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Ukraina jako przedmiot rywalizacji między Zachodem a Rosją

Author(s): Ryszard Zięba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

The author has adopted the assumptions based on the theory of political realism. This allowed him to analyse the Ukraine crisis as powers rivalry on Ukraine. In this competition, on the one hand, attending West, the United States and the European Union and Russia, on the other hand. The paper presents reasons of both sides, taking into account within the position of the West the motives of Poland’s involvement. To make the analysis objective it shows the position of a third party, i.e. Asian powers India and China, and independent experts from Western countries. Then the paper points the Ukraine crisis consequences for international security in Europe. In the last part attempts to show the chances of reaching an agreement between the West and Russia to solve the Ukraine crisis. It states that it is necessary and possible, but subject to the abandonment by the parties involved „absolute satisfaction” and decide on a compromise solution.

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Political Economy of the Emission Reduction Measures

Author(s): Rafał Riedel / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

The objective of the article is the critical analysis of measures undertaken by the European Union in order to reduce CO2 emissions. The analysis covers also some alternative methods of addressing the emissions problem as well as applicable reforms of the current ETS scheme. The arguments, of political and economic nature, are contextualized in the broader scope of the EU’s climate and energy policies.

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Взаимодействие высших органов государственной власти в процессе парламентской ответственности правительства в странах ЕС

Author(s): Svetlana Soroka / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2015

The paper presents the dependency of State central authorities in the context of parliamentary accountability of the governments in European Union states. The author of the paper analyses such forms of parliamentary accountability of government as a parliamentary vote of confidence requested by the government and conducted by the parliament. The results of the author’s studies have led her to the following conclusion: using the mechanism of a constructive vote of no confidence in the European Union demonstrates the fact that, despite certain difficulties in initiating this procedure, it is the only efficient mechanism for resolving a political and administrative crisis.

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Современная политическая сатира и политическая культура. Рассуждения на отдельных примерах юмора в постсоветских странах

Author(s): Lukash Donaj / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2015

Political culture, understood as the total set of values, standards and rules of behaviour consolidated in the consciousness of the entities participating in political activities, undergoes continuous change. The level of political culture can be described by means of many different elements, including humour. This paper attempts to present modern political satire, which is witnessing a kind of revival, especially on account of humour on the Internet, using selected examples of humour in post-Soviet countries.

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Personalizacja jako efekt mediatyzacj i polityki

Author(s): Dorota Piontek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

For over a dozen years, the attention of researchers has been focused on the mediatisation of politics and the implications of this process. The fundamental, and very general question emerging in the reflections on mediatisation concerns the issue of how and to what extent the contemporary media are changing politics. Personalisation is considered to be one of the main features of contemporary mediatised politics. This paper aims to identify the relations between the mediatisation of politics and its personalisation, and the consequences of these relations for political communication, as well as for the practice of political activities. The ambiguity of the category of personalisation requires detailed discussion, therefore the paper presents the basic the- oretical approaches to this category.

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Equality in the European Union

Author(s): Michał Piechowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Gender equality is a vital aspect of the European integration process. Although specific legislation concerning gender issues was included in the establishing Treaties, in the Charter of fundamental rights and in a dozen other directives, non-discriminatory principle has also been strengthened by the jurisdiction of the Court of Jus- tice of the European Union which formed a judgment in more than 200 cases. Nowadays, the EU equality legislation has moved far beyond basic gender issues, and this is also discussed in the article. It focuses not only on the fundamentals of EU legis- lation concerning gender equality but also on the level of its implementation and its most important limitations. Such considerations are broadened by a discussion on the EU actions which may be also treated as the implementation of non-discriminatory legislation.

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Perspectives of Regionalisation in Europe

Author(s): Maria Gołda-Sobczak / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

The notion of region is particularly vague, as this issue is referred to by studies from various disciplines. It has long been one of the subjects of interest of the Council of Europe which perceives local and regional administration as one of the fundamental ingredients of modern European democracy. The European Charter of Local Self-Government is the main document that regulates these matters in the Council of Europe law system. It is accompanied by a number of other documents, including The European Charter of Regional Self-Government. The article provides an analysis of these normative deeds within the realm of Union law. When the Single European Act entered into force, regions have become an important part of Union policy. Committee of the Regions set up in 1994, whose operation is related to the principle of subsidiarity and programming of the idea of the Europe of Regions, is the most impor- tant body concerned with regional issues.

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Mandatory voting as a remedy to increase electoral tumout: an appropriate solution to be applied in the European Parliament elections?

Author(s): Elżbieta Kużelewska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

The aim of this article is to analyse compulsory voting including sanctions for non voting. The article explores elections to the European Parliament, decreasing turnout and an idea of introducing compulsory voting in European elections. Nowadays twenty nine states recognise compulsory voting. In Europe seven countries, including Turkey, introduced it. High people’s participation in elections is typical for the states with compulsory voting. This situation is observed especially in case of European elections, where turnout is systematically diminishing. One of succesful solution for increasing turnout can be introducing of compulsory voting. This would also result in strenghtening role of the European Parliament towards Commission and Council. It would also cause establishing more harmonized political landscape of the the EU.

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Polityka zwalczania Współczesnego kryzysu gospodarczego. Między Hayekiem a Keynesem

Author(s): Krzysztof Hajder,Jakub Below / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

Policy aiming to overcome economic crises raises considerable controversies among experts and politicians, who present a broad range of recipes to prevent crises and overcome their effects. This paper aims to discuss two, to a large extent contradictory approaches to the nature of crises which reflect the maximum range of opinions. In order to achieve their aim, the authors discuss the standpoints of two of probably the most influential economists, who examined this issue during the great economic crisis of the 20th century, and compare their recommendations with the steps taken by politi- cians today. One of the two economists is John Maynard Keynes, who identified fluctuations in demand as the source of economic problems and recommended proactivity in preventing the results of economic turmoil; the other one is Friedrich August von Hayek, a representative of the Austrian school of economics, who blamed monetary factors for the cyclical recurrence of economic crises and called for the reconstruction of the system so as to prevent recession before it emerges. The different approaches to the role of the State in the economy, the methodological differences and the discussion on economics these two economists carried on for many years make their work significant, which is somewhat forgotten now, even by their respective supporters. The authors of the paper demonstrate, however, that the contribution of the two adversaries in the theory of economic crises can hardly be overestimated, and although the reasoning of John Keynes seems to be more popular among contemporary decision-makers, the dispute between the intellectual successors of both economists continues to be vivid and topical.

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Online Communities and Online Activities of Politicians – Opinions of Internet Users

Author(s): Jakub Jakubowski,Iwona Olejnik / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Marketing activity in the field of social media has seemed to be more pro- fessional for few years. This communication channel (web 2.0) is established and frequently used on the market of products and services. Social media services are also in progress. They are focused of big data, sale support or profiling offers at an angle of brand fan`s behavior in social media. Collaterally, similar activities in the field of politics appear. The objective of this article is answering the question: what is the attitude of the Internet users to promotion activities like this? It seems to be important from the effective and specific point of view in political communication of social media. Thus, we conducted research described in this text that is going to verify if social media services are the source of knowledge about politics in Poland. What is more, we wanted to check in which way the Internet users find information about politics and what is their level of engagement `around` politicians` online activity.

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Collective Memory: A Universal Phenomenon the Palestinian Collective Memory as a Case Study

Author(s): Asad Taffal / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

This paper discusses the issue of collective memory as a phenomenon experienced by different human civilisations and nations. It attempts to explain the historical events that influenced the collective memory of different human populations over the course of history. It describes some of the examples of the deportation and exoduses of people, and the impacts they had on those people’s collective memories. Furthermore, the paper discusses the relationship between collective memory and globalisation. It then presents the Palestinian collective memory as a case study, and shows how the Palestinian culture and heritage has been affected by the 1948 Exodus. The paper attempts also to explain the channels and methods through which Palestinian collective memory is passed down the generations, and how this process is reinforced. Finally, it provides a number of recommendations and methods through which collective memory in general, and the Palestinian one in particular, can be protected and maintained across the various generations.

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Demagogia w medialnych obrazach rzeczywistości i jej wpływ na społeczeństwo

Author(s): Robert Grochowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

The paper explores the influence and danger to both the individual and society as a whole stemming from media manipulation. It proposes possible solutions to the problem and ways of counteracting such manipulation. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the abuse of manipulation in today’s media space is not only becoming more widespread, but even worse – it is becoming more devious. It presents an image of perversity and a reality that often arouses negative emotions or even disgust as some- thing natural. This leads to the fact that we are living in an era of ever-increasing conformity. Under the influence of the media, more and more often people are unable to unambiguously identify evil and good. Of course, the media, including television, can- not be entirely discounted as they can serve the truth and they do transmit information, and as a transmitter of information they constitute an important element of a functioning society. All we can do is to consciously select the content for the viewer to watch. This problem illustrates, however, that the manipulation present in televisual images of reality negatively affects the construction of social relations and can in time lead to a rise in ag- gression, violence, the sexualisation of society and depriving it of taboos.

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„Pomnik niedźwiedzia Wojtka”, czyli o polskich projektach upamiętnienia udziału zwierząt W II Wojnie światowej

Author(s): Magdalena Lorenc / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

A monument is not an imitation or representation of the past, but a cultural construct. The choice of a theme and the way it is presented in a monumental sculpture show what a particular group considered important and worthy of commemoration. Although it refers to the past, it is primarily concerned with the reality in which it was created. It is a response to a demand. The monuments of Wojtek which were founded in Poland in 2013–2014 contributed to the consolidation and dissemination of ideas about the bear-hero of Monte Cassino. By exposing patriotic themes and national symbols, the fate of the bear has been linked with the history of Poland during and after World War II. This clear and unequivocal message about the unusual relationship between Wojtek and the Anders’ Army soldiers does not mention how the animal was treated. Thus, the chance to problematize the fate of the bear in man’s captivity has been missed.

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Legalność zmiany władzy na Ukrainie

Author(s): Andrzej Stelmach / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The procedure of changing the Constitution of Ukraine in 2004, 2010 and 2014 raises considerable concerns about the conformity of those changes with the country’s Constitution. The amendments can be clearly evidenced to have stemmed from the intention to achieve current political objectives. Successive amendments to the Constitution were introduced by blatantly defying legal standards which was the reason for their later revocation. The situation was quite similar when President Viktor Yanukovych was deposed. The paper also discusses the influence of the mass social movements named the Orange Revolution or the Euromaidan on the Ukrainian State authorities.

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Wielowymiarowość pojęcia samorządu – od związków terytorialnych do specjalnych

Author(s): Robert Kmieciak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The analysis presented in this paper concerns corporate self-regulatory associations (in Polish: samorząd korporacyjny) based on the principle of mandatory membership of individuals. In this context, it was necessary to outline the nature and directions of development of local governments (in Polish: samorz1d terytorialny) as the core of local authorities. A corporate self-regulatory association, however, is not a unidimensional term that exclusively concerns territorial relations. The system that represents the interests of certain circles also encompasses a highly significant type of special self-regulatory entities (in Polish: samorząd specjalny) identified by different criteria. This includes personal associations that express the interests of individuals representing professions of public trust and business associations whose task is to act in the name of different economic circles. This division is reflected by professional and business self-regulatory associations respectively (in Polish: samorząd zawodowy and samorząd gospodarczy). In the context of globalisation, metropolisation and participatory democracy, self-regulatory associations should be viewed from a slightly differ- ent perspective – not only through the prism of communities organised in terms of territories, but also from the point of view of persons who perform professions of public trust, that is in terms of governance. This is particularly important on account of the necessity to seek new, effective and equal forms of collaboration between local government units and the organisations of special self-regulatory associations.

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Social history methodology and contemporary Russian political science

Author(s): Artem Karateev / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

Interdisciplinary relations bring a large variety of instruments to the researchers. Some fruitful methodological approaches may be obtained by specialists in political science from social history. Social history describes different spheres of society’s life (including political one) in order to show their close linkages and interdependence. Some of social history studies give us much valuable information and inferences concerning politics. That is why methodological approaches of social history should be carefully explored in order to understand what advantage they could provide to political studies.

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„Mienie pożydowskie” jako figura polskiego dyskursu publicznego

Author(s): Piotr Forecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The term “post-Jewish property” has a descriptive function in Polish. It is present in both colloquial speech and academic discourse. This specific collocation usually does not raise semantic suspicions and is considered a carrier of neutral content used to describe certain material assets, that is the property of Jews who were murdered by the Germans during the Holocaust, in particular – the real estate remaining in Poland, whose owners changed. The problem with the term “post-Jewish property” understood in this way is that it is based on false foundations and incorporates functions assigned to it in order to ensure the comfort of the Polish national community. The key objective of this paper is to deconstruct this highly convenient and useful conceptual collocation, indicate its origin and, primarily, to answer the question of what it tries to erase/conceal.

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Spór o media publiczne w Polsce w świetle standardów europejskich

Author(s): Jędrzej Skrzypczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

Independent public media clearly are a permanent and important element of democracy in Europe. It is claimed that several fundamental factors are indispensable for public media. Firstly, regulations are necessary to guarantee the right mechanisms of appointing the structures to manage and supervise the media. Secondly, they should be ensured editorial independence. Thirdly, appropriate financing principles are necessary and, finally, adequate measures to formulate, assign and execute public responsibilities, or public mission of the media, have to be implemented. The subject of this paper is to analyse European standards defining the principles of operations of public media with reference to the first above-mentioned issue and – in this context – to ana- lyse the highly controversial amendments to the Law on Broadcasting of 30 December 2015. It should be emphasised, however, that practically no legal provision can ensure the operation of truly free, independent and apolitical public media. They cannot be ‘decreed’ but should rather stem from tradition and political, historical, social as well as cultural experiences. One has to agree with the thesis that institutional and systemic solutions alone will not ensure the emergence of public media, and in particular that they will fulfil their public mission. It is necessary to develop adequate mechanisms of political culture and abandon treating public radio and television as political spoils. Especially in a country like Poland, where the standards of a democratic state and the concept of public media are still a new experience, systemic solutions should promote such principles. It is difficult to ignore the reservations made by different European structures and avoid the impression that the only goal of the amendments made to the Law on Broadcasting was for the ruling party to ‘take over’ the public media.

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Lokalne polityki pamięci

Author(s): Łukasz Skoczylas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The paper presents a new insight into the memory processes associated with memory politics at the local level. Firstly, the author opposes the identification of the term “memory politics” with the term “history politics”. Secondly, the author presents a proposal for analyzing public attempts to influence the collective consciousness of the past through the concept of local memory policies. This concept applies to territorial communities smaller than the state-society. The author shows the empirical application of this concept on the example of the city of Poznañ.

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Czerwony, bolszewik, … człowiek? – upamiętnienia symboliczne a miejsca spoczynku i pamięci żołnierzy Armii Czerwonej na terenie RP Naruszenia Umowy między Rządem RP a Rządem Federacji Rosyjskiej o grobach i miejscach pamięci ofiar wojen i represji

Author(s): Joanna Kałużna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

As one party to the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Poland and the Government of the Russian Federation on the graves and places of memory of victims of war and repression, Poland has pledged to undertake various activities as concerns the graves and places of commemoration, including the graves of 600,000 Red Army soldiers located on Polish territory. In the face of the increasing number of acts of vandalism towards these places, it is worth analysing the nature of such behaviour. The paper enumerates the motives indicated by perpetrators of such acts of vandalism, the reactions of representatives of the political elite, the steps taken by the law en- forcement forces and the content of media coverage of the acts of vandalism. The paper also forecasts the possible reversal of such tendencies and compares the activities occurring in Poland and those in other states that are parties to corresponding international agreements.

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