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Publisher: Özgür Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti.

Result 41-60 of 89
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Studies on Economic and Financial Policies
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Studies on Economic and Financial Policies

Ekonomi ve Finans Politikaları Üzerine Çalışmalar

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish,English

Keywords: Economics; Financial Policies; Turkey; Economic development; energy; trade; international relations; National Economy; Global Economy;

This book titled "Studies on Economics and Financial Policies" is an editorial work which examines the theoretical and practical issues related to various economic and financial policies that are currently carried out and will be carried out in the future in many developed and developing countries of today, and recommends various policy studies that may be applied in the future to researchers and policy makers. Undoubtedly, the literature of economics and finance includes a very comprehensive and broad body of theoretical infrastructure, the systematic foundations of which date back to the 15th Century. However, since it is not possible to cover all of the theoretical and applied economic and financial theories of the areas mentioned in this work, the areas that are mostly highlighted in the aforementioned literature are discussed in this work within the frameworks of specific subjects. These discussions are handled in a holistic and compatible way within the scope of the work, and this integrity is supported by theoretical and applied studies. In this respect, we would like to thank all our authors who contributed their valuable time for the preparation of this book, and, as editors, we are proud to put a stone, albeit a small one, to the ever developing economy and finance literature. We hope that this work will be beneficial to all interested readers. As always, the merit belongs to all contributing researchers, and to the best of our knowledge, there are no errors; however, if there are any, the responsibility is ours.

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New Approaches in Granger Causality Testing
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New Approaches in Granger Causality Testing

Granger Nedensellik Sınamasında Yeni Yaklaşımlar

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish,English

Keywords: Granger Causality Testing; causality; economic growth; economic development;

The concept of causality, developed by Wiener (1956) and Granger (1996), has been a cornerstone for examining the dynamic relationships between time series. Since the Granger causality relationship helps researchers to formulate a suitable model and obtain better predictions for the variables, it has attracted attention in the literature and the Granger causality test has been employed in many studies. In this study, current methods used in Granger causality tests are included. In this context, in the relevant sections, the regime-dependent causality test proposed by Krolzig (1996), the lag-augmented VAR-based causality test developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1996), the causality test in variance proposed by Hong (2001), the frequency domain test developed by Breitung and Candelon (2006), the asymmetric causality test developed by Hatemi-J (2012), and Fourier Granger causality test proposed by Enders and Jones (2016) are discussed theoretically and empirically. We would like to thank all the chapter authors who contributed to the book.

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Eat Mindfully, Live Healthily
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Eat Mindfully, Live Healthily

Bilinçli Beslen Sağlıklı Yaşa

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Healthy life;

Ülke genelinde diyabet, çölyak ve obezite hastalıkları artış mevcuttur. Bu hastalıkların 0-18 yaş arasındaki çocuklarda da daha sık görülmektedir. Türkiye'de her yıl yeni tanı alanlarla birlikte 20 bin civarında diyabet hastası çocuk vardır. Diğer taraftan ömür boyu glütensiz diyet gerektiren çölyak hastalığı, ülkemizde 110/1 çocukta görülmektedir. Ülkemizdeki 3 milyon obez hastasından %60'ı çocuktur ve her sene tanı sayısı %8 artmaktadır.

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Health Management Theoretical Studies in the Light of Current Developments
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Health Management Theoretical Studies in the Light of Current Developments

Güncel Gelişmeler Işığında Sağlık Yönetimi

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Health; Health Management; social well-being; Health concept; health services;

Health, which is one of the most fundamental rights of people, conceptually refers to a state of complete physical, psychological, and social well-being. From the early ages to the present day, all the changes and developments in the world, both positive and negative, have affected people's life and health in different strengths and degrees. While in the early days, people tried to cope with a very small number of factors in order to be and stay healthy, today many factors have emerged that determine and affect people's health status. In this age we live in, it is important to prevent or minimize the negative effects of the factors that emerge with the changes and current developments in every field at an inconceivable speed and in every field, and to manage the factors that have positive effects in a correct way in order to spread, develop and benefit more by people. Today, planning, organizing, directing, controlling, and coordinating the resources and processes needed for the services to be provided by taking into account all factors and elements in order to successfully protect and improve the health level of the individual and society requires a professional and scientific approach and perspective. In this book, some topics related to health and health services are analyzed in chapters from the perspective of health management. The chapters of the book consist of "health management and human capital relationship, digital transformation in health services, internet of things in health services, swot analysis in health institutions, budgeting, and capital budgeting in health enterprises, medical documentation in health institutions, school health, nutrition recommendations during the Covid-19 outbreak from a health management perspective, environmental health and medical waste management".

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Measuring Financial Stress and Investigating Financial Stress. Spillover Effect for G20 Countries
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Measuring Financial Stress and Investigating Financial Stress. Spillover Effect for G20 Countries

G20 Ülkeleri İçin Finansal Baskının Ölçülmesi ve Finansal Baskı Yayılım Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Author(s): Hande Çalişkan Terzioğlu / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Financial stability; Financial Stress Index; Financial pressure; Financial Stress Spillover;

The study aims to calculate a financial stress index for the G-20 countries, which are of great importance for the global economy, and to examine the transmission of financial stress between the countries in question. In this context, the study aims to reveal the vulnerability and stability of G-20 economies against external financial stress shocks. The financial stress index for each country is calculated by considering five sub-market indicators (monetary, bond, stock exchange, foreign exchange, and banking sector). Accordingly, whether the financial stress indices are sufficient to track recessions has been evaluated from a historical perspective. Then, by considering the integration among countries, the financial stress transmission relationship between the countries is examined between 2006 and 2020 by using the dynamic connectedness analysis suggested by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012). Accordingly, it is determined that the financial stress in these countries increased during the crisis periods. Empirical results show the financial stress transmitter and receiver countries during financial crisis periods. According to the net directional spillover analysis results, as financial stress receiver, while Indonesia ranks first among the countries in question, Japan ranks last. On the other hand, as financial stress transmitter, while the UK ranks first among the countries in question, Argentina ranks last. Finally, while the net spillover analysis results highlight the UK, the US, and France as the most important countries that transmit financial stress to the rest of the countries, Argentina, Turkey and Indonesia are determined the countries that most important financial stress receiver.

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A Research on Tram Services in Gaziantep. Urban Transportation and Passengers Satisfaction
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A Research on Tram Services in Gaziantep. Urban Transportation and Passengers Satisfaction

Gazi̇antep Kenti̇çi̇ Ulaşiminda Tramvay Hi̇zmetleri̇ ve Yolcu Memnuniyeti̇ Üzeri̇ne bi̇r Araştirma

Author(s): Bilal Erdoğan / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Tram services; urbanization; Gaziantep; passenger satisfaction; public transport;

Kent içi ulaşımda önemli bir yeri olan tramvay hizmetleri kentleşmenin getirdiği çok önemli ve gerekli bir ulaşım modudur. Özellikle toplu taşıma araçlarından olan tramvay hizmetleri hizmet verdiği şehre farklı bir renk katmaktadır. Dünyada yaşanan ekonomik buhran nedeniyle petrolün varil fiyatının yükselmesi sebebiyle kentlerde yaşayan vatandaşların şehir içi ulaşımlarını toplu taşımaya kaydırmış ve kent içi ulaşımda çok önemli yeri olan tramvay hizmetleri daha da önem kazanmıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı; Gaziantep ilinde tramvay taşımacılığında tramvay hizmet kalitesinin yolcu memnuniyeti ve yolcu sadakati üzerine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada Gaziantep ilinde yaşayan ve tramvay hizmetlerinde etkin yararlanan 505 yolcu ile anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Yeşil taşımacılık ve yeşil şehirler günümüz metropol şehirlerinin daha yaşanabilir hale gelmesi açısından önemli olduğundan, ekolojik taşıma hizmeti sunan tramvay hizmetlerinin kullanımı arttırılmalıdır. Bu hususta sunulan hizmet kalitesi önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu nedenle yapılan çalışmada tramvay hizmet kalitesinin yolcu memnuniyeti ve yolcu sadakati üzerine etkisi araştırılmış ve Gazi Ulaş Anonim Şirketince yürütülen tramvay hizmetlerinin hizmet kalitesinin ortaya konulması amacıyla Gaziantep’te bizzat tramvay hizmeti alan 505 kişiye ulaşılarak anket uygulanmış olup toplanan anketlerle bu çalışma yapılmıştır. Araştırma için yapılan anketlerin analizi SPSS ve AMOS paket programları ile yapılmış ve yorumlanmıştır. Analizler sonunda araştırmanın hipotezleri doğrulanmış, hizmet kalitesinin yolcu memnuniyeti ve yolcu sadakatine etkisi ortaya konmuştur.

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The Effects of Income Diversification on Banks' Risk and Performance
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The Effects of Income Diversification on Banks' Risk and Performance

Geli̇r Çeşi̇tlendi̇rmesi̇ni̇n Bankalarin Ri̇sk ve Performansi Üzeri̇ndeki̇ Etki̇leri̇

Author(s): Burcu BUYURAN / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Bank; income inequalities; Types of Income in Banking; expenses; Risk and Diversification in Banking;

Bankalar finans piyasalarının en temel aracı kurumlarıdır. Bankaların uzun vadeli istikrarı aynı zamanda ekonominin istikrarı açısından da önem taşımaktadır. Bankaların uzun vadeli istikrarının temel anahtarı, yüksek performans düşük riskle çalışabilmesidir. Performansın temel göstergelerinden karlılığı artırmak ve riski minimize edebilmek ise uzun vadeli müşteri ilişkilerine bağlıdır. Bankalar ekonomide tasarrufların yatırımlara dönüşümünü sağlayarak piyasada etkinlik ve verimliliği artırmakta ve ekonomide sürdürülebilir büyümeye katkı sağlamaktadır. Bankalar bu katkıları gerçekleştirirken performansını artırmak amacı ile yaptıkları faaliyetlerde doğası gereği, sistematik ve sistematik olmayan bankacılık faaliyetlerine özgü çeşitli risklere de maruz kalmaktadırlar. Bu risklerden korunmak adına faaliyetlerini tek bir yönlü değil çok yönlü elde etmeye böylelikle çeşitlendirmenin olumlu etkilerinden faydalanmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Bankaların çeşitlendirme ile kazançlarını artırma çabası hem performans artışı sağlamak hem de ürün çeşitliliği ile müşteri bağlılığı ile sürdürülebilir karlılık elde etme amacını gütmektedir. Bankalar gelir çeşitlendirmesi ile ürünlerini çeşitlendirebilecek böylece performanslarını artırırken risklerini minimize edebileceklerdir. Gelir çeşitlendirmesinin en önemli boyutu faiz dışı gelirdir. Faiz dışı gelirler (bankalar, EFT, çek ve senet, yatırım, krediler, kredi kartı, internet, döviz işlemleri, kiralık kasa kiralama, sermaye piyasası ve türev işlemler, vb.), bankacılık hizmetlerinden elde edilen kazanç ve hizmetlerdir. Bankalar faiz gelirlerinin yanısıra faiz dışı gelirler ile müşteri bağlılığını ve karlılık ve finansal performansını yükseltmektedir. Bu kapsamda bu çalışmanın temel amacı; gelir çeşitlendirmesinin Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren bankaların performansına ve riskine olan etkisinin incelenmesidir. Bu kapsamda Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren 27 mevduat bankasının 2005/Q1-2019/Q3 arası üçer aylık verileri kullanılarak eşbütünleşme testi yapılmış ve katsayı tahmincileri kullanılarak panel veri analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda gelir çeşitlendirmesi ile banka performansı ve risk ayarlı banka performansları arasında olumlu bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Faiz dışı gelir çeşitlendirmesinin iflas riskini azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Kredi riski ve bankacılık riskleri ile gelir çeşitlendirme arasında ise anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmemiştir. Çalışma toplam beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde çalışmanın konusu ve problemi, araştırmanın amacı ve önemi, araştırma yöntemi ifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca araştırmanın sayıltıları ve belirlenen hipotezleri yazılarak araştırmanın sınırları, temel bazı ifadelerin tanımları ve yine konu ile ilgili yapılan literatür çalışmaları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Kavramsal çerçevenin oluştuğu birinci bölümde bankacılık kavramı, ikinci bölümde çeşitlendirme ve risk kavramı ile ilgili temel bilgiler verilerek yerli ve yabancı literatüre ilişkin yayınlar detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Üçüncü ekonometrik yöntemler veri ve değişkenler hakkında ayrıntılı bilgilere yer verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde analiz sonucu elde edilen istatistiki ve ekonometrik çıktılar sunulmuştur. Sonuç ve öneriler bölümünde ise ekonometrik yöntemler ile bulunan analiz çıktıları değerlendirilerek çalışmanın sonucu verilmiştir.

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Youth and Political Participation: The Case of Dicle University
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Youth and Political Participation: The Case of Dicle University

Gençlik ve Siyasal Katılım: Dicle Üniversitesi Örneği

Author(s): Mehmet Mazhar Yıldız / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Youth; political participation; income; voting;

The study, entitled as “Youth and Political Participation: The Case of Dicle University” aims to inquire into political tendencies of university youths, their political participation, participation level and types of participation thoughts about political institutions, their levels of political participation. The exposed data in this study is obtained from the field-work with surveys. The surveys are applied to 380 students, at the ten faculties which are selected with random sample method from Dicle University. The impact of independent variables - the level of family’s income and mother/father’s education and profession- on dependent variables -the political participation value- is examined. The study consists of four chapters. The first chapter gives the theoretical framework and explains such concepts as youth and university youth, political participation in addition to preliminary knowledge on ‘youth movement’. In the second chapter importance of the study explained. The third chapter discussed data that obtained from the field-work. The final chapter included conclusion and evaluation.

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Evolution of Financial Markets: Banking, Risk Management, Markets and Institutions
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Evolution of Financial Markets: Banking, Risk Management, Markets and Institutions

Finansal Piyasaların Evrimi: Bankacılık, Risk Yönetimi, Piyasa ve Kurumlar

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish,English

Keywords: financial markets; banking; risk management; markets; institutions;

Given the importance and complexity of financial markets, it is necessary for everyone working in this field to keep up with current knowledge and theories. Sources such as "The Evolution of Financial Markets: Banking, Risk Management, Markets and Institutions" can provide a deeper understanding of financial markets and offer readers current trends and practices. This book covers topics such as the evolution of financial markets, banking, risk management, markets, and institutions. The chapters in the book examine the functioning of financial markets worldwide and the tools used in these markets, the role of risk management and financial institutions, and the history and future of markets.

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The Status of Syrian Refugees in the Context of Homo Sacer Analogy: A Comparative Analysis of Germany and Turkey
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The Status of Syrian Refugees in the Context of Homo Sacer Analogy: A Comparative Analysis of Germany and Turkey

Homo Sacer Analoji̇si̇ Bağlaminda Suri̇yeli̇ Mülteci̇leri̇n Durumu: Almanya Ve Türki̇ye Karşilaştirmali Anali̇zi̇

Author(s): Canan Çetin / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Homo sacer; Syrian refugees; Turkey; Germany; integration;

While the whole world turned its attention to the issue at the beginning of the refugee crisis, it is clear that due to the conditions of the corona virus epidemic, all countries give priority to the health of their own nations, the security of their borders, and put the refugee issue on the shelf once again. Considering the refugees as a secondary issue and giving more importance to the nation-state issues constitute the starting point of this study when we evaluate the process we are going through within the scope of the state of exception. According to Giorgio Agamben, the sovereign power may have the ability to suspend the law and/or delay the enforcement of the law in exceptional circumstances and times. Based on the Agamben’s analogy, refugees can also be seen as Homo sacer, as the Corona virus era can be seen as exceptional times and most countries direct their priorities towards their own land and people. This study aims to explain the conditions of Syrian refugees regarding the homo sacer analogy by comparing the two countries in terms of migration policies, the number of Syrian Refugees living in the country, religion, and types of immigrants. For this, Germany and Turkey will be analyzed with different parameters. Then, their social position in the country will be added as a variable to the equation of the work. The country's GDP level, population, religion, immigration policy and the arrival of refugees will be added as independent variables. The main research question of this study is "Is there a relationship between the social positions of Syrian Refugees and the structural features of the country?". This study aims to contribute to the migration literature by looking at it from theoretical perspectives that are rarely used, and by using mixed method in the data collection process.

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Religious-Political Tendencies of the Administrative and Religious Bureaucracy
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Religious-Political Tendencies of the Administrative and Religious Bureaucracy

İdari̇ Ve Di̇nî Bürokrasi̇ni̇n Di̇nî - Si̇yasi̇ Eği̇li̇mleri̇

Author(s): Faruk BARTAN / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Religion; politics; education; University;

In societies that ensure social integration, it is observed that the institutions of religion and politics do not exhibit a confrontational character. In these societies, the "social distance" between social structure and cultural structure is gradually decreasing. In Turkey, the relationship between "religion and politics" has always been a problem, especially from the republican period to the present day. As a result, the social distance between social institutions in Turkey is gradually increasing. In the solution of this problem, it is important to know the attitudes/mindsets of the individuals/officials (those who are educated in theology and politics) who will be the official representatives of these institutions. The sample group was evaluated according to many parameters. As an important indicator, when the sample group is evaluated according to the place of accommodation during their education, it shows a great difference. It has been observed that the students studying at the Faculty of Theology stayed in rented houses and religious community dormitories at the highest rate, and only 5% of them preferred KYK dormitories. In particular, it can be said that the houses of the Faculty of Theology students, which they describe as rented houses, are under the control of religious communities. As a matter of fact, in the interviews with the students and in the explanations written by the students in the questionnaire form, it is understood that these houses are the houses of religious communities, they are cheaper, and especially the parents of female students prefer these houses because they find them safer. It can be said that the place of shelter has an important function in socialisation and attitude development. As a result of the research, it has been determined that students who live in houses or dormitories under the control of religious communities that understand Islam differently will be confrontational and political in their understanding of religion. This difference affects other areas of life in the dimension of "contradiction" in Turkey.

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The Effects of Economic Policies on Consumer Confidence
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The Effects of Economic Policies on Consumer Confidence

İkti̇sat Poli̇ti̇kalarinin Tüketi̇ci̇ Güveni̇ Üzeri̇ndeki̇ Etki̇leri̇

Author(s): Tuba GÖKMEN / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Consumer Confidence Index; economic policy; unit root; ARDL Boundary Test;

The main purpose of this study is the short and long-term relationships between economic policies and consumer confidence research, using monthly data between 2008:01-2021:12 in Turkey. Data of the variables is obtained from the Turkish Institute of Statistics (TUIK) and the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) database. The Extended Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests used to examine the stationarity of the variables revealed that the relevant variables are generally first-degree static. For this reason, to investigate the long-term relationships between the variables, cointegration and Delay Distributed Autoregressive (ARDL) Model approach have been applied. As a result of the discoveries obtained from the analyzes made with the ARDL method, the long and short term relationship between economic policy variables and consumer confidence index in Turkey have been determined. While the positive effect on consumer confidence index has been seen by the indirect taxes ratio to total tax revenues and central government budget expenditures in the long term, the short term effect is negative . It has been observed that inflation and interest rates have a negative effect on the consumer confidence index in both the short and long terms.

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Islamic Economic Theory
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Islamic Economic Theory

İslâm İktisat Teorisi

Author(s): Gökhan Oruç Önalan / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Islam; Logic; Islamic economics; Maqasid Thought; Welfare and Felah;

Verse 27 of Surat al-Shoora clarifies the criteria by which the blessings and opportunities in the life of this world are distributed among the servants, and thus helps the minds to correctly grasp the message emphasized in verse 26, that Allah gives more of His bounty to His servants who believe and do good deeds. If Allah had given all people the blessings and resources such as intelligence, health, talent, etc. abundantly and equally in this world, there would be no unity, stability and order on earth. People would not be concerned about developing their skills, there would be no regular working life, no search for a balance and system (for example, the science of economics) for the sake of employment and the sharing of material opportunities, and as a result, civilizations and states would not have been established. When we interpret the message of verse 41 of Surat al-Rûm in a general framework within the framework of the economic problems of today's world, we come to the fact that the cause of the economic problem (mischief) is man and the capitalist economic system that makes man think about what he needs and not what he should think about the distribution of the blessings (justice in distribution). Therefore, if an economic understanding centered on prosperity and felah, that is, the economic principles of Islam, takes its place in people's lives, there will be no trace of these problems.

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Examination of Accounting Audit in Turkish Law System (in Terms of Bankruptcy and Enforcement Law, Turkish Commercial Law, Tax Procedure Law)
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Examination of Accounting Audit in Turkish Law System (in Terms of Bankruptcy and Enforcement Law, Turkish Commercial Law, Tax Procedure Law)

Muhasebe Deneti̇mi̇ni̇n Türk Hukuk Si̇stemi̇ndeki̇ Yeri̇ni̇n İncelenmesi̇ (İcra İflas Kanunu, Türk Ti̇caret Kanunu, Vergi̇ Usul Kanunu açisindan)

Author(s): Mehmet A. YÜZBAŞIOĞLU / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Audit; financial audit; Turkish legal system;

Accounting auditing is the auditing of the compliance of the financial statements, financial situation data and activity results of the enterprises with the legal regulations. In this context, accounting audit and law are multidisciplinary fields. The fact that these fields are fields of study in their own right and that they are studied in different departments has led to the relative isolation of accounting audit and legal discipline from each other. The biggest problem that emerged as a result of this abstraction is that a good lawyer's knowledge of financial auditing remains relatively weak, while a good financial auditor's knowledge of law remains relatively weak. In this study, which was carried out within the scope of doctoral thesis, accounting auditing and the legal dimension of accounting auditing were examined in depth. As a result of the study; The financial statements audited in the accounting audit process carried out according to the Turkish Commercial Code are not the financial statements prepared by the company in accordance with the Tax Procedure Law, instead of these statements, the financial statements prepared within the framework of the accounting and auditing standards published by the Public Oversight Agency are the statements audited in the accounting audit. Since the financial statements prepared according to the reporting standards adopt the commercial profit (commercial balance sheet) principle, the tables prepared according to the Tax Procedure Law adopt the financial profit (financial balance sheet) principle, since the accounting audit desired to be carried out according to the Turkish Commercial Code cannot be performed on the financial statements prepared within the scope of the Tax Procedure Law. It has been concluded that the legislators should carry out studies to ensure the compatibility of the financial statements and books of the enterprises in terms of the Turkish Commercial Code and the Tax Procedure Law.

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Digital Marketing Applications Accelerated After the Pandemic
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Digital Marketing Applications Accelerated After the Pandemic

Pandemi Sonrası Hızlanan Dijital Pazarlama Uygulamaları

Author(s): Tülin Durukan / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Digital marketing; artificial intelligence; content marketing; alteration; transformation;

Internet technology, which has a great place in production, has also played an important role in delivering products and services to customers in recent years. Digital marketing, which is defined as product promotion and marketing activity through digital media; has started to take its place among the indispensables of daily life with rapidly developing methods. The demands and needs of consumers are met through websites, social media platforms, search engines and mobile applications. The aim of businesses that adopt digital marketing and apply it in production / service processes is to sell more products and increase their profitability by using the most effective method or channel that enables them to reach their target audience. Covid-19 virus that shook the whole world in 2020; has gone down in history as a pandemic period that deeply affected economic and social life for two years and forced governments to take various measures. During the epidemic, significant changes have occurred in people's lives, causing great fear and trauma. High rate of transmission and mutation; has brought mandatory measures such as quarantine, social distance, working from home and wearing a mask. In the pandemic period, consumers preferred e-commerce, which is a fast and practical way to meet their needs. During the epidemic, which gave the opportunity for digital marketing to develop and operate on a global scale, the purchases made by consumers in the physical environment were transferred to digital environments. Digital channels have become new marketplaces for consumers whose consumption habits have completely changed after the pandemic; the success of digital marketing is associated with the content created. Content management is a digital marketing process that covers the production and sharing of quality content that will enable businesses to reach existing and potential consumers in the most effective way in an environment where there are millions of buyers, sellers and competitors. Artificial intelligence applications, which constitute the latest trend in digital marketing, is a machine learning-oriented approach. It aims to increase the profitability of businesses with artificial intelligence and digital marketing applications that center consumer preferences.

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The Social and Economic Dimensions of Migration
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The Social and Economic Dimensions of Migration

Sosyal Ve Ekonomi̇k Boyutlari İle Göç

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Civil Rights and Human Rights; Syrian refugees; International Migration; immigrants; areas of conflict; Urbanization Process; Poverty;

Göç ve göçmenlik kavramı insanlık tarihi kadar eski olan bir kavram olmakla beraber aynı zamanda birçok ülkenin de ortak problemidir. Daha iyi ve rahat bir yaşam sürme arzusu, daha yüksek ücret düzeylerinde çalışma isteği gibi sebeplerde gönüllü olarak başka ülkeye göç edenlerin yanı sıra savaşlar ve doğal afetler gibi insanların kendi can güvenliğini sağlamak için zorunlu olarak yaşadığı yeri terk edip başka bir ülkede belki de daha farklı şartlar altında yaşamak zorunda olduğu bir durum vardır. Göçün yapılış şekli, sebebi ne olursa olsun hem göç veren hem de göç alan ülke için farklı sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Son yıllarda göç hareketliliğinde gözle görülür bir artış meydana gelmiştir. Artan göç hareketliliği karşısında başta Avrupa olmak üzere tüm dünya sorunun çözümü için bir arayış içine girmiştir. Türkiye hem gelişmiş batı ülkeleri hem de az gelişmiş diğer ülkeler arasında bulunmakta ve bu nedenle de özellikle düzensiz göçmenler tarafından bir geçiş güzergâhım olarak kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle Ortadoğu ve Balkanlarda yaşanan savaşlar ve istikrarsızlıklar Türkiye’ye doğru yoğun bir göç dalgasına neden olmuştur. Türkiye dem geçmişten gelen bağlar ve duymuş olduğu sorumluluk anlayışı nedeni ile zor durumdaki sığınmacılara ev sahipliği yapmıştır. İçinde bulunduğumuz çağın çok fazla göçe şahitlik etmesi nedeni ile bu çağa göçler çağı adı verilmiştir. UNCHR verilerine göre günümüzde dünya üzerinde Mayıs 2022 itibari ile evlerini terk et mek zorunda kalan insan sayısı 100 milyonu aşmıştır. Bu insanların 3 milyon 800 binine de Türkiye ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. KALMİREC Göç, Nüfus, Eğitim ve İstihdam Sorunları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi’ne ithafen hazırlanan kitabımız on bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde yurttaşlık hakları ve insan hakları üzerinde kavramsal çerçeveden bahsedilmektedir. İkinci bölümde makroekonomik çerçeve kapsamında uluslararası göç- kalkınma ilişkisine değinilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde unicorn ve decacorn kavramları tanıtılarak güncel verilere yer verilerek ve göçmen girişimcilik kavramı üzerinde durulmuştur. Dördüncü bölümde Avrupa Birliği-Türkiye İlişkilerinde İş Birliği ve Çatışma Alanı Olarak Suriyeli Sığınmacılar Meselesi başlıklı çalışmaya yer verilmektedir. Beşinci bölümde göçün kentleşme üzerindeki etkisi incelenmektedir.

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Selected Papers in the Field of History- II
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Selected Papers in the Field of History- II

Tarih Alanında Seçme Yazılar- II

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: History; social sciences;

Türkler dünyanın dört bir köşesinde çeşitli medeniyetler kurmuş, maddi manevi en köklü tarihe sahip milletlerden biridir. Türklerin hakimiyet anlayışına bağlı olarak sürekli fetih hareketleri, farklı kültürlerle kaynaşmasına zemin oluşturmuş, buna rağmen kendi öz kültürlerini korumayı başarmışlardır. Buna bağlı olarak hemen hemen tüm coğrafyalarda atalarımızın kültürel izlerine rastlamak mümkündür. Bir millet maddi ve manevi kültürel kalıntılarını araştırıp, üzerinde analiz ve keşifler yaparak, kendi milletine ve dünya kamuoyuna takdim ederse o milletin ilim, sanat ve fikir hayatı hak ettiği konuma doğru yol alabilir. Ulusal tarihin araştırılması ve öğretilmesi, Türk milli bilincinin oluşması bakımından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bir ulusu, ulus yapan en önemli unsurlardan biri o ulusun tarihidir. Bir milletin en önemli kültür hazinesi, hafızasıdır. Toplumda ulus bilincini oluşturmak, uluslararası ilişkileri ve siyaseti belirlemek, toplumda milli birlik ve beraberliği sağlamak açısından ulusal ve uluslararası tarih çalışmaları önem arz etmektedir. Ulusal tarih bilincine büyük önem veren Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Türk Tarih Tezi başlıklı bir çalışma hazırladı. Daha sonra tarih çalışmalarının derinleştirilmesi, teoriden pratiğe geçirilmesi, Türk tarihi araştırmalarının metodolojik şekilde yapılması arzusuyla “Genel Türk Tarihi Kürsüsü”nü, İstanbul Darülfünun’da oluşturdu. Milli Eğitim Bakanı Hamdullah Suphi ve Mehmet Fuat Köprülü tarafından 20 Mayıs 1925 tarihinde Türkiye’ye davet edilen Zeki Veli Togan bu kuruluşun kürsü başkanı olarak seçildi. Daha sonra 1946 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi, Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümünde, Genel Türk Tarihi kürsüsü kuruldu. Bu kuruluşlar aracılığıyla birbirinden değerli tarih araştırmacıları yetişti ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde modern tarihçiliğin doğuşuna katkı sağlandı.

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Selected Papers in the Field of History- III
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Selected Papers in the Field of History- III

Tarih Alanında Seçme Yazılar - III

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: History; social sciences;

Tarih araştırmalarında geçmiş dönemde meydana gelen olayların dönemin şartları göz önünde tutularak, objektif ve nesnel bir yaklaşımla ele alınması önem arz etmektedir. Geçmişte yaşanan olayların yeniden yaşanması olasılığı olmadığından diğer bilim alanlarında olduğu gibi deney ve gözlem metodu kullanılamaz. Tarih insanlığın tüm gelişim evrelerini incelediği gibi dünyadaki değişimi de hafızasında taşır. Dünya ve insanlık tarihinin bir bütün olarak incelenemeyeceği tarih felsefecilerinin ortak görüşü olup, tarihi eserlerde yazılış türlerine göre bölümlere ayrılmaktadır. Bu bölümler; rivayetçi tarih, öğretici tarih, neden nasılcı tarih, içtimai tarih anlayışı olarak bilinmektedir. Rivayetçi tarih anlayışının ilk temsilcisi Heredot olarak bilinir ve doğrudan doğruya hikaye tarzında yazılan eserleri kapsar. Tüm ulusların ilk kuruluşlarında hikayeleştirilmiş tarih anlayışı görülmektedir. Tüm toplumlar Tanrı ve çeşitli kahramanların etrafında hayal gücüne dayanan çeşitli öykülerle kendi kökenleri hakkında sözlü tarih anlatımları kullanmıştır. Yazıyı kullanmaya başlayan ilk uygarlıklar, tapınakların duvarlarına, kil tabletlere hükümdarların eylemlerini ve önemli olayları yazarak, kayıt altına almışlardır. Öğretici tarih anlayışında tarihi olaylardan ders çıkarmak esastır ve tarihçi ait olduğu millete öğütler vermektedir. Bu anlayışın ilk temsilcisi Thukydides’dir. Araştırmacı tarih günümüz tarih anlayışının temelini oluşturur. 19. yüzyıl tarih araştırmalarında tarihi olaylar arasında sebep sonuç ilişkisi kurularak, bilimsel araştırma yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı ve bu bağlamda neden nasılcı tarih anlayışının ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir.

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Selected Papers in the Field of History- IV
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Selected Papers in the Field of History- IV

Tarih Alanında Seçme Yazılar - IV

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: History; social sciences;

Kurtuluş Savaşı’nın ardından cephede kazanılan zaferin yeterli olmadığını her fırsatta dile getiren Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, asıl zaferin eğitim ve ekonomik kalkınma ile gerçekleşeceğini her fırsatta dile getirmiştir. Henüz cumhuriyet ilan edilmeden önce 8 Mart 1923 tarihinde Misak-ı Maarif başlıklı bir genelge yayınlayarak, gençlerin bilim, ilim ve ahlak bakımından aydınlatılması, cahilliğin yok edilmesi ve donanımlı gençlerin yetiştirilmesi konularına yer vermiş, milli eğitim ile ilgili önemli hükümler hazırlatmıştır. Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında temel hedef cehaletin giderilmesi ve okur yazar oranının artırılması olmuştur. Daha sonra cumhuriyet rejimi kültür harekatının en önemli unsurlarından biri Türk tarihi olmuştur. Çünkü bir milletin oluşumunda etkin olan en önemli kültür öğelerinden biri tarihtir. Bu bağlamda ulusal bilinç oluşturmak, toplumda milli birlik ve beraberliği sağlamak, milli kültür ve tarihi karaktere uygun eğitim önem arz etmektedir. Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde bunun paralelinde Türkiye’de tarih öğrenmek ve öğretmenin önemi daha farklı bir anlam kazanmıştır. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti kurulduktan sonra toplumun, ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda eğitim programları düzenlenmiştir. Tarih eğitimi öğrencilerde ulus bilinci oluşturmak, tarihsel düşünme becerilerini geliştirmek için tarih öğretimi zorunlu kılınmıştır. Tarih öğrenmek toplumlarda manevi kültür değerleri, gelenek ve göreneklerine sahip çıkma sorumluluğu oluşturur. Toplumlar ait olduğu ulusu ve yurdunu daha yakından tanıma imkanına sahip olur. Bu nedenle tüm gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan toplumlarda tarih, vatandaşlık bilinci oluşturma, ulusal bilinç oluşturma amacı ile eğitim öğretim müfredatında yer almaktadır.

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Political Values of Youth in Turkey
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Political Values of Youth in Turkey

Türkiye’de Gençlerin Siyasal Değerleri

Author(s): Mehmet Mazhar Yıldız / Language(s): Turkish

Keywords: Youth; Ethnic identity; Political Values; Social Cleavage;

The subject of this study is the values of the youth. In the study, the political values of young people of Turkish and Kurdish origin were discussed and the differences and similarities between these two groups were examined comparatively. The political values of young people of Turkish and Kurdish origin were analyzed in three areas: political identity and lifestyle, approach to social life and institutions, and perspective on Turkey's problems. The research was conducted with a face-to-face survey on 667 young people between the ages of 18-30 living in the provinces of Istanbul, Diyarbakir, Kayseri, Trabzon, and Van, and interviews with 26 young people selected from among them. Young people, who were reached by simple random, and purposeful methods, were included in the research, first separated according to their ethnic identities and then according to age, gender, and education level. According to the research findings; there are significant differences among young people in terms of political values. Some of these differences are related to the ethnic origin, education and gender of the youth, and some of them are related to the dominant political culture of the provinces they live in. Again, according to the research findings, there was a significant similarity among young people in terms of trust in democracy. Differences and similarities in political values among young people have emerged as a result of multiple factors, regardless of a specific time or plot. When look at the political history of Turkey in this context, it will be seen that many developments causing social divisions have taken place since the establishment of the Republic: whether for ideological, sectarian or ethnic reasons.

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