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Keywords (153)

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Authors (25)

  • Attila Simon (7)
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Publisher: Fórum Kisebbségkutató Intézet

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In Captivity of the Western Allies. From Upper Hungary to American, British and French Captivity
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In Captivity of the Western Allies. From Upper Hungary to American, British and French Captivity

Nyugati fogságban. Felvidékiek amerikai, brit és francia fogságban

Author(s): Zoltán Kőrös / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: oral history;world war II;detention camps;captivity;

The second book of Zoltán Kőrös is actually a continuation of his previous volume Muszkaföldön on prisoners of war in Russia. This time he presents interviews with soldiers and leventes (members of paramilitary youth organizations) from Upper Hungary forced during the last winter of World War II to the Third Reich where they were captured by the Western powers. Although not to such extent as war captives of the Soviets (not speaking about the dreadful fate of the Soviet soldiers in German captivity), the recallers were exposed to hunger, adverse weather conditions, diseases, and death also in the American, British, and especially in the French detention camps. In his large-volume introduction based on recalls, the author vivifies this world slowly passing into oblivion, and the roads leading to captivity. Both the captives and the captors are also touched on in the book, as well as the often burdensome, hindered return of the Hungarian captives to their homeland, to the towns and villages of the present South Slovakia. The main part of this publication is constituted of eight individual stories considered by the author as the most special, which describe to us the more or less forced journey of the captives to the Third Reich, until their return home.

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Collaboration Instead of Enmity. Historical Lessons from the Activities of Hungarian Intellectuals in Slovakia in the Interwar Period
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Collaboration Instead of Enmity. Historical Lessons from the Activities of Hungarian Intellectuals in Slovakia in the Interwar Period

Gyűlölködés helyett összefogás. Adalékok a két világháború közti csehszlovákiai magyar értelmiségi és diákmozgalmak történetéhez

Author(s): Imre Molnár / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: interwar Czechoslovakia;student movements;

The interviews in this volume have been produced by the oral history method based on individual life story telling. The primary objective of making them was to gain detailed impression on this forgotten form of the Hungarian minority´s social life in Czechoslovakia between the two world wars, as it had been experienced by the interviewees. They had not only recalled the past events so important from their point of view, but they also “commented” and supplemented them. During the interviews they spoke with strong feeling, reliving their stories with intense emotions, thus helping us gain a more direct, privileged insight into the micro-historical processes of the interwar period, and enabling us to recreate our concept about this historical moment, and assess its significance.Obviously, this does not mean that we could reasonably expect the recallers to objectively remember the past events in precise details. For this reason, besides readers interested in the topic, we recommend this book as a kind of source publication especially to historians dealing with the era. We believe that the period between the two world wars, and within that the history of the Hungarian youth movements, have many unexplored spots rich in values which certainly deserve further historical research. This book is about an almost forgotten part of history of the Hungarians in (Czecho)Slovakia and this, as such, could provide many good examples for the current generation of young people having taken responsibility for their national identity. The main actors of this volume have already become historical figures whose entirely different stories have one important thing in common: they all have devoted their lives to the service of the part of the Hungarian nation disintegrated from Hungary and annexed to (Czecho)Slovakia. And, they have largely remained steadfast in their youthful determination. As a legacy for posterity, they have left an excellent example of humanity, patriotism, and love for one´s nation. Will there be current followers of the past legendary generations?

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A Great Politician of Small Steps
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A Great Politician of Small Steps

Kis lépések nagy politikusa

Author(s): Attila Simon,László Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: interwar Czechoslovakia;politician;

József Szent-Ivány (1884–1941) was one of the most important personalities of politics, public life and cultural learning of Hungarians in Czechoslovakia of the interwar period. After his death in 1941, however, he was forgotten by historiography, and his name also disappeared from public consciousness. As a consequence, we do not really know the due weight and significance of József Szent-Ivány´s person and example in such detail and context as he would deserve it. This book endeavours to explore József Szent-Ivány´s career according to the present state of research, and it undertakes to add many, yet unknown or little known data, facts, and new dimensions about him, and also about the epoch.

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„The Price of Victory“. Abduction of Citizens from Slovakia and Neighbouring Countries to the USSR in 1944–1945
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„The Price of Victory“. Abduction of Citizens from Slovakia and Neighbouring Countries to the USSR in 1944–1945

Cena víťazstva. Odvlečenie obyvateľov z územia Československa, Maďarska a Poľska do Sovietskeho zväzu v rokoch 1944-1945

Author(s): / Language(s): Slovak

Keywords: abduction;world war II;labour camps;gulag;

This publication, the subject of which is the Gulag phenomenon and the mass abduction of citizens from Central Europe to Soviet labour camps, mostly consists of written versions of conference papers. The conference entitled „The Price of Victory“. Abduction of Citizens from Slovakia and Neighbouring Countries to the USSR in 1944–1945 was held in Košice on 24 November 2016, and its organizers—the Forum Minority Research Institute and the History Department of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice—invited experts on the theme from four countries (Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and Ukraine).

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Municipality-based Ethnic Composition of Slovakia´s Population According to the 1970 and 1980 Census Data
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Municipality-based Ethnic Composition of Slovakia´s Population According to the 1970 and 1980 Census Data

Szlovákia lakosságának községsoros nemzetiségi összetétele az 1970. évi és az 1980. évi népszámlálás adatai alapján

Author(s): László Gyurgyík / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Hungarians in Slovakia;census data;

The significance of the publication entitled Szlovákia lakosságának községsoros nemzetiségi összetétele az 1970. és az 1980. évi népszámlálás adatai alapján [Municipality-based Ethnic Composition of Slovakia´s Population According to the 1970 and 1980 Census Data] lies in the fact that the municipality-based data of the two censuses relating to the ethnicity of the population have not been published up to date. The interpretation of data is supported by an introductory study presenting a detailed analysis of the main features of the municipality-based ethnicity numbers from the 1970 and 1980 censuses. The appendix contains various indicators that help the reader compare census data while taking into account changes in settlement patterns in the years 1970, 1980 and 2011.

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Language Management and Language Problems
15.00 €

Language Management and Language Problems

Nyelvalakítás és nyelvi problémák

Author(s): István Lanstyák / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: language problem;Language Management Theory;problem management;language ideology; Hungarian speech community in Slovakia

The book contains a Foreword and 12 chapters based on studies published between 2009 and 2016. Their common denominator is the question of language problems from various aspects, the most important being the linguistic, the language ideological, the interventional and the general problem-managing aspect.The chapters are organized into four main topics. The first has the title Language Management and is an introduction into the world of language problems. It provides theoretical foundations for the question of language problems and language ideologies utilizing the Theory of Language Management. The second topic is entitled Types of Language Problems and is devoted to the language problems themselves. The main aim of their categorization is to enable the separation of the specific features of individual language problems from the features common to a whole group of language problems. This should enable both to get to know these problems better and to find the best ways of managing them. The third topic has the title The Ways of Managing Language Problems. It analyses the ways of dealing with various types of language problems including problems of proper names and problems concerning language standardization. The fourth topic is entitled Language Problems of the Hungarian Speech Community in Slovakia. It gives an overview of the most important language problems daily faced by the Hungarian minority community in Slovakia.

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We Were Just Standing There All in Tears. The Days of the First Vienna Award as Perceived by Contemporaries
18.00 €

We Were Just Standing There All in Tears. The Days of the First Vienna Award as Perceived by Contemporaries

Csak álltunk és sírtunk. Az első bécsi döntés napjai a kortársak szemével

Author(s): / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: First Vienna Award;diary;memoir;1938;Hungarians in Slovakia;

This book describes the daily life in southern Slovakia in the period of the decision made on the First Vienna Award and of its enforcement as reflected in contemporary texts (diaries, memoirs) and photographs. The volume contains 19 texts and is illustrated by about 180 photos reporting on the processes taking place in southern Slovakia in the autumn of 1938. These mainly reveal pre-war tention in the first days of the Munich Agreement, the expectations surrounding the Hungarian–Slovak border talks, and the delight of the Hungarian population living here over return to Hungary.

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European Identity
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European Identity

Európai identitás

Author(s): László Öllös / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: European identity;national identity;traditional sovereignty;globalization;inherence;

Citizen's identity in the modern states is made up of several components, not only of a single one. Therefore, the conception of European identity also must integrate several components of political mainstreams. And, behind them, there also must be different interpretations of society, as well as different images of man. The present state of Europe is a state of gradual lagging behind other regions of the world. Staying behind on national level, of course, cannot be a national interest, especially not in the age of globalization. Therefore, the real dilemma of European nations lies not in the maintenance of their traditional sovereignty or in their submission to the European Union. The real dilemma is whether they, standing together, will be able to overcome challenges of this age, or they will keep up the root causes of lagging behind.

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Memorials of Komárno in the Light of Political Turns and Regime Changes
25.00 €

Memorials of Komárno in the Light of Political Turns and Regime Changes

Komárom emlékjelei az államfordulatok és rendszerváltások tükrében

Author(s): Ilona, L. Juhász / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Memorials;political turns;sculptures;monuments;memory culture;

This book introduces memorials erected from the beginning to the present in the Slovakian part of Komárom (Komárno), situated on the left side of the Danube river. As the town changed hands several times during the 20th century, various political turns and ideological changes also affected memorials, in the sense that, upon the turns, new monuments were put up, the ones erected in the previous era were removed, and those removed were re-established again. The currently existing memorials are located in different places, some in a public space, some in a closed place (yard, garden, various buildings, etc.). In addition to the objects we can find in the town today, the book enumerates those that no longer exist or those having been planned but never completed. The memorials related to Judaism are discussed in a separate chapter. The volume includes a repository of memorials, as well as a rich appendix of newspaper articles related to some of the objects, occasionally showing the process of their establishment from idea to realization, and, many times, their removal and restoration. The appendix also contains ceremonial speeches given during inaugurations of the memorials and later commemorations of events they are linked to. These speeches reflect political turns and ideological changes the most. Many important events and constitutional changes related to the town can be traced through the history of memorials inaugurated in Komárom. Through their story, it is possible to recall the history of the town, as well as the decisive events concerning the fate of the Hungarians in Slovakia. The second volume of the book is currently under preparation, it will contain a repository of the memorials in the Hungarian (southern) part of Komárom, situated on the right bank of the Danube. The theoretical section will concern both volumes, and it will also include an analysis of the rites, celebrations, speeches, occasional poems, etc. related to each object.

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Language Use in a Bilingual Environment. Studies in the Field of Hungarian–Slovak Language Connections
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Language Use in a Bilingual Environment. Studies in the Field of Hungarian–Slovak Language Connections

Nyelvhasználat kétnyelvű környezetben. Tanulmányok a magyar–szlovák nyelvi kapcsolódások köréből

Author(s): Katalin Misad / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: multilingual societies;majority–minority language coexistence;Slovak–Hungarian language connections

The book on linguistics contains sixteen studies. The writings presenting the results of predominantly empirical research can be related to four research topics. The first theme is language policy, the content of which provides lessons not only for linguists, but also for those dealing with legal regulations of multilingual societies in general, including the majority–minority linguistic coexistence in Slovakia, and the contexts of taking advantage of the existing language rights. A further part of the studies deals with linguistic topics that attest to the specific reflection of linguistic relations in the linguistic system and induce a theoretical study of linguistics. The next research topic closely related to the previous one, is the presentation of the spelling level of Hungarian writing practice in Slovakia from different aspects. The fourth series of studies of the volume deals with the general problems of Hungarian-language education in Slovakia and with the specific problems of teaching Hungarian as a mother tongue in a minority status.

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Tonight We Are Leaving For the Front… Diaries and Memoirs of Second World War Prisoners from Upper Hungary
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Tonight We Are Leaving For the Front… Diaries and Memoirs of Second World War Prisoners from Upper Hungary

Ma este indulunk a frontra… Felvidékiek naplói és memoárjai a második világháborúból

Author(s): Zoltán Kőrös / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: war memoirs and diaries;oral history;World War II;Hungarian army;prisoners of war;Soviet military captivity;captives of the Western Allies;southern Slovakia

In his work, the author worked up the theme of the Second World War and the military captivity of people from southern Slovakia, which was annexed to the Kingdom of Hungary in November 1938. The source basis of the work is a selection of the most interesting war diaries and later written memoirs, which the author managed to collect during the past seven years of field research, some stories are supplemented by information from oral history interviews. It contains the experience of the generation of inhabitants of southern Slovakia who were most affected by the war—soldiers deployed on its battlefields. The war memoirs and diaries contained in the publication are a unique reflexion on the events at the time and offer an insight into the thoughts and emotions of their authors. The publication opens with a short introduction followed by the main part of the book, the memoirs and diaries themselves, which the author complemented with annotations. Specifically, these are the stories of six members of the Hungarian Armed Forces and one civilian. Two of them (Nándor Juszkó, József Kemény) were soldiers deployed on the Eastern Front, but most of them were forced to withdraw during the last months of the war to the territory of the Third Reich. Of course, their stories did not end on May 8, 1945, most of them fell into military captivity: the Soviet one (Nándor J uszkó), but most of all, into the captivity of the Western Allies. For each story, there is added a short biography of the originator of the diary or memoir. The publication also includes photos and samples of original war diaries or memoirs.

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"Against Our Will..." - Documents from the History of Hungarians in Czechoslovakia 1918-1992
25.00 €

"Against Our Will..." - Documents from the History of Hungarians in Czechoslovakia 1918-1992

"Akaratunk ellenére..." -Dokumentumok a csehszlovákiai magyarság történetéből 1918-1992

Author(s): / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: documents;history of Hungarians in Czechoslovakia;hungarian minority; history of 20th century;

In the year 2020, the Hungarian nation throughout the world commemorates the 100th anniversary of the Treaty of Trianon. As a result of the diktat designed with reference to the right of nations to self-determination, but at the same time defying this principle, not only the borders of Hungary were changed, but—against their will—one third of the Hungarian nation was driven into minority position, including the Hungarian population of Upper Hungary. The Treaty of Trianon, signed on 4th June 1920, thus provided a decisive contribution to the birth of the Hungarian minority community in the former Czechoslovakia, the present Slovakia.To date, no comprehensive monograph or collection of documents on the history of the Hungarian nation´s segment falling under Czechoslovakia has been published. This prompted the Forum Minority Research Institute to gather and present to readers in one volume the most important sources on the history of the Hungarian minority community now living in southern Slovakia, from the founding of the Czechoslovak state in 1918 until its dissolution in 1992.The size constraints did not, of course, allow the publication of all the documents considered important, so documents consisting of only a few lines on the one hand and the too voluminous ones on the other hand were left out of the volume. The published documents were selected in such a way that they provide a comprehensive picture of the history of the Hungarian minority community and present the most important issues of its seventy-five years existence within the Czechoslovak state. Some of the omitted documents are presented in the form of illustrations.The vast majority of the documents included in the collection come from the archives of Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Hungary, and partly from the contemporary Hungarian press in Czechoslovakia. Some of them have already been published in various collections of documents, but there are some among them which have been unknown not only to a wider readership, but also to historians. Most of the documents come from the most dramatic and hectic periods in the history of the Hungarian minority, i.e. the years following the formation of the Czechoslovak state, the period of the first Vienna Award, the years of post-World War II disenfranchisement, the Prague Spring and the regime change.The volume consists of five chapters, adapted to the general historical eras of Czechoslovakia. The first chapter contains documents on the First Republic, the second on the Slovak autonomy and the Slovak State, the third on the years after the Second World War, the fourth on the decades of the communist dictatorship, and the fifth on the years between the regime change and the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Each document is preceded by the place and time of its origin, followed by a brief introduction to interpret and place the document in historical context. The documents are followed by references indicating their current location. At the end of the collection, there is a selected bibliography containing the most important pieces of academic literature on the history of Hungarians in Czechoslovakia.

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The Historical Chronology of Hungarians in (Czecho)Slovakia in the Period of 1914–1945
19.00 €

The Historical Chronology of Hungarians in (Czecho)Slovakia in the Period of 1914–1945

A (cseh)szlovákiai magyarság történeti kronológiája 1914–1945

Author(s): Gyula Popély / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: (Czecho)Slovakia;1914–1945;Hungarians in Czechoslovakia;hungarian multiparty system in Czechoslovakia

The Historical Chronology of Hungarians in (Czecho)Slovakia in the Period of 1914–1945 is a result of many years, or rather, many decades of research work by the author, Gyula Popély. It also fits well into the portfolio of the Forum Minority Research Institute, as it complements and forms a unified whole with the chronology by Árpád Popély, published by the institute in 2006, which processed the history of Hungarians in Czechoslovakia between 1944 and 1992. The present volume brings closer to the reader the first two periods of the history of Hungarians in Slovakia in the form of factual descriptions in chronological order: the history of the years between 1914 and 1938, and between 1938 and 1945. The volume has been divided by the author into five structural parts. The descriptions of the first thematic and temporal unit show the path of Hungarians leading to the position of a national minority, starting from the outbreak of the First World War to the signing of the Treaty of Trianon. This section deals with, among others, the formation and establishment of the Czechoslovak statehood, the peace conference, the period of the Soviet Republic of Hungary, and the conclusion of the Trianon peace. The second chapter of the volume is entitled The Hungarian Multiparty System in Czechoslovakia (1920–1936). Measured in time, this is the book’s most voluminous and least dramatic part. It shows how the Hungarians fit into the Czechoslovak state and how they fought their political struggle with the Czechoslovak state power. The third structural part is entitled Under the Flag of the United Provincial Christian Socialist Party and Hungarian National Party (1936–1938) and covers the events of the period from the formation of the United Hungarian Party to the first Vienna Award, assigned to specific dates. It is a chronicle of a serious time of crisis, at the end of which the majority of Hungarians in Slovakia became citizens of Hungary again as a result of the first Vienna Award. The fourth chapter only covers the events of just over 6 months, in essence, the period of Slovak autonomy. This and the next chapter—which is a coverage of the period from March 1939 to the spring of 1945—present in parallel the life of Hungarians left in Slovakia and those who, as a result of the First Vienna Award, became nationals of Hungary. It is a chronicle of a tragic era when events such as the devastation by World War II and the tragedy of the Holocaust frame the story.The volume is closed with a personal name and place name index.

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The Heart of Gemer. Studies on the Folk Religiosity of Gemer in Southern Slovakia
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The Heart of Gemer. Studies on the Folk Religiosity of Gemer in Southern Slovakia

Gömör szíve. Tanulmányok a dél-szlovákiai Gömör népi vallásosságáról

Author(s): Annabella Gecse / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Hungarians in Slovakia; ethnography;Catholic regions;folk religiosity;small sacral relics;spiritual folk songs;parishioners

This work is a publication of the results of a research that was undertaken with the support of the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in the period between 2011 and 2014. During my research, I examined the 20th century folk religiosity of nine Hungarian villages in southern Slovakia: Abafalva (Abovce), Baraca (Barca), Cakó (Cakov), Füge (Figa), Méhi (Včelince), Rimaszécs (Rimavská Seč), Sajószentkirály (Kráľ), Uzapanyit (Uzovská Panica), and Velkenye (Vlkyňa). The area is one of the Catholic regions of the ethnically, linguistically and religiously mixed Gemer, mostly in a Protestant environment.In the introductory chapter of my work, I interpret the concept of folk religiosity and religious ethnography with an overview of academic literature, and then—also with previous research results—I outline the important features of the research area. I divided the folk religiosity of the nine villages into two large units by village. I presented a picture of the folk religiosity of the first half of the 20th century on the basis of records deposited with the Episcopal Archives in Rožňava. As far as possible, I analyzed the data, which developed mostly from Hungarian, and to a lesser extent Slovak, documents on the basis of the same aspects, I tried to capture the relationship and dialogue of the “official” church, the perception of religious practitioners and parishioners and cantors of each other. Specific data for this interpretation were provided by the conflict situations: the two world wars, the expulsions and resettlements, the population exchange, and finally the constraint of the churches after the Second World War. The researchability of ecclesiastical archival sources ends in the early 1950s, so I have expanded the interpretation of the concept of “religiosity of today” from this period to the present day. I obtained data on the folk religiosity of the other time unit by village through field research, ethnographic collecting and participant observation. In the process, I was able to capture the image of the examined villages about each other, and also the characteristics that serve as the basis of the opinions. By analyzing these, the interpretation of the data obtained by the two methods ends. Subsequently, I compiled the archival sources in a separate chapter entitled Data Archive, particularly due to the relatively difficult access to the Episcopal Archives in Rožňava. Here, too, I arranged the documents by village, sometimes only describing their content, but most of the time I published the texts literally, in their entirety, from the analysis of which chapters dealing with the first half of the 20th century were composed. During the field research, I prepared a survey of small sacral relics in all villages. The photographic, measured drawing and text presentation of these forms the next chapter of my work, I have edited the descriptions, drawings and photographs of slightly more than fifty roadside crosses and sculptures into a data repository based on uniform aspects. Finally, for two full years, 2011 and 2012, I compiled the annual order of the spiritual folk songs performed at the Sunday and festive masses in Baraca. In the second year, I also filmed about 50 hours of mass. These recordings are available in the book using QR codes.In the course of my work, the strongest characteristics of the folk religiosity of the examined villages had unfolded. Archival sources provided data on what is the basis of the image of a village in the others. As much as I got a colourful picture of the first half of the 20th century, it is so much common the most defining feature of the religiosity of today. In all villages it could be proved that the official ecclesiastical persons have a much smaller influence on the practice of religion than the so-called laymen, who in all cases are local members of the community (unlike parishioners), native Hungarian speakers (often unlike parishioners) and key persons in religious life. These key people are often amateur cantors, ecclesiastical omnivores in one person, who still keep up the repertoire of folk songs, eulogies, the order of ceremonies, and forms of religious conduct of the 1940s.

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The Book of God in Ordinary Language. Bible Translation Studies
12.00 €

The Book of God in Ordinary Language. Bible Translation Studies

"Az Istennek könyve közönséges nyelven". Tanulmányok a bibliafordításról

Author(s): István Lanstyák / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: translation; Hungarian language; New Testament; revisions;relevance theory;

This monograph is one of the results of more than twenty years of research, especially in the field of translation studies (traductology), but also partly in the field of language problem management and problem management in general, which gives this work an interdisciplinary character. The individual chapters of the monograph are based primarily on research that has taken place in the last eight years (since 2013), in which the author addressed both theoretical issues of translation of the New Testament and empirical research, the source of which was older and newer translations of the New Testament into Hungarian language and their revisions. In one of the chapters, the author also used the results of his research in the field of language problem management and problem management in general. The main theoretical goal of the author's research was and is to contribute to the application of the relevance theory developed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in the 1980s to the translation of the Bible into Hungarian, but also to revisions of existing translations. An important aspect of this research is considering the problems of translation (more precisely the problems of the translation process, but also those of the perception of translation) as a management of language problems, based on the language management theory developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Jiří Neustupný and Björn Jernudd. The most important practical goal of the research was and is to provide technical assistance to translators and other professionals involved in the revision of older translations (especially, but not exclusively) of the Bible through the analysis of the management process or various translation solutions, and also to help ensure that newer translations, as well as revisions of older ones, are detached from traditional approaches based on either the so-called formal, or the so-called dynamic (functional) equivalence and approach the translations or revisions from the perspective of the relevance theory, using also relevant knowledge from the field of language problem management and various theories of problem management. The monograph consists of four thematic blocks. In the first, the author synthesizes his research in the field of language problem management and applies it to translation in general, with special regard to translation of the Bible. The second block is devoted to various translation issues of a theoretical nature. In the third block, the author deals with the most important and most recognized translation of the Bible into Hungarian, the translation of Gáspár Károli from 1590 and its subsequent revisions until the most recent one, which was published in 2011. The last thematic block deals with the issue of different types of translations of the Bible into Hungarian intended for different groups of readers, as well as with strategies for achieving diversity in the process of revising existing translations. The monograph also contains a preface, a bibliography and other references. The target audience of the monograph is both translation experts––traductologists and translators (not only of the Bible), as well as other experts who participate in the revision of existing translations. In addition, the monograph can also serve as additional teaching material for students of bachelor's, master's and doctoral translation studies. As the monograph combines a theoretical approach and practical issues in language problem management that occur in the translation process and the perception of translation, it can contribute to the improvement of new translations and revisions of the Bible into the Hungarian language.

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The Ethnic Composition of Slovakia's Municipalities, Based on the Data of the 1950 census
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The Ethnic Composition of Slovakia's Municipalities, Based on the Data of the 1950 census

Szlovákia lakosságának községsoros nemzetiségi és felekezeti összetétele az 1950. évi népszámlálás adatai alapján

Author(s): László Gyurgyík / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: census; nationality; settlement; ethnic structure; diaspora

The monography examines the ethnic population data of the census 1950 in Czechoslovakia. Data sets for this census could not be analyzed previously because the data have only recently become available. Besides the data of the six nationalities of Slovakia (Czechs, Slovaks, Russians, Poles, Hungarians, Germans), the ethnic data series contain data of other and unknown nationalities. In our book, we examine the nationality data by administrative units (regions, districts), the size of settlements, the proportion and number of nationalities living in settlements. We examine the changes of the aggregate data of the majority and minority nationalities, as well as the changes of each nationality separately. Based on the analyzed data, the patterns of the ethnic structure of the nationalities in Slovakia emerge at the time of the first census after World War II. Graphs and tables help the cognition of the settlement structure of each nationality in a more nuanced way.

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Academy of Law in Bratislava 1777–1914
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Academy of Law in Bratislava 1777–1914

A Pozsonyi Jogakadémia története (1777-1914)

Author(s): Veronika Keresztes / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Royal Academy; Pressburg (Bratislava); education; language of instruction; school laws; teachers

The origins of the Academy in Bratislava date back to 1777, when one of the five royal academies in Hungary was established in Trnava (Hungarian: Nagyszombat) on the basis of the Ratia Educationis. Instruction at the Royal Academy began in November 1777. The Academy was given some of the buildings of the former University of Trnava and former professors of the university were appointed as teachers. The Academy was only active for a very short period of time, already in 1783 it was decided to move it to Bratislava. The Royal Academy was moved to Bratislava (Hungarian: Pozsony) in the spring of 1784 and was located in the former convent of the Poor Clares. Instruction began there as early as 17 May 1784. However, the transportation of the library, archives, classrooms, and the equipment of the Academy's church continued in the following years.The Royal Academy was under the direct supervision of the director general of the Bratislava school district, who often chaired the Academy´s congress. The immediate head of the academy was the director, referred to in sources as the prodirector. From 1777 until 1850, instruction at the Academy was conducted in accordance with the school regulations Ratio Educationis of 1777 and Ratio Educationis of 1806. There were two faculties of philosophy and law. Studies at both lasted two years. Successful completion of the philosophical faculty was a prerequisite for studying at the law faculty. The aim of the royal academies from their foundation in 1777 was not only to prepare students for further university education, but primarily to prepare them for practice—for their work in state, public and local administration, in the judiciary, and in the administration of landed estates.The changes that took place after the revolution of 1848/49, the centralist aspirations of the Viennese court, had a significant impact on education in Hungary. The school reform "Entwurf der Organisation der Gymnasien und Realschulen in Oesterreich" issued in 1849 directly influenced the teaching process in the Hungarian royal academies. It came into force in Hungary in the school year 1850/51. Under this school reform, the study of philosophy in the academies ceased to exist and became part of the extended, 8-year grammar schools. The academies provided education only in the field of law and were renamed Imperial Royal Law Academies. Their operation was regulated by a decree of the Ministry of Culture and Education of 1850. The Imperial Royal Academy of Law in Bratislava was moved in 1850 from the convent of the Poor Clares to the former residence of the Jesuits on Kapitulská Street. The academy was headed by a director. The study of law was conducted from 1850 in two years. In 1855, the study was extended to three years and a fixed study schedule was established.The school year 1850/51 also brought significant personnel changes for the Bratislava Academy of Law. Although German became a compulsory language of instruction at the law academies only in 1855, it had been the preferred language of instruction at the Bratislava Law Academy since the school year 1850/51. However, German caused problems for many students and ultimately contributed to a reduced interest in studying.The changes that took place after the issuance of the October Diploma in 1860 also affected the law academies. The Academy in Bratislava was renamed the Royal Academy of Law in Bratislava. Hungarian became the language of instruction again in the summer semester of the 1860/61 school year. German-speaking teachers were replaced by Hungarian-speaking teachers. Many subjects focusing on Austrian law and Austrian administration were replaced by subjects that were useful for the administration of Hungary. The renewed interest of young people in studying at law academies was due in no small part to the fact that from 1861 the doctorate in law, which could only be obtained at university, was no longer a prerequisite for many professions.In 1874, the study of law in law academies and law lyceums was reformed in accordance with the Regulation of the Ministry of Culture and Education No. 12917. The Law Academy in Bratislava changed its name to the Faculty of Legal and Political Sciences. The study of law was extended to four years. After completing the first two years, students could choose whether they wished to study law or political science first, and from which field they wished to take the state examination. However, even the reform of 1874 did not solve the problems that accompanied the teaching of law in law academies and lyceums. Their disadvantaged position vis-à-vis the universities was reflected in the steady decline in interest in studying in the academies. In Bratislava, from the school year 1875/76, there was also an independent faculty of philosophy alongside the faculty of law and political science, but the low interest in studies caused its dissolution (merger with the faculty of law and political science) as early as 1882. Teachers of the Law Academy, as well as representatives of the city, sought a solution to improve legal education in Bratislava in the establishment of a university, and in the last quarter of the 19th century they took active steps in this matter. However, economic and personnel shortcomings did not favour the establishment of a new university for a long time. The decision to establish a university in Bratislava was taken in 1912. The Elizabethan University was a direct continuation of the activities of the Law Academy in Bratislava. The Academy of Law in Bratislava ceased to exist in the school year 1913/14. The study of law at the Elizabethan University began in the school year 1914/15.The Academy of Law in Bratislava was an important part of the social, cultural, and political life of the city. Its students were actively involved in various religious and secular celebrations, in the 1840s they were part of pro-reform political manifestations, they took part in charity collections and were active in educational and charitable associations.The daily life of the students was regulated by the school laws, which were announced publicly in the presence of all students at the beginning of each semester. The school laws in force at the Bratislava Academy are preserved in sources from 1798. With minor changes, they remained in force until 1850. Violations of school rules were widespread at the Bratislava Academy in the first half of the 19th century, the most frequent offences being neglecting religious services and visiting forbidden places (taverns, taprooms, cafés, theatres...). The students of the Academy often came into conflict with the local population and their disturbances were dealt with by the town council. After 1850, with the decline in the number of students attending the academy and the impact of the strict police regime, student offences were minimised. After 1860, the school laws did not interfere as much in the personal and social life of the students as before 1850. They concentrated only on their behaviour at school and the fulfilment of their school duties. They interfered only to a minimal extent in their personal life and behaviour in their free time—outside the classroom.The Bratislava Academy of Law was one of the most sought after and best attended institutions providing legal education in Hungary for almost the entire period of its existence. Many eminent personalities worked here, many teachers later also worked at universities or held important secular or ecclesiastical ranks.

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They Sent Me and I Went. That’s All!
17.00 €

They Sent Me and I Went. That’s All!

Küldtek és mentem. Ennyi az egész!

Author(s): Mihály Borsos / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Mihály Borsos (1910–1974); fiction; Christian literature; short novel; short stories; poems; village chronicle

This volume is the last, third part of the series collecting the legacy of Mihály Borsos, which publishes the author's fiction and sociographic-biographical writings. The book arranges Borsos' fiction in several genre-thematic groups, following a chronological order. His short stories are followed by a short novel and a draft village chronicle of Ipolykiskeszi (Malé Kosihy), all in chronological order. Mihály Borsos was a master of the word, both of the living spoken language and of writing. How could he be otherwise, since everyday practice polished his speech and writing.

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In the Shadow of the Double Cross
17.00 €

In the Shadow of the Double Cross

A kettős kereszt árnyékában

Author(s): Tamás Lang / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Slovakia; 1938–1945; persecution of Jews; Holocaust; anti-Jewish laws; deportations; survivors' ordeals; difficulties of reintegration

This book presents the background, course, and consequences of the Holocaust in Slovakia. Slovakia was the only country in Europe that voluntarily used its own resources to deport Slovak Jews to the death camps, while paying the German Reich for every Jew deported. The author draws on archival and contemporary press sources, as well as on the literature on the subject, to describe this process, while at the same time also touching on its Hungarian aspects. When describing the tragedy of Slovak Jewry, he does not confine himself to the end of the war, but also addresses the question of the reintegration of the surviving Jews into society and the resurgence of anti-Jewish sentiment in Slovakia after the war.

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Identity and Grants Policies, Cultural Consumption and Media Use
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Identity and Grants Policies, Cultural Consumption and Media Use

Identitás- és támogatáspolitikák, kulturális fogyasztás és médiahasználat

Author(s): / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Slovakia;Hungarians;culture;identity policy;grants policy;cultural consumption;broadcasting in minority languages;media consumption

The five studies in this volume present the Hungarian cultural field in Slovakia from different perspectives. The first paper, by Zsófia Nagy, highlights the links between culture and identity politics, pointing out that culture does not exist in isolation, but is in constant dialogue with politics. The fact that (cultural) politics does not only shape culture symbolically is demonstrated by András Morauszki's study on the evolution of the system of cultural subsidies and the structure of the actors applying for them. The third study, by Marianna Mrva, approaches the cultural field from the point of view of the next important factor in cultural life: the audience. It highlights the social inequalities that lie behind cultural consumption practices. The focus then shifts to the media. Dóra Mierka's paper describes the situation of public service media in Slovakia, including broadcasting in the languages of minorities. This is followed by Zsuzsanna Lampl's study on the 50 years of media consumption by Hungarians in Slovakia, presenting a range of data never published before.

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