Z vzgojo do največje možne sreče ljudstva

Author(s): Andrej Studen / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

The unshakeable faith in educability and the need to educate people was in the centre of the emancipation concepts of the 18th-century enlightenment. Therefore the 18th-century intellectuals wanted to spread their ideas among the widest possible circle of people. In the context of their widespread campaign of accustoming the population to work, diligence and prudent economy, increasing amounts of attention were paid to the education of the people. Also in Slovenia we encounter enlightenment-oriented intellectuals from the ranks of nobility, bureaucracy, clergy and wealthy bourgeoisie, who were convinced that through education and schooling the people could be liberated from the chains of ignorance and that a more rational social order could be established, allowing everybody to achieve the »greatest possible happiness«. In the 1770s Ljubljana became the centre of the new spirit. In his case study the author of the article focuses on some of the more prominent members of the 18th-century enlightenment (Campe, Becker, Franklin), underlines the educational and pedagogical importance of their works, and explores the reception and translations of their works in Slovenia. Besides being an inspiration in other areas, Benjamin Franklin supposedly also influenced the publication of Velika pratika (1795–97), which Valentin Vodnik was encouraged to work on by one of the most notable intellectuals at the time, Žiga Zois. Of course, the exceedingly low literacy rate at the time presented a serious obstacle to the dissemination of information in the Slovenian language. Therefore priests were especially important as intermediaries between the printed word and the people.

Ivan Dečko - "učitelj" slovenskih županov in "duša" spodnještajerske politike na prelomu stoletja

Author(s): Filip Čuček / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

In the following discussion the author analyzed certain aspects of Ivan Dečko’s political activities since the 1890s. He focused on the local (municipal) self-government, which represented the springboard for the rest of his political life. The Slovenian politics was well aware of this fact. To this end Dečko compiled or adapted the manual entitled Zbirka zakonov, zadevajoč posle občinskega področja [Collection of Legislation Regarding the Operations of the Municipal Field], which assisted many a Slovenian mayor significantly in the time of tense national relations. As it was, the municipal legislation was »scattered« around several provincial legal codes, written in the German language. Many mayors in the rural areas were not fluent in German, while Slovenian translations were more or less poor and incomprehensible. The German side would take advantage of their ignorance. In the second part of the following contribution the author describes Dečko’s role in the Lower Styrian policy of unity and establishes that his sudden retreat contributed decisively to the final dissolution of unity in the Lower Styria.

Predsodki o Judih med prvo svetovno vojno

Author(s): Marko Štepec / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

The following contribution describes the anti-Semitism spreading among soldiers and civilians in the hinterlands of the Austro-Hungarian battlefields. On the basis of the analysis of selected examples from diaries and memorial documents, reflecting many stereotypes and prejudices, the author presents the basic characteristics of anti-Semitism during the war. The war between 1914 and 1918 made a permanent impact on the human relations and thinking, and it definitely changed the life in the European space. It also influenced the attitude to the Jewish population and the formation of anti-Jewish prejudice.

Proces industrializacije in oblikovanje industrijske regije v prostoru severovzhodnega Jadrana 1900-1940

Author(s): Hrvoje Ratkajec / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

In his article the author presents the industrialisation process and the establishment of the industrial region in the area of the north-eastern Adriatic in the period between 1900 and 1940, and focuses on analysing the industries or industry sectors characteristic for the industrialisation process (iron and steel, metal products, mechanical, textile and coal industry) as well as industries specific for the area (building materials and fish processing industry). The methodology is based on the theory of the development of industrial regions, general location theory, and theory of growth poles. The analysis indicated that the basic industrial structure, the so-called industrial framework, developed in the area, with the centre in Trieste as the regional growth pole, and that the 1930s Great Depression – to a greater extent than World War I – represented a decisive turning point in its development.

Ideja o krvnem bratstvu južnoslovanskih narodov pri Antonu Novačanu

Author(s): Mateja Ratej / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

In her contribution the author examines the idea of the blood brotherhood of South Slavic nations, which was the basic integration element and criterion of their unification in the context of the official (unitarian) ideology of the first Yugoslav state. On the example of the political activities of Anton Novačan and his Agrarian or Republican Party, which built on the idea of blood brotherhood, the author shows how soon after the establishment of the state the attempt to implement this idea into the Yugoslav political reality was destined to fail.

Rimskokatoliška cerkev in poskusi »očiščenja« škodljivih vplivov znanosti, verske pluralizacije in »nemoralne« filmske produkcije ter tiska na Slovenskem med svetovnima vojnama

Author(s): Gašper Mithans / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

In the following contribution the author analyses the responses of laity and Roman Catholic Church clergy in Slovenia to the phenomena, more and more intensely affecting the everyday life in the period between both World Wars: science, presence of non-Catholic religions, and mass media. Several organisations were established in order to »stand up« to the »immorality« and persons of all generations were engaged in this. On one side this demonstrates a relatively high degree of self-initiative, while on the other hand it also points out the intolerance and thorough integration into the ideological views of the Church.

Slovenci in Jugoslovanski kraljevi gardni bataljon

Author(s): Blaž Torkar / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

On the basis of archive materials and literature, the following contribution presents the role of the Yugoslav Royal Guard Battalion, formed in Egypt in June 1941 as a unit of the Yugoslav Army in emigration. The battalion, established with the help of the representatives of the Yugoslav Committee from Italy, mostly consisted of Slovenians or inhabitants of the Primorska (littoral) region who joined the Yugoslav Army in emigration as volunteers and former Italian captives. Throughout its existence the battalion, consisting of 850 to a maximum of 1,000 well-trained soldiers, operated in the context of the British Army in the Middle East. In the end of 1943 and the beginning of 1944 the unit started disintegrating, since its soldiers trusted the battalion leadership and the propaganda of the Yugoslav government in exile less and less. The soldiers started leaning towards supporting the Tito’s partisans, who were shown by the propaganda as the only effective resistance movement in Yugoslavia.

Strategija energetske stabilnosti ter pridobivanje in poraba premoga v letih 1945–1991

Author(s): Jože Prinčič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

The first part of the following discussion focuses on the futile efforts of the Yugoslav and Slovenian governments to ensure the energy stability and self-sufficiency between 1945 and 1991. The nature of the state economic policies in the years under consideration ensured the priority position and production growth of the energy industry. However, due to the lack of investment resources and persistence in the policy of swift and extensive use of national energy resources, the discrepancy between the energy produced and consumed got increasingly pronounced. In 1987 Slovenia started preparing the foundations for the introduction of a newer, more economically viable energy policy, oriented towards the national economy. The second part of the discussion focuses on coal as an inferior-quality energy resource, on which the autarkic Yugoslav energy orientation was based on. Besides the production and consumption trends, the historical analysis also took into account the investment policy, organisational development, and non-viable operation of the Slovenian coal mines. The latter was not compatible with the increasingly relaxed market relations, therefore many coal mines had to shut down.

Energija kot družbeni fenomen

Author(s): Nina Vodopivec / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

The following contribution provides an overview of energy, energy supply, policies and recovery research in anthropology. Besides the various anthropological viewpoints and researches the article outlines the wider research interests in studying energy in the social sciences and humanities from the historical viewpoint. In her article the author shows that the energy supply research is intertwined with the concepts of social development, progress and modernisation as well as the connections between people, society and nature.

O razpravi v socialistični enostrankarski skupščini in demokratičnem tranzicijskem parlamentu v Sloveniji

Author(s): Jure Gašparič,Mojca Šorn / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

Between 1986, when the socialist delegates (of that period) sat in the Assembly for the first time, and March 1990 the situation became different, as the boring socialist body was transformed into a modern parliament. The form of the Assembly was almost unchanged, the delegates were identical, only the manner of its activities had changed profoundly. Thus the 138 thick books of verbatim records of the Assembly sessions describe an almost Kafkaesque transformation. In the paper authors focus on the nature of these changes, trying to understand them through the characteristics of the assembly / parliamentary debate. It is precisely the debating which is the main feature and characteristic of any, even a one-party parliament.

Domoljubje v Sloveniji med svetovnima vojnama

Author(s): Vladimir Prebilič,Dunja Dobaja / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

In the introduction the article discusses the concept of patriotism and its importance for the formation of the national identity. This is followed by the outline of the definition of nation through the process of statehood, which Slovenians had undertaken immediately after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy — in the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. During its formation Slovenians had strong patriotic feelings, and at the same time they felt profound disappointment and dissatisfaction with the once dominant German government structures. The formation of the State of SHS was exceedingly solemn, which the article tries to depict by describing the festivities at the moment when the state was established, when Slovenians, proud of their nation, language and culture, looked into the future with great expectations, imagining an idealised unification with the Serbian brothers in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians. Gradually the time for sobriety arrived, indicating that Slovenians would once again have to fight for their own identity and the related cultural and linguistic characteristics andparticularities. This struggle was made harder by the mutual opposition between the political parties. In order to provide a more vivid presentation of the Slovenian patriotic feelings at the time, the article quotes excerpts from the memoirs of certain intellectuals at the time — astute observers of the contemporaneous social developments, which allowed them to overcome the spatially and temporally limited understanding of the future of the Slovenian political elites of that period. One of these intellectuals was Angela Vode.

Vprašanje domoljubja na Slovenskem v času Kraljevine Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev/Jugoslavije 1918–1941

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

In the First Yugoslavia the understanding of the values of patriotism at the intersection of Slovenianism and Yugoslavism divided the Slovenian politics with regard to the extremely important national question into two strictly separate sides. The first, most visibly represented by the liberal politics, argued for the Yugoslav unitarian and centralist viewpoint. Despite individual assurances about the observance of the Slovenian cultural tradition it expressed the renunciation of the Slovenian patriotic feelings, which it replaced with Yugoslav patriotism. The other side supported the autonomist-federalist standpoint. On the basis of a resolute defence of the Slovenian national individuality it demanded a federal transformation of the Yugoslav state and establishment of an administratively united and autonomous Slovenia with its own parliament and government. The most prominent representative of the Slovenian autonomist-federalist patriotic viewpoint was the strongest Slovenian party – the Catholic Slovenian People's Party. When World War II engulfed Slovenia, the circumstances of the perception of the patriotic consciousness changed drastically. Its character and significance were now defined by the war and characterised by the ethnocidal occupation and multi-layered Slovenian actions.

Domoljubje in Slovenska vojska

Author(s): Tomaž Kladnik / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

On the basis of the study of archive sources and literature the author analyses the decisive measures taken by General Maister and his fighters, ensuring that at the end of World War I and immediately after it units were established which may have been similar to the pre-war units in terms of the formation, but were nevertheless completely different, especially in terms of the national structures and chains of command. These units had a significant effect on the formation of the northern border of the newly-created state. The author associates these events from almost a century ago with the formation of the armed forces and military activities during the Slovenian Independence War, when the Slovenian Territorial Defence was transformed from a second-class reserve army, similarly as »Maister's Army« in 1918, into a modern defence force and opposed the attackers confidently and completely equally in cooperation with the Slovenian militia, civil protection and with the support of the population, thus protecting the establishment of the Slovenian state and defending its independence. Both of these armies represent the patriotic imperative for the operations of the Slovenian Army today.

Vloga in pomen veteranskih organizacij v sodobnih družbah

Author(s): Vladimir Prebilič,Jelena Juvan / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

As the historical memory of the war efforts of the society is getting increasingly remote and profound, the question of the role and importance of veteran organisations is becoming more and more topical. The issues associated with the veteran bonuses, provided for by the law, which we otherwise define with the concept of the functional imperative of veteran organisations, are coming to the forefront. At the same time the possibilities for the substantive integration of the individuals or veteran organisations as a whole into the functioning of the civil and social communities as well as the system of education and schooling are becoming less evident and are, as a rule, overlooked. This can be defined with the role of the social imperative, which defines the former in the long term. The fact that veteran organisations move away from the modern functioning of the societies means that the potentially significant experience, knowledge and understanding, vital for a more successful development and perhaps prevention of the repetition of certain mistakes from the recent history of the nations, may be lost.

"Tod sekla bridka bodo jekla"

Author(s): Uroš Košir / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

The following contribution describes the results of the archaeological survey of the high mountain range battlefield at Mt Rombon, where the Austro-Hungarian and Italian Armies fought between 1915 and 1917. An analysis of modern aerial photographs, revealing numerous fire and communivcation trenches as well as terraces for military barracks, was carried out, while the field survey involved the photographic documenting and mapping of the various positions with the aid of the global positioning system (GPS). The author shows the situation at the individual selected areas of the former battlefield, and he also focuses on the certain aspects of structuring the military positions and their adaptation to the natural circumstances in the high mountain enviroment. On the basis of selected finds from private museum collections, an analysis and presentation of the armament of the Austro-Hungarian and Italian Armies at Rombon was also carried out. This was one of the few examples of the archaeological research of the Soča Front, which would also deserve more attention from the archaeological science.

Arnold Suppan, Hitler - Benes - Tito: Konflikt, Krieg und Völkermord in Ostmittel und Südosteuropa...

Author(s): Bojan Godeša / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

Jurij Perovšek, O demokraciji in jugoslovanstvu: slovenski liberalizem v Kraljevini SHS/Jugoslaviji ...

Author(s): Marko Zajc / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

Dragana Gnjatović, Privilegovana agrarna banka : prilog istoriji poljoprivrednog kredita Srbije 1836−1947 ...

Author(s): Žarko Lazarevič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

Bogo Zupančič, Ljubljanska inženirska zbornica 1919-44 ...

Author(s): Mojca Šorn / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

Jože Prinčič, Pot do slovenske narodnogospodarske suverenosti 1945-1991 ...

Author(s): Aleksander Lorenčič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014