À propos de la détermination dans la traduction automatique

Author(s): Mirosław Trybisz / Language(s): French Issue: 29/2017

Although the resolution of lexico-semantic problems appears to be more important in machine translation (MT), the processing of actualisation is necessary to generate coherent and correct texts. In the text, we analyse the MT from the point of view of the use of the determinants with a privileged place given to the article. In order to do so, we compare the MT of dedication to the Petit Prince of A. de Saint-Exupéry, and its Czech and Polish human translations, first of all between two languages with articles (French and Spanish or English) and then between a language with articles (French) and another one without articles (Polish and Czech). A MT between two languages with articles often gives a satisfactory result. A TA from French (a language with articles) into Czech and Polish (languages without articles) is already much more erroneous. And it is in the TA of Czech and Polish into French where we find a considerable number of errors concerning not only articles, but also demonstrative and possessive determinants.

La duplicación pronominal como mecanismo de subjetivización en español e italiano

Author(s): Ewa Urbaniak / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 29/2017

The pronominal duplication constitutes one of the mechanisms that are characteristic of Romance languages. There are many theories that try to explain this phenomenon, some from thesyntactic and the other ones from the pragmatic perspective. The aim of this article is to analyse the pronominal duplication in Spanish and Italian from the point of view of a theory of subjectification. In other words, the subjective notions in the duplicative constructions are examined.

A composicionalidade aspetual da perífrase verbal andar a + inf

Author(s): Justyna Wiśniewska / Language(s): Portuguese Issue: 29/2017

The Portuguese language possesses various means of expressing verbal aspect, among which a significant place is occupied by verbal periphrases. Due to the fact that the issue discussed is characterized by a high degree of complexity, we have decided that the range of our considerations should be limited. We have chosen the construction andar a + inf, which represents a group of aspectual verbal periphrases and constitutes a considerable form in creating the verbal category of aspect. The main aim of the research is an attempt to evaluate the impact of mutual dependencies between various elements in a sentence (verb andar a, verbal predicate type, adverbial constructions and other factors) on creating various aspectual values, expressed by the analyzed verbal periphrasis. For this purpose, we use the corpus which consists of the examples presenting authentic language material and coming from literary texts. Some of the examples have been created by us and, subsequently, consulted with native speakers of the Portuguese language.

Wyjścia. Awangardyzacja jako asumpt do kanonizacji (kazus Różewicza-poety)

Author(s): Ewa Goczał / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2017

The article aims at determining the specificity of the canonical character of the poetry of Tadeusz Różewicz – one of the most important Polish writers of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. The perspective is that of continual canonization, corresponding to the multiplicity and dynamism of modern canons, and, eventually, to constant avant-gardisation. The study is divided into four parts relating to four aspects of Różewicz’s transgression. The first part contains a general description of the postulated category of canonical character in the context of Różewicz’s work; the second part describes the type of avant-garde characteristic of the author of Exit; the third is concerned with negative poetics. The fourth part sums up the issue by discussing the most recent selection of Różewicz’s poetry – Znikanie [Disappearance] edited and with a commentary by Jacek Gutorow, himself a poet and literary scholar. The problem of paradoxical continuation based on variability, poetic tradition, and the strategy of external canonization of the writer is discussed resulting in the creation of a new canon of his poems.

Czy wszyscy znają Jasia i Małgosię? Problem kanonu baśniowego na przykładzie baśni ze zbioru Kinder- und Hausmärchen Wilhelma i Jakuba Grimmów

Author(s): Kamila Kowalczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2017

The article considers the problems connected with the idea of fairy tale canon, withattention to the fairy tales from the Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children’s and HouseholdTales) collection by Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm. Instead of a primary fairy tale or canonical fairy tale, the author proposes a concept of a fairy tale module – an imaginary structureconsisting of multiple versions of a single fairy tale which functions in various registersof production and reception (traditional culture, written culture, technological culture).The article also contains a discussion of the fairy tale re-narration based on the contemporarytexts of culture which modify those fairy tales and which are well-rooted in collectiveimagination. The fairy tales basically work as constructs whose shape is determined by othertexts of culture and various media (literature, film, comic books, etc.). The article also notesthe economic dimension of Grimm’s fairy tales which have been present in culture for over200 years and which still remain subject to constant changes – the fact particularly apparentin the area of popular culture.

Edukacja kobiet w XVII- i XVIII-wiecznej Anglii i próby przezwyciężenia obowiązującego kanonu

Author(s): Agnieszka Szczap / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2017

The paper focuses on the opinions of two women thinkers: Mary Astell (1666–1731) and Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797), whose modern views have been influential since the second half of the 20th century. The aim of the paper is to foreground the originalityin their way of thinking against the background of philosophical views as well as socialand cultural situation in the 17th- and 18th-century England.

Niemożliwy kanon Jhumpy Lahiri

Author(s): Patrycja Austin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2017

The article aims at examining the canonical categorization of Jhumpa Lahiri’s works, the trajectory of which makes such a categorization difficult if not impossible to establish. The author also focuses on the positive and negative aspects of the emergence of the ethnic canon in the United States, especially on the political and economic facets of literaryproduction. The analysis begins with the theories by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, EdwardSaid, and Homi Bhabha, and proceeds to a more detailed examination of the ethnic canonby David Palumbo-Liu and Graham Huggan.

Akcjonizm wiedeński – transgresja jako sztuka społecznej negacji

Author(s): Marcin Borchardt / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2017

An act of creation, as a form of human activity whose aim is to bring new value into the world of art is of processual character. Transgression is one of many possible forms of this process. It is defined as a violent, radical, irreversible act of creation, an emanation of the artist’s freedom which consists in disturbing, transgressing, and breaking social rules, laws, or cultural norms – willfully or not – in order to cause a certain artistic effect whose consequences are unpredictable and remain completely outside of the creator’s control. In the second half of the 20th century, a group of radicals calling themselves Wiener Aktionsgruppe began to dangerously balance on the verge of crime. Art, based on the acts of transgression, acquired a role as a tool of social critique, a total negation of the values represented in the “society of dwarves,” a resistance towards a dysfunctional reality. Aesthetic terrorism was a weapon of provocation, a manifestation of a revolt, an attempt to make any kind of change, or simply a distinct approach to aesthetic value. The paper analyses the creative attitudes of Rudolf Schwarzkogler, Günter Brus, Hermann Nitsch, and Otto Muehl, and the causes and consequences of their transgressions. The author also investigates the evolution of the reception of the Viennese Actionists as an example illustrating the dangerous process of getting accustomed to transgression in the course of a slow assimilation of all artistic extremisms inspired by political interest.

„Jestem swoim własnym dziadkiem” – spacjalizacja czasu w Przeznaczeniu Michaela i Petera Spierigów

Author(s): Sonia Front / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2017

Spatialization of time, that is, presenting time in the categories of space, measuringand rationalizing it, was a very significant social process at the end of the 20th century. The “spatial turn,” as it is called by Fredric Jameson, is connected with a postmodern individual’simmersion in a perpetual present. The separation of the individual from the past and the future, which has resulted in the deconstruction of the subject’s temporality, was caused by the processes characteristic of late capitalism. Spatialization of time in postmodernism expresses the integrity of space and time, the changing relations between them and their new conceptualizations. These changes are reflected in post-classical cinema that is quite often characterized by modular temporality. The plots of those films are divided into spatio temporal modules whose order is rearranged into a non-chronological syuzhet. Simultaneously, those films depict multifaceted human experience of time and the temporalization of space. Michael and Peter Spierig’s film Predestination (2014) blends the spatialization of time, characteristic of classical cinema, in which space and time are static entities, with post-classical nonlinear arrangement of the plot. Presenting space-time as static modules allows the directors to show subjectivity governed by the categories of space, rather than by the continuity over time. According to David Lewis, the identity of the protagonist, a time traveler, and his/her psychological continuity must be described by means of the differentiation between external time and personal time, because his/her identity relies on operating in spatialized time.

Kształty czasu: nauka – literatura – rzeczywistość (Refleksja nad kwantową świadomością Soni Front)

Author(s): Paweł Jędrzejko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2017

The article offers a reflection upon Sonia Front’s work oriented towards working out adequate intellectual instrumentarium to address quantum fiction: a phenomenon inspired by the philosophical ramifications of crucial developments in physics in the 20th and 21st centuries. Revolving around her recent monograph titled Shapes of Time in British Twenty-First Century Fiction (2015), the argument of the article aims at shedding light on how Sonia Front arrives at the postulate of a certain order countering chaos within a great hermeneutic circle: w wheel in motion, propelling the constant return from the quantum reality to the reality of discurse, a return in which the overwhelming General impacts the ungraspable Detail and the Detail decides about the shape of the General, the great hologram. Front does itin full awareness of the temporariness of such an order, but despite its transience, she decidesto formulate an academic statement, to tell a „truth” about the world, time, and humanexperience: an experience that inescapably becomes her—and our—share. Presented in such a perspective, quantum consciousness, as postulated by Sonia Front, seems to offer a new promise for the research practice of contemporary scholarship.

Inicjały na czternastowiecznych dokumentach książąt opolskich (Bolesława II i Bolesława III)

Author(s): Iwona Pietrzyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

Research on medieval initials has thus far concentrated predominantly on the code initials. Not many studies have been devoted to document initials. Thus, the following article attempts to discuss those particular initials, found in the documents of Bolesław II and Bolesław III, who ruled the Duchy of Opole in the 14th century and avoided grand politics, ruling relatively small duchies located at the peripheries of their contemporary cultural centers. There can be no doubt that the document initials of Bolesław II and Bolesław III were embellished by their writers, using the same ink which was used to write down the rest of the document. The initials are usually extremely simple, lacking any artistic sense or ornamental embellishments. Moreover, they are often shoddily executed. Nonetheless, they do not diverge significantly from the ornamental standards of other rulers, including the royal documents of Casimir III the Great. The ornamental motifs are also consistent with the practice of that time, including the inking of a widened outline of the letter or using a geometrical and floral ornaments, which inscribed itself into the medieval aesthetic. Apart from that, the article touches upon the issue of the potential influence of the addressee on the graphic design of the document, arguing that it remained a significant matter.

Ziemia namysłowska w polityce książąt opolskich w 2. poł. XIV wieku

Author(s): Jerzy Sperka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

The Namysłów region which comprised the Duchy of Namysłów shared its borders with the dominions of the Dukes of Opole. In the second half of the 14th century the Dukes of Opole made three attempts at annexing parts or the whole of the Namysłów region and conceded defeat each time. They were unable to maintain their control over Byczyna, Wołczyn and Kluczbork in 1366—1369, pledged to them by Bolko II the Small, who had in turn received them from King Casimir the Great of Poland. Following Bolko’s death, Louis of Brzeg conquered the towns and defeated Vladislaus and Bolko III of Opole at Kluczbork when they attempted to regain control over the territory. Moreover, sources indicate that in 1387, Vladislaus of Opole failed to secure the Namysłów region, which he had received from Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia. Ten years later, in 1397, his three nephews: Jan Kropidło, Bolko IV and Bernard also suffered defeat when they were pledged the Namysłów region by Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia. The dukes were unpopular with the townspeople, whom they continued to persecute as a revenge for the refusal to grant them entry to the town and whom they burdened with the costs of guarantee for the king. Thus, the Dukes of Opole were thwarted in their endeavors either by stronger opponents or the will of the king supported by the townspeople.

Od poganina do króla arcychrześcijańskiego. Wizerunek Władysława Jagiełły w Rocznikach Jana Długosza

Author(s): Adam Talarowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

The article touches upon the portrait of Władysław Jagiełło painted by Jan Długosz in his Annals from the perspective of the changing religious position of the ruler. The issue has not yet been discussed in much detail, while the literary form assumed by Długosz allowed him to construct almost separate portraits of Jagiełło which emerge in the text depending on the context and circumstances. In the introductory part of the article, the author briefly discusses Długosz’s motives and his skills in writing about Jagiełło. In the following parts, the author argues that Długosz would at one point write about the future King of Poland as a pagan Lithuanian ruler to be severely criticized, just to refer to him at a different point as the “Apostle of Lithuania” and an exemplary propagator of the Christian faith. Apart from that, the author is interested in the portrayals of Jagiełło against the backdrop of the Polish‑Teutonic feud as a pious ruler. The last section of the article is devoted to other passages from the Annals which touch upon various manifestations of Jagiełło’s religiousness, particularly the relationships between the king and the bishops, including Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki. The conducted analysis showcases that Długosz used the questions of Jagiełło’s piousness as a useful and easily moldable substance for his narratives, adjusted to serve the desired purpose.

Listy biskupa włocławskiego i arcybiskupa gnieźnieńskiego Jana Gruszczyńskiego do rady miasta Gdańska

Author(s): Łukasz Włodarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

The following article discusses the letters of Jan Gruszczyński of the Poraj coat of arms, the Bishop of Włocławek and the subsequent Archbishop of Gniezno, addressed to the Council of the Main City of Gdańsk. The author has conducted a study of six of the original letters, which are currently stored at the National Archives in Gdańsk. The analysis includes both the content of the letters, as well as the formal elements, consisting of the inscription (address), front matter, salutations, and dating. This, in turn, allowed the author to showcase the issues raised by the bishop in his contacts with the Council of Gdańsk and point to the trusted advisors of Gruszczyński (Andrzej Gruszczyński, Maciej of Służewo, Jan Grylewski), as well as formal petitioners (Jerzy Sweidniczer). The research concerning the form of the letters revealed a formulaic use of certain expressions. Moreover, it should be noted that only the letters written by the office in Gniezno included a salutation. In addition, all documents, apart from the letters of credit, were written in the traditional (letter) form.

Aktywność gospodarcza kobiet w Starej i Nowej Warszawie w 1. poł. XV wieku

Author(s): Piotr Łozowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

The article aims at delineating the scale and level of economic activity of the female residents of the Old and New Warsaw in the first half of the 15th century. The primary sources for this research project comprise of the oldest books of lay judges and excerpts from the records of the council, which allowed to isolate a group of 470 entries concerning women. In the studied period, an increase in the economic activity of the townswomen could be observed; they figured in roughly 20—30% of the cases, which corresponds with the numbers observed in other late‑medieval towns and cities. The vast majority of the townswomen (90%) were involved as an active party in a transaction only once in their lives, but what should be underscored is the wide range of people who used the services of legal offices and the high awareness of the power of the written word in legal matters. The research showed a passive character of the economic activity, manifesting primarily in the lack of sufficient funding to invest in the market. Women were twice as much more likely to take out loans and sell properties than they were to give out loans or buy properties. Their funds were also significantly lower from the average sums figuring in contracts signed within the city, and their actions were much less dynamic. The difference in the material circumstances of townswomen can be seen, on the one hand, in the enormous (twentyfold) disproportion of the registered revenues and, on the other hand, in the index of average value of the transaction, which amounted to four three‑score in Old Warsaw and two and a half three‑score in New Warsaw. Any substantial attempt at a comparative study is, however, significantly hindered by the lack of similar study regarding other cities of the Duchy of Masovia or the Kingdom of Poland.

Sub banderio cruciatae — Władysław III Jagiellończyk jako średniowieczny rycerz idealny. Wizerunek władcy na podstawie Roczników Jana Długosza

Author(s): Patrycja Szwedo / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

The article aims at describing the portrait of Władysław III Jagiełło included in the Annals by Jan Długosz as a literary creation of the chronicler, created for the purposes of a polemic with the anti-Jagiellonian propaganda of the Habsburg court, perpetuated in particular by the secretary of Frederic II — Enea Silvio Piccolomini. The portrait of the ruler was created utilizing various narrative schemata and constitutes a fairly coherent picture of the ideal of a knightruler, crusader, martyr and defender of Europe. While writing about the events that transpired following Władysław’s ascension to the Hungarian throne in 1440, Długosz maintained that Władysław was motivated solely by the desire to protect the Christian faith from the Turks. To that end, Długosz heavily alluded to the medieval knightly tradition and culture while perpetuating the literary depictions of barbaric pagans. Assuming a hostile stance against other cultures, he advocated for the continued necessity to fight against them, underscoring the importance of Władysław’s sacrifice in the defense of the Christian faith. In turn, the portrait of Władysław constructed by Długosz has become entrenched in historiography and literature, and functions in our culture until this day.

Wieluń. Monografia miasta. Red. Alicja Szymczak. T. 1: Wieluń. Dzieje miasta do 1792 roku.

Author(s): Karol Nabiałek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

Aляксандр И. Груша: Документальная писменность Великого Княжества Литовского (конец XIV—первая треть XVI в.).

Author(s): Adam Szweda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

Inskrypcje na pieczęciach. Treści, formy, funkcje. Red. Piotr Pokora, Marcin Hlebionek, Tomasz Kałuski.

Author(s): Iwona Pietrzyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

Anna Pobóg‑Lenartowicz: Energiczne, władcze, pobożne. Księżniczek i księżnych opolskich portret (prawie) własny

Author(s): Wojciech Dominiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017