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In the period between the Spring of Nations and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Carniolan sausage did not only fill stomachs. It was also a highly esteemed refreshment, a stimulant for what was initially nascent and later – in the final decades of the period under consideration – already completely awakened national identity. Carniolan sausage had a special place in the Slovenian society and culture. However, what about its place in the political life? It especially had a great symbolic potential and it was a strongly marked object, allowing for various uses. It was convenient, frequently available for various occasions and needs, among others also for a range of »political« applications. The following text limits itself to three Carniolan sausage stains in the Slovenian politics in the period under consideration, smearing the press: the wagging fingers of the Slovenski narod newspaper journalists at the »flexible« – the politicians of moderate national policy in the Taaffe period; the disputes within the socialist camp among Slovenians in the United States; and finally one of the biggest social-political scandals in Carniola before World War I, brought to the boiling point in the atmosphere of the ruthless liberal-clericalist struggle for authority during the so-called Theimer affair.
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With the example of an amateur theatre in a Slovenian village the author demonstrates that the adherence to the local community has a significant role in the establishment of everyday nationhood, especially in the communities not bordering on »others«. The writer and patriot Josip Jurčič (1844-1881) was born in the village of Muljava. In 1911 patriotic students organised the theatre staging of Jurčič’s novel for the first time. The performances, featuring »ordinary people« speaking the local dialect, became a traditional village activity. The villagers are active and creative in cultivating a memory. The identification with the significance of »our« man in the national mythology increases the importance of the village. The organisation of rituals is an important volunteer activity, which brings the village community together. The organisation of village rituals simultaneously represents the organisation of national rituals. The adherence to the local community outgrows itself. On one hand it is concrete and the members confirm it with joint activities, while on the other hand it is placed in a wider national context. The changes in the state related and ideological context (Austro Hungary, the First Yugoslavia, the socialist Yugoslavia, Slovenia) contribute to the shaping of the village rituals. Various nation building groups attempt to approximate the local patriotic nationhood to their own versions of the national ideologies. A constant misunderstanding exists between the local patriotic nationhood and the nationhood of the elites. A successful nationalism is a misunderstanding that »works«. The author’s thesis is based on the exploration of archive, newspaper and oral sources.
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In the following discussion the authors analyse the occupational structure of the Members of Parliament of the first Yugoslav state. Taking into account the contemporary theoretical and practical documents, focusing on the personality of (ideal) Members of Parliament as well as their education and schooling, the authors attempt to establish whether any correlations exist between the occupational structure of the House of Parliament and the envisioned parliamentary culture. Due to the methodological issues involved in defining the occupations and because of the quality (as well as availability) or various information, the authors have based their analysis on the processed materials, published statistics, and archive materials from the National Assembly collection in the Archives of Yugoslavia.
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The Organisation of Yugoslav Nationalists (Orjuna) was established in the beginning of the 1920s in Dalmatia, from where it expanded to the other provinces of the Kingdom of SHS. This expansion was related to the activities of numerous refugees retreating from the Primorska (Littoral) region and Istria due to fascist persecution. Therefore Orjuna also organised propaganda, sabotage and general resistance in the Littoral region itself with the ultimate goal of liberating and annexing this region to its homeland. Naturally, espionage in favour of the Yugoslav Army also took place, which is why this organisation enjoyed the support of the Yugoslav authorities. However, this gradually changed due to its terrorist activities and inconveniences resulting from it, affecting the Yugoslav relations with Italy. It is obvious that Orjuna itself and its concrete activities in the Littoral region caught the interest of the Italian intelligence and diplomatic services. The Italian consulate in Ljubljana was especially active in this sense, making use of confidants among the Slovenian refugees. On the other hand Orjuna also organised its own spy network against the consulate, so that a kind of a spy war took place in Ljubljana. Through the embassy in Belgrade and Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Rome the reports about emigrants and members of Orjuna found their way into the police dossiers of the Ministry of the Interior in Rome. It is interesting that the systematic investigation of Orjuna and similar organisation by the leadership of the Italian police did not begin until as late as 1928, when Orjuna was already in decline. In his article the author addresses the main characteristics of Orjuna's activities, as reported by the fascist diplomatic and police bodies.
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In her contribution the author focuses on poverty in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the first half of the 1930s, when the global economic crisis also affected the first Yugoslav state profoundly. The author attempts to capture the perception of poverty in the time before World War II from the correspondence of Ivan Pucelj, Minister of Social Policy and National Health, who used to receive requests for monetary aid or help with finding employment from people with various social and educational backgrounds. The contribution focuses on the letters from General Rudolf Maister, painter Rihard Jakopič and cartoonist Hinko Smrekar, dating back to 1932 and 1933, which the author discovered in the legacy of the former Minister.
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Apart from the politicians it was especially newspapers which strengthened the conviction of inexhaustible energy resources among the population. »The treasures of Prekmurje lie deep underground. What is a ton of wheat, which also grows elsewhere, in comparison with a single oil well? Nothing. That is why fields and meadows give way to oil. (...) Oil is the lifeblood of technology. And we have oil,« wrote the author of an article in the Slovenski poročevalec newspaper. On the basis of available materials the following contribution first looks at the war damages and the resumed production of energy capabilities in the Slovenian space in 1945 and 1946. Then the author analyses the efforts of the planners between 1947 and 1950 to establish a greater co-dependence of energy resources in order to ensure a more extensive and stable energy supply. In his well-argued narration the author also looks at the influence of foreign examples on the shaping of the new organisational model and on the creation of the business models of energy economy. He also examines the connections with the neighbouring electricity industry systems.
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In the following article the author presents oil and gas economy, the position and role of this energy industry in Slovenia. Slovenia does not produce crude oil and gas and imports all of the required quantities. Production in the northeast of Slovenia, where the Lendava rafinery operated until the year 2000, is symbolic. Slovenia only produces methanol from the imported natural gas, and two oil pipelines are relevant for this country. Even though crude oil production and research in this area has a tradition in Slovenia, lasting for several decades, these fields had been developed especially until 1963, when the federal fund for research in the field of crude oil and gas production was abolished. Among other issues the article also focuses on the structure of final energy consumption, where liquid fuels represent the largest percentage, followed by natural gas. The Slovenian market for liquid fuels and natural gas is relatively small. However, one of the characteristics of the Slovenian liquid fuels market is a sufficient number of modern and ecologically-aware filling stations.
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The article analyses the development of environmental diplomacy in Slovenia between 1991 and 2012. The basic goal of the article is to present how the environmental diplomacy (diplomacy dealing with ecological issues) has developed in Slovenia, what its importance among other matters in the field of environmental politics and diplomacy has been, and who have been the propagators of the development of environmental diplomacy in Slovenia. The results established by the authors are not very encouraging: they show that the development of environmental diplomacy in Slovenia has been an exceedingly »marginal phenomenon«, gaining momentum mostly under external pressure (e.g. environmental conferences, membership in the European Union, etc.) rather then due to internal efforts. A slight change in the development of environmental diplomacy in Slovenia can be noted in the time of the so-called Pahor's Government (2008–2011), when the Minister of Foreign Affairs was Samuel Žbogar, who introduced a different – more proactive – view into environmental diplomacy because of his own personal principles. However, due to the end of Žbogar's term and in light of the current economic crisis, this view has not been maintained.
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The author of the following article explores the state of the cultural activities in Kočevje as the local centre of a large region in the south of Slovenia in the 1970s. She places an emphasis on the outline of the types of the cultural activities of societies in the Kočevje municipality and their extent as well as significance in the urban environment. The amateur cultural activities in the municipality were extensive, but nevertheless still impeded by numerous problems and circumstances. We have to underline that the Kočevje province has been characterised as „special“ by many historians and other experts, who have dealt with this region very carefully in their works. Namely, the history of the Kočevje region has been closely related and intertwined with the history of the Kočevje Germans, as it was a very nationally mixed province. However, this did not influence the development and shaping of the cultural space in this area after World War II, let alone in the 1970s.
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