychotherapy (n = 17) and pharmacotherapy treatments (n = 12). Of the 29 studies, only 5 studies have been tested under conditions of high methodological quality. Both forms of treatment had been evaluated in a haphazard manner across the stages of the hourglass model. Although large effects were demonstrated for group psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, such evidence of effectiveness was undermined by poor study quality and risk of publication bias. Long-term CBD treatment was associated with improved outcome with pharmacotherapy, but not when delivering psychotherapy. Discussion: Group psychotherapy currently appears the most promising treatment option for CBD. Poor methodological control and sporadic evaluation of specific treatments have slowed the generation of a convincing evidence base for CBD treatment. Defining the active ingredients of effective CBD treatment is a key research goal.

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NEW ASPECTS OF THE FORMING OF OUR SUBJECTIVE REALITY AND AIMING OUR GOALS: THE ENCOUNTER OF QUANTUM PHYSICS, PSYCHOLOGY AND THEOLOGY

SZUBJEKTÍV REALITÁSUNK FORMÁLÁSÁNAK ÉS CÉLJAINK ELÉRÉSÉNEK ÚJ ASPEKTUSAI: A KVANTUMFIZIKA, PSZICHOLÓGIA ÉS A TEOLÓGIA TALÁLKOZÁSA

Author(s): Mónika Krasznay / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: conscience; material world; creation of reality; quantum physics; theology; pastoral care.

New Aspects of the Forming of Our Subjective Reality and Aiming Our Goals: the Encounter of Quantum Physics, Psychology and Theology. We intend to deal with the area of the new science of the 20th century, about the world and human consciousness, and revolutionary new statements about the possibilities of interaction of them which theories and discoveries are also relevant to the theology. The findings were emerged by quantum physics place our existing knowledge about world, human conscience in entirely new lightning, pointing to the possibilities of forming our life more consciously, and the responsibility of human in relation to his life. For theology, pastoral psychology it inevitably raises questions of prayer, meditation, contemplation, the narrower and broader sense of faith, faith and belief systems, desires, goals to achieve mental, psychological (thoughts, visualization, self-emptying) aspects.

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Psychotherapeutic methods and techniques using a self-distanced perspective

Metody i techniki psychoterapeutyczne wykorzystujące autodystansowanie

Author(s): Anna Tylikowska,Renata Żurawska-Żyła / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2017

Keywords: autodystansowanie; dystans psychologiczny; metody psychoterapeutyczne; techniki psychoterapeutyczne; psychoterapia poznawczo-behawioralna

Autodystansowanie jest przyjmowaniem szczególnej perspektywy wobec własnych doświadczeń, umożliwiającej człowiekowi obserwowanie ich „z odległości”, czy też z pozycji „muchy na ścianie”. Coraz liczniejsze badania wykazują, że zdystansowane spostrzeganie własnych myśli i emocji, przeciwstawiane „zanurzaniu się” w nich, ma pozytywne skutki poznawcze, emocjonalne i behawioralne – pozwala na rekonstruowanie niefunkcjonalnych schematów poznawczych oraz obniżanie reaktywności emocjonalnej, umożliwiające podejmowanie bardziej adaptacyjnych zachowań. Artykuł prezentuje całościowe metody oraz konkretne techniki psychoterapeutyczne aktywizujące autodystansowanie: terapię ustalonej roli, dramaterapię, technikę dwóch krzeseł, terapię narracyjną, terapie oparte na uważności oraz terapię metapoznawczą. Potwierdzona skuteczność niektórych metod i technik opartych na uzyskiwaniu i utrwalaniu dystansu wobec własnych doświadczeń może stanowić inspirację do empirycznego testowania tych, które nie zostały jeszcze przebadane, oraz do tworzenia i testowania nowych.

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Mentalizing and its role as a mediator in the relationship between childhood experiences and adult functioning: exploring the empirical evidence

Mentalizing and its role as a mediator in the relationship between childhood experiences and adult functioning: exploring the empirical evidence

Author(s): Heather Beth MacIntosh / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2013

Keywords: mediation; mentalizing; attachment; psychotherapy; psychoanalytic;

The introduction of the concept of mentalizing into psychoanalytic discourse has provided researchers with an important tool for beginning to understand the mechanisms mediating the relationships between childhood experiences and later psychological functioning. Researchers have made strong statements regarding the strength of this mediational relationship in their movement toward the building of novel and efficacious intervention approaches. The goal of this systematic review was to critically examine the empirical evidence for these statements. Five unique studies were identified that assessed the relationships between the variables of attachment and/or childhood adversity, mentalizing and adult functioning. Some preliminary evidence for the role of mentalizing as an important mediator variable was identified. However, researchers were cautioned to continue to engage in further empirical study to ensure that theoretical explorations do not overstate or move too far beyond the empirical research findings.

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Psychotherapists Awareness and Possible Negative Psychotherapy Outcomes: Problem Sources and Solutions

Psikoterapistlerin Farkındalığı ve Olası Olumsuz Psikoterapi Sonuçları: Sorun Kaynakları ve Çözüm

Author(s): İ. Volkan Gülüm / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 13/2018

Keywords: psychotherapy outcome; therapeutic alliance; mindfulness; outcome monitoring;

This study aims to summarize studies related to psychotherapy trainees’ and psychotherapy experts’ awareness on the process of psychotherapy, specifically the process those have potential for causing a negative psychotherapy outcome. In this scope, this study also aims to provide some insights and methods to increase awareness related to psychotherapy process. There are three possible negative outcomes of psychotherapy: dropout, no change, and deterioration. Psychotherapists’ low awareness level skin to these results can be considered as a risk factor. Dropping out from a psychotherapy process is a negative phenomenon for patients, psychotherapists, institutions which treatments take place. Similarly, no change and deterioration are also negative phenomenon especially for the patients. In the scope of this study firstly possible sources of these negative consequences will be presented and latter some insights and methods related to increase psychotherapists’ awareness will be discussed. In this context, outcome monitoring, mindfulness based application, and therapeutic alliance focused trainings and interventions will be covered.

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Primarly obssesional obsessive compulsive disorder or Pure O: Meaning and clinical picture

Primarno opsesivni tip opsesivno kompulzivnog poremećaja ili čiste opsesije: procjena i klinička slika

Author(s): Maja Misira Rašić / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 5/2019

Keywords: obsessive compulsive disorder;pure obsessions;assessment of OCD;mental rituals

The main goal of this review is to present one of the special forms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (hereafter will be abbreviated as OCD) diagnosis, which has still been a subject of discussion among psychologists and its official qualification does not exist. We will try to elucidate more precisely this type of primarily obsessional disorder. For the treatment of the patient to be deemed successful, a thorough evaluation and an established diagnosis of the disorder is of utmost importance. A thorough evaluation of the compulsive disorder can be established by evidence of visible and clear compulsive behaviors or rituals, upon which a diagnosis can be reached and further treatment planned. However, there are individuals that do not exhibit visible compulsive behaviors, yet they suffer from obsessions, but their compulsions are internalized. This apparent absence of certain behaviors can be misleading to therapists and drive them to seek further diagnoses all the while losing the effectiveness of the patient’s current treatment. Namely, individuals with primarily obsessive type of OCD are often misunderstood, inappropriately evaluated and diagnosed, and treated incorrectly. With careful evaluation, we almost always encounter compulsive behaviors that are specific to mental rituals which the therapists and patient’s surroundings do not always recognize as compulsive behaviors in said patient. Mental rituals in patients can be mistaken for memory tracing, mental reassurance, quiet or internalized phrase repetitions or prayers, while those said patients are actually trying to neutralize obsessions, admit to existing obsessions, or constantly ruminating on obsessions. Some of the frequent types of obsessions that patients with OCD exhibit are: thoughts of hurting oneself or others, dwelling thoughts on sexual orientation or sexual activities, doubts about choosing romantic partner and pursuing relationships, thoughts about religion or existentialism also known as philosophical OCD. Despite the contradictory opinions of the psychologist, I think knowing this disorder sub-type leads to better understanding of the patient and improvement of the therapist’s work, as well as to increased therapy success. Thus, the conclusion of this review is that more attention and research should be directed towards permanent definition and recognition of this OCD aspect

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Linguistic images of modern parenthood on parenting websites

Linguistic images of modern parenthood on parenting websites

Author(s): Anna Wileczek / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2019

Keywords: contemporary parenthood images; parenting; parenting websites

Contemporary socio-cultural transformations of family life can be observed in the area of non-specialist parental discourse in terms of both modern parenthood and the celebration of childhood. The new quality in the experience and creation of parenthood is noticeable especially in the communication performed with the help of Web 2.0 tools (which are currently among the most important platforms for the exchange of particularly valued “unscientific” – experience, because it is based on empirical knowledge). Internet messages (entries, posts, comments) create an involved parenting and glorify a small child as a subject of parental efforts in the context of post-hierarchical relationships, but they also serve to profile communities gathered around a superior idea or topic (e.g. eco-mum, modern mother, fitmum, dad in the city, dad at work, etc.). They also endorse the principle of the aestheticisation of everyday life, the messages are filled with linguistic humour and expose a non-standard way of thinking, matching perfectly the main trends of postmodern communication.

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The Turkish adaptation of Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire and its psychometric properties

Çok Boyutlu Yaşantısal Kaçınma Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması ve psikometrik özellikleri

Author(s): Jülide Ceren Yıldırım,Başak Bahtiyar / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire; validity; reliability; factor analysis;

The aim of the current study was to adapt the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire, which allows to assess various experiential avoidance strategies, into Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties in a non-clinical sample. The study was carried out with 407 volunteer participants (281 female and 126 male) between the ages of 18 and 40 years. In this study, Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, Cognitive Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised, Positive and Negative Affect Scale and Flourishing Scale were administered to the participants. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed that Turkish version of the scale included 59 items along 5 dimensions, named as Avoidance, Distraction/Suppression, Distress Endurance, Procrastination and Repression/ Denial. Total scale and its subscales demonstrated good internal consistencies. In terms of the validity properties, Turkish version of the scale was significantly correlated with psychological inflexibility, mindfulness, psychological wellbeing, also positive and negative affect in expected directions. Additionally, regression analysis indicated that different experiential avoidance strategies predicted psychological wellbeing above and beyond existing measures of psychological inflexibility and mindfulness. Overall findings of the study demonstrated that Turkish version of the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to assess different forms of experiential avoidance.

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Contemporary Self-Help Literature: An Analysis From the Perspective of Governementality Studies

Savremena literatura za samopomoć: jedna analiza iz perspektive studija upravljanja

Author(s): Milan A. Urošević / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 4/2020

Keywords: self-help literature; Foucault; neoliberalism; technologies of the self; subjectivity; governmentality studies

In this paper we will be analyzing contemporary self-help literature through the lens of what is usually called “governmentality studies”. These studies originate in the thought of Michel Foucault therefore we will begin our paper by presenting his theoretical framework for analyzing governmentality. The concept of the “dispositif” will be explained as a network of power relations aimed at governing individuals. “Subjection” is a concept we wil be using and it will be explained as a process of making individuals a part of a dispositif. Also the concept of “subjectivity” will be used, defined as a relation that an individual has with himself through which he governs himself and the concept of “technologies of the self” defined as a set of discourses through which subjectivity is formed. Our idea is to research contemporary self-help literature as a technology of the self through which an individual governs himself according to the rules of a certain dispositif therefore. In the next part of our paper we will present the context of our research which will be described as a change in governmentality regimes in the second half of the twentieth century. We will present that change as a transition from a disciplinary regime of governemntality to the neoliberal regime. In the next part of our paper we will define self-help literature as a discursive technology of the self that aims at getting its readers to see themselves as having a problem that requires them to transform themselves and therefore achieve happiness. Next we will present a short history oh self-help literature dividing it into three phases that differ in the relation authors have to their readers and in the figure of the big other whose ideas the authors claim to represent. We will claim that our object of research is the third period of the development of self-help literature beginning in the eighties. Next we will present our research that will be conducted by using Foucaults’s theoretical discourse developed in the second volume of his History of Sexuality. We will conclude that contemporary self-help literature can be seen as a technology of the self that transforms the reader’s subjectivity in order to make them govern themselves as autonomous subjects that seek to fulfill their innermost desires. Therefore we will claim that contemporary self-help literature can bee seen as a technology of the self of the neoliberal governmentality regime.

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Emotion Regulation and Reflections on Psychiatric Nursing

Emotion Regulation and Reflections on Psychiatric Nursing

Author(s): Mahire Olcay Çam,Gülsenay Taş / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: Emotion; emotion theories; emotion regulation; psychiatric nursing;

It is not possible for the human being who experiences many emotions and gives meaning to these emotions for a day, to live a life away from experiencing emotions. A thought of not seeing the person we love with us, seeing our parents and even touching any object causes an emotion to appear. The adventure of defining and making sense of emotion from the earliest ages to the present day continues today. When emotion is evaluated as processes that provide adaptation by shaping human behavior, excesses seen in emotion are evaluated as diseases, and the needs of individuals to understand, live, sustain and stop emotions are gathered under the concept of emotion regulation. This concept does not only concern psychiatric nurses closely for the clinics in which they work, but it is also an answer to the needs and regulations of their own feelings. For this reason, the aim of this review is to evaluate the concept of emotion regulation from the emotion theories and evaluate its reflections on psychiatric nursing.

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A Current Concept in Positive Psychology: Compassion Satisfaction

Pozitif Psikolojide Güncel Bir Kavram: Merhamet Doyumu

Author(s): Eşref Nas / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: positive psychology; compassion; compassion satisfaction;

Compassion means that an individual recognizes suffering and difficulties experienced by own and other people, and takes action to alleviate them. In recent years, compassion has been examined in the field of positive psychology as well as education and health. Compassion satisfaction is one of the concepts discussed in the literature as related to compassion. Compassion satisfaction is positive emotions that a person feels while helping or caring for someone else or other living things. In this review study, it is aimed to include the concept of compassion satisfaction in Turkish literature and to raise awareness of compassion satisfaction. For this purpose, the foreign literature was reviewed and several studies were examined. Based on them, compassion satisfaction was defined. Also, it was stated that compassion satisfaction might differ from person to person and people’s compassion satisfaction might sometimes decrease. The benefits of compassionate satisfaction and the characteristics of people with high compassion satisfaction were discussed. Moreover, practices recommended to increase compassion satisfaction were mentioned. The conceptual model of compassion satisfaction was presented and the scales about compassion satisfaction were explained. In conclusion part, the general lines of the study were summarized and some suggestions about compassion satisfaction were offered.

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Relaxation techniques during physical education classes and the choice of anti-stress coping strategies of girls in upper secondary school

Techniki relaksacyjne podczas lekcji wychowania fizycznego a wybór strategii radzenia sobie ze stresem przez uczennice szkoły ponadgimnazjalnej

Author(s): Anna Urbańska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: coping with stress strategy; relaxation technique; upper secondary school;

The primary aim of the study was to find whether and to what extent physical education classes using relaxation techniques compared to traditional classes influence the stress coping strategies of an experimental group. The experiment involved 182 girls aged 16-18 from a secondary school in Wrocław. The participants were divided into 2 groups: experimental (122 persons) and control (60 persons). In both pre-tests and posttests, a research tool was used to assess stress coping strategies – a questionnaire entitled “How Do You Cope”? Analysis of the results showed that physical education classes using relaxation techniques, compared to traditional lessons, had a positive impact on the stress coping strategies of the analyzed group. Participants from the experimental group used better strategies of dispositional coping with stress in particularly difficult situations compared to participants from the control group.

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The Connection of Anxiety, Depression and Stress with Resilience and Sleep Quality During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Povezanost anksioznosti, depresije i stresa sa rezilijencijom i kvalitetom spavanja kod studenata tokom pandemije COVID-19

Author(s): Maida Koso-Drljević,Esma Čelenka,Nejla Omerović-Ihtijarević / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 18/2022

Keywords: COVID-19; depression; anxiety; stress; resilience; sleep quality;

During the 2020/2021 academic year, the working conditions of students during online classes, the levels of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and their correlations with resilience and sleep quality were examined on a sample of students from the University of Sarajevo (UNSA). The results of the research show that most students have satisfying working conditions from home, but also that a large number of them still feel fear and anxiety that something will happen to the internet connection or computer during online classes and exams. About 50% of students have increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, which are significantly in correlation with poorer sleep quality. Higher levels of resilience in students are correlated with lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress and better sleep quality. The level of student depression is a variable that is the best predictor in explaining the criterion variable quality of sleep.

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Therapists' attitudes towards the combined DMT and CBT treatment of children with anxiety disorders

Therapists' attitudes towards the combined DMT and CBT treatment of children with anxiety disorders

Author(s): Naomi Weitz,Adrian Opre / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Dance Movement Therapy; anxiety disorders; children; therapist’s attitudes;

Anxiety disorders (ADs) are common among children. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most well-established treatment, but ADs can also be treated using nonverbal-indirect approaches, using expressive arts therapies’ such as dance-movement therapy (DMT). However, DMT and CBT lean on distinct theoretical assumptions and therefore are inherently different. Nevertheless, during the last decade, combining these approaches has been becoming more common. The present quantitative study is the second part of a mixed-methods research which began with qualitative interviews (study 1, see Weitz & Opre, 2019a). The aim of the quantitative study was to investigate therapists’ attitudes towards the combined effect of DMT and CBT on the treatment of children with ADs (regarding the efficiency of the treatment, their own efficacy, and actual use). The research paradigm is a quantitative design. The sample included 99 therapists divided into three groups, defined according to their qualifications and practice: DMT-only (n = 35), CBT-only (n = 42), and DMT combined with CBT (DMT+CBT) (n = 22). As hypothesized, the findings indicated, that: DMT+CBT and/or DMT-only therapists perceived the combination of DMT and CBT as more efficient than CBT-only therapists; DMT+CBT and/or CBT-only therapists perceived their efficacy as higher than DMT-only therapists; DMT+CBT and/or DMT-only therapists reported greater use of the combined treatment as compared to CBT-only therapists.

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Psychological Factors Associated with Fibromyalgia and the Areas of Psychological Intervention

Fibromiyalji ile İlişkili Psikolojik Faktörler ve Psikolojik Müdahale Alanları

Author(s): Rumeysa Eda Kanık Tezcan,Özden Yalçınkaya Alkar / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Chronic pain; fibromyalgia; multidisciplinary treatments; psychological intervention;

Fibromyalgia is a musculoskeletal pain syndrome characterized with the presence of sensitive points and widespread chronic pain and restricts one’s daily life activities and decreases the quality of life. The etiology of fibromyalgia is unclear, but there are numerous hypotheses regarding the emergence and progression of the disease. Among these, the biopsychosocial model offers a holistic framework in which biological, psychological and social mechanisms play a role in the development of fibromyalgia. Since the etiology of the disease is not yet understood, effective methods for its treatment have not been found, thus, interventions aim to reduce the effect of fibromyalgia and increase psychological and physiological functionality. This article aims to examine the psychological intervention areas and methods for fibromyalgia patients. In the literature, it is concluded that pain avoidance beliefs and behaviors, self-efficacy, physical activity, sleep quality, self-compassion, emotional skills, coping strategies, personality, comorbid psychopathology are the factors related with the emergence of the disease, severity of pain, and adherence to treatment in fibromyalgia patients. In this context, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), physical exercises, sleep management Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), compassion focused psychotherapies, mindfulness based psychotherapies, emotion expression and emotion regulation techniques, and biofeedback are recommended as effective methods which can be included in the treatment plans of fibromyalgia patients. Moreover, considering the psychosocial factors in the assessment processes was essential to establish individualized treatment plans. In addition, the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in the treatment processes of fibromyalgia has been discussed within the framework of the biopsychosocial model.

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The effect of The Loving Kindness Meditation intervention on the level of self-criticism and self-compassion

Efekt intervencie The Loving Kindness Meditation na úroveň sebakritickosti a sebasúcitu

Author(s): Bronislava Strnádelová,Júlia Halamová,Andrea Snášelová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: self – criticism; self – compassion; intervention; Loving Kindness Meditation;

The study examines the effect of a 14-day online Loving kindness meditation (LKM) intervention on the level of self-criticism and self-compassion in a non-clinical sample. The original 120 participants were randomly divided into an experimental and control groups. Participants in the experimental group completed a 14-day LKM training, which focused on supporting kindness, compassion, and care for self and others. We studied the differences between the groups using the Forms of Self-Criticising and Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS) and the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). We administered the questionnaires three times, immediately before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 2 months after the intervention. We hypothetised that a participation in LKM would increase self-compassion and decrease self-criticism compared to a control group. We used nonparametric Brunner test in programme R to test the differences. We found that the participants after the LKM intervention showed significant decrease of self-criticism compared to the control group. This effect lasted for 2 months. However, we were not able to confirm the positive effect of the intervention on increasing the level of self-compassion, because the increased self-compassion score was also demonstrated in the control group, probably due to sensitization of the measurement and directing attention to self-compassion. The biggest benefit of our research is that even an online 14-day intervention without the direct involvement of a mental health professional can significantly reduce the level of self-criticism in a non-clinical sample, and this reduced level persists even after two months. Loving kindness meditation is therefore a promising intervention for those who tend to be critical of themselves and do not know how to cultivate compassion, and at the same time it is difficult for them for whatever reasons to seek professional help. There are two main limits of the research study: available sample and high attrition rate.

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