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The role and functions of a family in Polish economists’ writings at the turn of the XIXth. century.

Rola i funkcje rodziny w pismach polskich ekonomistów na przełomie XIX i XX wieku

Author(s): Aneta Bołdyrew / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: functions of a family; economists; Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska; Ludwik Krzywicki

The changes in the social and economic life in Poland at the turn of the XIXth century changed and influenced also the functioning of the family, marked new norms, influenced the modification of the values connected with family life and also determined the transformations of the functions and tasks fulfilled by the family. Still, the role ofthe family which functioned according to the law, was to fulfill numerous tasks serving the family itself and the whole of society. A family was prescribed not only intrinsic values but also utilitarian values which were to serve the country and society. At theturn of the XIXth century the family became the object of interest to intellectuals, publicists and social activists which resulted in a number of normative, descriptive and theoretical publications. In social discourse on the family an important role was played by economists who wrote about complex family functions concentrating on economic stratification and educational and protective aspects. The issues were taken up by Galician (Eastern Europe) scientists: Stanisław Głąbiński and Adam Krzyżanowski and intellectuals from the Kingdom of Poland who dealt with social and economic issues: Ludwik Krzywicki, Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska, Aleksander Wóycicki. The aim of the discussion was a diagnosis of the described situation and pointing to the right supportof poor and neglected families. Some experts in the reborn Poland researched theoretically and practically the issues of social and educational policy. The solutions describedin scientific magazines, in expert and social magazines could, therefore, be introduced in life. During the times of the Second Republic the ideas frequently influenced the policy of the country concerning the support of families in their basic functions.

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A small child’s upbringing in the first decade of the interwar period in Poland in some of the pedagogical periodicals – continuations and changes

Wychowanie małego dziecka w Polsce w pierwszej dekadzie okresu międzywojennego na łamach wybranych czasopism pedagogicznych – ciągłość i zmiana

Author(s): Małgorzata Kozłowska / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: interwar period; childcare; healthcare of children; interwar periodicals

The main aim of this article was comparing some aspects of the upbringing of pre--school children, which were described in Warsaw periodicals (like: „Bluszcz”,„Opieka nad Dzieckiem” and „Dziecko i Matka”) in the interwar period with the relevant areas after the war described in magazines like: „Bluszcz”, „Wychowanie w Domui Szkole” and „Dziecko. Czasopismo poświęcone wychowaniu domowemu i społecznemu”.There were three fields of analysis: childcare and healthcare, moral upbringing and pedagogical methods. The main differences were found in the sphere of healthcare,children’s obedience and their self-development. The changes were connected with the decreased number of children in Poland after the First World War and the new family model spreading in Western Europe.

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Aspects of cooperation of school and home in the light of the official journals of education departments of school districts in Poland in the years 1932–1939

Aspekty współpracy szkoły i domu w świetle dzienników urzędowych kuratoriów okręgów szkolnych w Polsce w latach 1932–1939

Author(s): Elżbieta Magiera / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: history of education in the interwar period; cooperation of school and home in the Second Republic; forms of cooperation with parents; official journals of education departments of school districts

In this article I have made an analysis of the official journals of the individual school district departments of education in the years 1932–1939 in the context of the cooperation between the school and the families of the students. On the pages of theanalyzed magazines the issues associated with the cooperation of school with the family of the student were raised. Its causes were searched for, it was attempted to justify it with the broad socio-cultural determinants, changes of family and school as an institutionof teaching and education. The objectives, content, forms and principles of this cooperation were also considered.By publishing the examples of the building of a proper relationship between school and home and the ideas on the formation and organization of co-operation of the families of students and primary and middle schools, attempts were made to formulate general laws of mutual relations between school and home. Authors publishing on the pages of the official journals education department of each school district raised the importance of the cooperation with home as one of the key factors of school work.Some of the articles had a reporting character while the others were postulating, forecasting,calling for the changes in the cooperation of school and home.The analyzed journals played an important role in the 1930s in Poland in popularizing the cooperation of school and home and explaining its various issues: formal andlegal, organizational, social and educational. In addition, the content of the analyzed magazines includes numerous indications regarding cooperation between the two educational environments: home and school, which still have not lost their relevance. The contemporary reader, educator and teacher can draw inspiration from the experience of past generations of the interwar period and use it in building the relationship between the school and the families of students.

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Ewa Korzeniowska as a mother and a good spirit of the home – the upbringing of children in a Polish Borderland noble family during the partitions

Ewa Korzeniowska jako matka – strażniczka ogniska domowego. Wychowanie w kresowej rodzinie szlacheckiej na ziemiach polskich pod zaborami w okresie międzypowstaniowym

Author(s): Joanna Skolik / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: The borderland; upbringing; partitions; Polish borderland nobility

The article presents a portrait of Ewa Korzeniowska; Joseph Conrad’s mother andTadeusz Bobrowski’s sister. Her life was seriously influenced by Russian autocracy persecuting those Poles who even dared to dream about an independent Poland. Her letters and the recollections of other family members present her as a true Polish mother and wife.

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The image of mother and the motherhood in historical and educational records

Obraz matki i macierzyństwa w przekazach źródłowych z historii wychowania

Author(s): Edyta Bartkowiak / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: mother; motherhood; mothers love; wet nurse; patroness; nanny; family; family house; care; basic education; education; fun and activities for children; child’s environment; parental duties

Motherhood is one of the most important social roles of women. Similar to the roleof father and child it is determined by the needs and values that dominate in the society.As we know, up to the XIXth century, the model of the patriarchal family was prevailing in Europe with the domination of husband–father power. The mother first of all should have give care, sacrifice, devotion and at the same time also love. Motherhood was seen differently in the theoretical perspective. Analysis of old source materials that are shows that the role of the mother in the process of breeding was differently understood throughout history and as a consequence the views over the sense of motherhood have changed. Considering different views of motherhood in pedagogical literature over the course of time we can describe it as a gradual evolution of the idea of motherhood: from looking at motherhood more biologically and emotionally to a more and more consciously systematic treating of the motherhood ideology.The image of mother and motherhood in this scientific description was considered normatively including pedagogical theory that found its connections in works of the education and breeding classics collected in history of breeding sources – pre-war and later. It is worth adding that maternal behaviours were sometimes disturbed what was analyzed in pathological categories of exceptions.

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Sexual education of youth in the light of the 19th century paraenetic guidebooks

Wychowanie seksualne młodzieży w świetle XIX-wiecznych poradników parenetycznych

Author(s): Mateusz Szubert / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: sexual pedagogy; paraenetic narrative; moral discourse; shame; transformation of intimacy; taboo; cultural changes in the customs of the 19th century

The objective of the paper is to describe the cultural changes in the customs in the 19th century. The analysis of moralistic treaties and parental guidebooks, perceived as important cultural texts, allows investigation of the process of changes taking place in –what is called – the sexual pedagogy. The turn of the 18th and the 19th centuries can be interpreted as a visible increase in the interest in human sexuality at the level of a paraenetic narrative. Thus, a moral discourse is combined with the discourse of hygiene.From the perspective of cultural history, special attention should be paid to thein creased popularity of the category of shame understood as a regulator of social bonds (including family bonds). The transformation of intimacy in the culture of the 19th century seems to be important and interesting evidence of the formation of double morality (overt and covert) as well as of the functioning of conflicting tendencies for tabooing and, at the same time, speaking about sexual experiences.The fear of social condemnation effectively shaped everyday life. Scandals and social embarrassment were avoided almost as much as a detriment to one’s health or a risk of sudden death. The second half of the 19th century was the time of a rapid increase in the popularity of educational and social guides. Emotions and spontaneous behaviour become inappropriate, and the social life became dominated by mechanisms and self-disciplinary tendencies. Social life was under heavy peer pressure and – by the same token – individual gestures and tendencies were eradicated.The culture of the 19th century is a particularly interesting reservoir of matrimonial and parental models. The education of children and teenagers focuses on teaching one how to play desired social roles: of virtuous misses from good families or, a little less restrictive, of model bachelors, potential ideal husbands and fathers.The theatricalisation of everyday life reached its peak in the 19th century culture. At the same time, it must be emphasised that society was heavily diversified (divided into particular classes); savoir-vivre and courtesy in daily relations applied only to the privileged social groups, as nobody expected the knowledge of etiquette in the lower classes.

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The fathers’ image presented in handbooks for parents in the years 1918–1970

Obraz ojca w świetle polskich poradników dla rodziców z lat 1918–1970

Author(s): Agnieszka Małek / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: upbringing; family; father; fatherhood; guidebooks; Second Polish Republic; Polish People’s Republic

The aim of this study is to show the trends and direction of the changes that have occurred in the image of the father, as presented in handbooks for parents in the years 1918–1970. Gradual modifications occurred both in the scope of the duties assigned to father and in his image as promoted in pedagogic literature.In the years 1918–1970 hundreds of guidebooks for parents were published; almost two hundred of them were issued in the Second Polish Republic period. The authors ofthe interwar guides were both Polish and Western European specialists; secular and associated with the Catholic Church. After 1948, religious books and translations of English,German or French books ceased to appear; reception of Soviet pedagogy has resulted in numerous translations of Soviet books for parents.Literature for parents covered a wide range of subjects referring to all phases and aspects of child’s life. Questions related to preparation for parenthood, care of newborn and infant, upbringing of the child, cooperation between school and family, choice of profession and many others were discussed. Polish guidebooks for parents containa number of comments relating to the functioning of the family as a whole family model that was considered desirable, as well as the role and tasks assigned its individual members, apart from guidelines and warnings related to care and upbringing. Authors of guidebooks presented both qualities that make up the image of a good father and examples of negative paternal attitudes or behaviour. The range of tasks assigned to fathers allows to discovery that some duties related with upbringing were destined only for women.

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The father and the fatherhood in Polish People’s Republicin the view of diaries from the period

Ojciec i ojcostwo w Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej, w świetle pamiętników inspirowanych z epoki

Author(s): Andrzej Ładyżyński / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: father; fatherhood; Poland; diaries

This article elaborates on diaries, written mainly by men in years 1946–1973. This interesting research source allows discovery of the qualities of fatherhood in the times of the Polish People’s Republic. Examined diaries shows author’s models of masculinity taken from family homes as well as personal parental attitudes. In the quoted literaturefathers differ on many levels: age, social stratum, education, life situation. The described fathers are married and divorced. Fatherhood in the times of communism – and its economic and political reality –seems to be very different than modern fatherhood. Diaries show realities of family lifewith its modest living conditions: staples difficult to obtain as well as endless queues in the shops. Family roles are changing due to the fact that women are full-time workers.It implicates new men’s attitudes. This period creates new models of a husband and a father, which is actively involved in housework and child care, as an equal partner in the upbringing process.

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Why Home-Schooling? Axiological Justifications for an Education Outside of the School System

Dlaczego edukacja domowa? Aksjologiczne uzasadnienia edukacji bez szkoły

Author(s): Anna Maria Kucharska / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2014

Keywords: Home-schooling; Christian schools; values; upbringing environment

Since 1990 Poles have rediscovered home-schooling. Teaching and upbringing within the family is not a new concept – it preceded the development of institutionalised education and was strongly bonded with a social class and its needs. Nowadays, however rather unconsciously, some parents are coming back to a similar way of teaching at the same time wandering away from teaching at school with all its flaws. On the other hand home-schooling models are more often modern, Anglo-Saxon, where this form of teaching has many adherents.The idea of home-schooling, as well as its practical forms, is highly supported by a Christian schools network cooperating with Educational Association Integration. At the beginning this may sound like a paradox – a school, a non-public school, supporting teaching outside a school. The support for home-schooling is coherent with an understanding of the leading role of a family in upbringing and teaching by the Christian schools. A transfer of values between generations and in the shaping of a moral systembased on them is mostly underlined. Those schools are introducing a similar vision of an upbringing and stressed the coherence of influences of a school, a family and a church, but recognise parents as the highest authority in their children's education. According to the Polish law, a Principal must give permission for allowing this type of education by the particular parents, so that institutions which are open to cooperation and which encourage home-schooling are of huge help for parents. In my article I would like to mention a controversy around home-schooling, connected with the social development of a child, socialisation and hermetic environment, howeverI will focus on the values being at the very centre of Christian home-schooling.

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Delinquent behaviour of young people and the prevention of social guardianship in condition of Slovak Republic

Zachowania przestępcze wśród młodzieży i profilaktyka opieki społecznej w warunkach Republiki Słowackiej

Author(s): Darina Kubíčková / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 1/2016

Keywords: youth; social policy; criminality; state; society; negative environment

Criminality, violence against an individual as well as a group of people, suicide, alcoholism and other addictions are every time assessed as social-pathological phenomena in our culture. The inclusion of other phenomena has already been influenced by the period of time, when this phenomenon causes concerns in the society by the mass character of their prevalence (in particular graffiti spraying, violence in the stadiums, prostitution, pornography, gambling). Certain parts of sociopathological phenomena are mutually overlapping, complementing and made dependent on each other. The majority of them lead to criminality or creates conditions for its appearance and existence. When searching for conditions and reasons for the appearance of sociopathological phenomena in most of the fields of science that deal with sociopathological phenomena, various approaches are being applied, which are characterized for that field of science. Mostly known are sociological approaches, unfortunately the criminological approach has been applied in Slovak youth.

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Are step-parents really mean: a view from pedagogy and evolutionary psychology

Czy przybrani rodzice naprawdę są złośliwi: perspektywa w pedagogice i psychologii ewolucyjnej

Author(s): Katarina Dadić,Bruno Pušić / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 1/2017

Keywords: step-mother; step-father; child; family; pedagogy; evolutionary psychology; stereotypes.

In many cultures there are stereotypes about the “cruelty” of step-parents towards their step-children. These stereotypes usually arise (1) from ambiguous roles of step--parents in the family, and (2) the predominantly negative attitude of children towards their biological parents re-marrying. In this paper, we discuss whether these stereotypes have any foothold in real life. We used the pedagogical approach and the approach of evolutionary psychology in our research. Our paper discusses in detail the existing stereotypes of step-parents. The goal is to determine whether children living with one biological parent and one step-parent actually live in unfavourable family conditions when compared to children living with both biological parents. Furthermore, a detailed review of recent pedagogical research and research from evolutionary psychology about step-parents has contributed to the pedagogical evaluatio nof this problem in order to determine (a) why are the existing stereotypes of step-parents and their relationships with their step-children a challenge for modern pedagogy?and (b) how can modern pedagogy respond to current problems?

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Family in the context of resocialization pedagogy

Rodzina w kontekście pedagogiki resocjalizacyjnej

Author(s): Tereza Raszková,Stanislava Hoferková / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2017

Keywords: family; pedagogy of resocialization; resocialization; prison

The family as a socializing factor stands in the centre of interest of many disciplines ,including social and re-social pedagogy. It is one of the most important external factors within the etiology of social deviance; dysfunctional family environment is usually one of the main causes of behavioural disorders. Inter-generational crime, abuse of addictive substances by family members, neglect and abuse, unemployment and social exclusion often appear in the anamnesis of delinquent individuals; educational problems occur in childhood. The family is also an important and often neglected factor in the re-socialization and re-integration of delinquent individuals. It plays a crucial role inthe “remedy” and resocialization of individuals in all types of etopedical care facilities– in children's homes with schools, youth detention institutes, educational care centres or in prison (criminal measures), as well as in the treatment by a curator (social curatoror curator for children and juveniles), or a probation and mediation officer (probation program, probation supervision). In detention facilities within the penitentiary practice contact with the family is a part of rehabilitation programs, so-called treatment programs. Support of the relationship with the family is also one of the fundamental rights of the convict. In the penitentiary process the family is one of the biggest motivating factors; it may be helpful in the implementing of treatment programs and it helps to maintain the good mental health of convicts. But the family may also represent a negative factor, e.g. in a case of the introduction of illegal goods into prisons or in the case of further negative and undesirable effects on the individual (e.g. inter-generational crime).

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Stability and change in selected contexts of motherhood in the narrative of mothers raising a child with disability

Stałość i zmienność wybranych kontekstów macierzyństwa w narracjach matek wychowujących dziecko z niepełosprawnością

Author(s): Weronika Pańków,Agnieszka Rak / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2017

Keywords: motherhood; disability

In general, motherhood is subject to a positive social valuation. However, there are exceptions here – one of them is fulfilling the role of a mother of the child with disability. The aim of the conducted study was to answer the question: What similarities and differences exist in the role of a mother of a disabled child over the lifetime of women taking part in the research? A technique of an open, in-depth interview was used. Four mothers, who are raising a child with disability, participated in the study. The analysis of collected research material allows capturing positive changes taking place in the fulfilment of the role of a disabled child’s mother. Today the time of diagnosing the intellectual disability has significantly shortened. Younger women can counton the partners’ support; older ones – did not receive such help. Currently the availability of support has increased from non-governmental organisations; in the past there was a lack of foundations or associations. However, there are aspects of motherhood, which, despite the passing years, are permanent. These include fear and sadness of a mother originating from hearing the news about the child’s disability, difficulties encountered while performing the mother’s role, which arise from the nature of disability, and thesense of insufficient assistance from the state authorities.

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Living conditions of Warsaw working families in the Second Polish Republic as determinants of socialization and the upbringing of the young generation

Warunki życia warszawskich rodzin robotniczych w II Rzeczypospolitej jako determinanty socjalizacji i wychowania młodego pokolenia

Author(s): Małgorzata Krakowiak / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2018

Keywords: Warsaw; family; youth; education; socialization; living conditions; Second Polish-Republic

Aim: The article is devoted to the problems of existence of Warsaw working families during the inter-war period. The aim of this content is showing the living conditions and their impact on the processes of socialization and the raising of the young generation of the proletariat. The analyzed material comes from surveys conducted by the Institute of Social Economy describing the situation in the capital in the 1920s and 1930s. The collected data concentrates on issues related to the socio-economic situations of Warsaw residents. From the discussed problems of the family’s functioning, those problems directly influencing the upbringing and socialization of the youngest were selected. The most important ones are: the housing situation, nutritional problems, hygiene conditions, education, socio-cultural life and employment at a young age. Methods: The analysis of the acquired materials used the microhistorical research method, applied in relation to family history. Results: As a result of the analysis it was found that the situation of capital residents in the inter-war period was difficult. The transmission of norms and values inworking-class families was determined by the conditions of existence. The material status of the family influenced their living situation: poor housing conditions and insufficient resources to provide food were the everyday life of the majority of working class families. Conclusions: The analysis of source materials leads to the conclusions that:— low awareness of hygiene contributed to the spread of diseases in this environment.— despite the general schooling obligation, a large proportion of Warsaw children and young people did not attend school and, as a result, illiteracy grew.— the bad economic situation increased the need to work from a very young age, which was another problem which brought social consequences.

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Institutional education of blind, deaf and speech-disabled children in Slovenia until World War II

Edukacja instytucjonalna dzieci niewidomych, niesłyszących i z wadami wymowy na Słowenii przed II wojną światową

Author(s): Mojca Šorn,Dunja Dobaja / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2018

Keywords: blind; deaf and speech-disabled children; education and schooling; Slovenia; 1918–1945

Aim: The purpose of the following contribution may be somewhat atypical, as itdeals with the so-called substitute families of the blind, visually impaired, deaf, and hearing-impaired children in Slovenia in the period between the world wars. In Slovenia, substitute families were represented by the institutes that also encompassed boarding facilities with an educational-developmental programme apart from the educational practical component of schooling. The expert teachers strived to ensure that as many as possible blind and deaf children could benefit from this special treatment. Methods: Based on the accessible archive materials and appropriate literature, the authors follow the path of blind and deaf children from their early years to the gaining of their professions, which guaranteed the individuals’ independence in their future life and ensured their integration into the intergenerational relations. Results: The authors have as certained that the blind, deaf, and speech-disabled children who were included in suitable educational and schooling processes during the first decades of the 20th century had a better chance of taking an independent part in the society. Most of them were aware that the institutes had given them excellent life lessons that transcended the mere acquisition of knowledge and physical skills. Conclusions: Despite the legislation that prescribed compulsory education also for the deaf, speech-disabled, and blind children, less than a half of these children received any special education and schooling before the end of World War II. The main reason for this was the ignorance of many parents, who were unaware that the possibility for the schooling of their children even existed. In this regard it should be pointed out that the leading cause of this was the limited capacity of both institutes: as it happened, soon after their establishment, it turned out that they were appropriate only in the sense of their programme. The management staff was aware that the specialised educational and social tasks should be carried out to the greatest extent possible, but their efforts to ensure this kept falling on deaf ears with the state until as late as the second half of the1940s. The pupils who were in dire need of special skills would receive equal education and schooling opportunities only after World War II, when the spatial constraints of both institutes were addressed, among other issues.

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Interdisciplinary care and support of child development with Williams syndrome

Interdyscyplinarna opieka i wspomaganie rozwoju dziecka z zespołem Williamsa

Author(s): Agnieszka Nogala,Magdalena Kazimierska-Zając,Luba Jakubowska,Agata Trafalska,Joanna Rosińczuk / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2018

Keywords: Williams syndrome; childcare; interdisciplinary care; suport of child development

Aim: Williams syndrome is a rare, multi-system, genetically conditioned disorder, occurring equally at girls and boys around the world regardless of the ethnic group. The aim of the work is the presentation of the meaning of interdisciplinary care and support in the development of a child with the Williams syndrome. Methods: Interdisciplinary approach to care and support of development of a child with the Williams syndrome. Results: Williams syndrome manifests itself in characteristic physical (dysmorphic facial features), medical (cardiovascular), cognitive (moderate mental retardation) and social-emotional disorders. The child should be under the care of different types of doctors and medical specialists, a speech therapist, psychologist and physiotherapist. Conclusions: Therapy must include improving motor activity, sensory and cognitive functions, exercises in interpersonal communication and social behavior. Good cooperation between specialists is essential in the proper planning and conducting of therapy.

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Generational changes in the realisation of family functions based on research of students and their parents

Zmiany pokoleniowe w realizacji funkcji rodzinnych na podstawie badań studentów i ich rodziców

Author(s): Małgorzata DUBIS / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2018

Keywords: own family; family of origin; family functions; family changes

Aim: The article is regarding learning about the direction of changes in the contemporary family and the conditions of its functioning. Transformations of the family functions are made under the influence of political, economic, social and legislative changes. These changes make many of the tasks previously performed by the family to be now carried out outside of it. Methods: A diagnostic survey was adopted as the leading method of collecting materials and organizing research. In order to get to know the assumed problem, the original questionnaire for a student with a family and a questionnaire for the student’s parents were used as the basic tools. Results: The results of the conducted research indicate a significant change regarding the procreative function. Students definitely more often 32.8% than their parents (7.8%) give this function a high rank. Significant changes have also taken place in the scope of caring functions. The analysis of research results shows that the examined students more often than their parents gave this function a high weight (75% and 56.3%, respectively). The cultural-social function is important for the surveyed students, for more than half of them (53.1%). In contrast, in families of the origin of students, this function for 65.6% of parents was of low rank. In modern families, the economic function is becoming increasingly important. The research results show that the parents of the surveyed students indicated much less frequently than their children function as the highest (32.8%), while 64.1% of the surveyed students gave this function a significant rank indicating it as the second after the caring function in the validity of all family functions. Conclusions: The analysis showed that almost all functions traditionally attributed to the family are by this environment is realized, however, many changes in the scope of their conditioning are discernible various factors. Transformations of the family functions are made under the influence of political, economic, social and legislative changes. These changes make many of the tasks previously performed by the family to be now carried out outside of it.

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Parents in the role of educational and vocational counsellors

Rodzice w roli doradców edukacyjno-zawodowych

Author(s): Ewa Sarzyńska-Mazurek / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2018

Keywords: parents; young people; education and career decisions; counsellors

Aim: Transformations of the education system and constant changes occurring on the labour market cause young people to face huge problems that result from the necessity to make choices related to their own educational and professional future. When preparing for making decisions, the young personsshould be able to use the support of specialists – career advisers or other people prepared to help in this area. However, the advisory assistance system does not always provide such opportunities. And often, young people themselves are not ready to use such help. Parents often act as advisers helping children in making decisions, although this is not an easy task for them. The aim of the undertaken research was to get to know the opinions of young people preparing to enter adulthood, about their parents as educational and vocational counsellors. Methods: The study used the diagnostic survey method. 184 first-year students of full-time studies studying social sciences in Lublin took part in it. They used the author’s questionnaire and semantic differential technique (SD). Results: As a result of the conducted analyses, it was found that the vast majority of respondents talked to their parents about their professional future. Students did not always consider such conversations to be helpful in making educational and vocational choices. In the opinion of the respondents, the parents played a rather significant role in the decisions they made. Students rated their mothers rather than their fathers much more highly as counsellors. Conclusions: Young people entering adulthood perceive their parents as a potential source of support in educational and vocational choices. It is important that adults do not exert pressure on their children, but also that they do not leave them alone. The role of adults is a rational accompaniment of young people in the situation of making choices. And parents are often confused and uncertain in the face of the changing worldand the need for their children to make educational and career decisions. One should consider how to strengthen parents’ competences as educational and career counsellors, so that what is naturally happening in the family environment, i.e. an unprofessional counselling process, makes it more effective.

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Parentocracy and construction of educational and social inequalities

Parentokracja i konstruowanie nierówności edukacyjno-społecznych

Author(s): Anna Sobczak / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2018

Keywords: family; education; children; parentocracy; social inequalities

Aim: The aim of the article is to try to explain what is the ideology of parentocracy and describe its impact on the educational and social functioning of individuals, in particular in the conditions of modern mass education, also at the academic level. Methods: In this paper the method of analysis and synthesis of literature sourceswas used. Results: Three possible ways of thinking about parentocracy can be distinguished, which include choices made by parents regarding their children’s participation in the education process, socialization in the family and the “post-educational” period associated with the entry of graduates into the labour market, in which parents’ social capital plays a significant role. Conclusions: Currently one of the important sources of educational and social inequality is the family, and more specifically parents and their resources, which they can use to ensure a proper education for their children.

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A talented child in foster care (on the example of Biała Podlaska poviat)

Dziecko zdolne w pieczy zastępczej (na przykładzie powiatu bialskiego)

Author(s): Marzena Ruszkowska / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 2/2018

Keywords: foster care; a talented child;Biała Podlaska poviat;

Aim: The aim of the research: to identify the situation of talented or gifted children in foster care as well as factors that may affect the development of talents, skills and abilities. Methods: a diagnostic survey and a case study using original questionnaires for charges, interview questionnaires with educators working at care and educational centres as well as family facilities, and talks with coordinators and directors of the examined institutions. Results: The research was carried out in Biała Podlaska poviat in three care and educational centres and three family-run children’s homes. The analysis of the results of the studies led to the conclusion that every third charge of an educational care institution and every second charge of a family-run children’s house has interests and passions but their development is disadvantaged due to the location of the institution in the rural area. The rural location hinders access to extra classes, to compensatory, complementing and developing classes. A talented child in a foster care is a rarity, a bit more often there are capable children, at sport or at art. Conclusions: The ultimate goal in working with a capable child from a foster care is to maintain his/her cognitive curiosity, to develop his/her interests and passions, to motivate him/her to work and to broaden his/her aspirations.

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Subject: History

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