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International Aspect of the Status of Academic Freedom in European Culture

International Aspect of the Status of Academic Freedom in European Culture

Author(s): Maria Gołda-Sobczak / Language(s): Issue: 3/2014

Wolność akademicka należy do tych wolności, które stosunkowo późno doczekały się sformułowania zarówno w międzynarodowych, jak i krajowych aktach normatywnych. Na wolność akademicką składa się w pierwszym rzędzie wolność nauczania i badań dla nauczycieli akademickich, a więc głoszenie własnych poglądów i prowadzenie badań zgodnie z wymogami naukowości i nakazami sumienia; wolność wyboru metod i problematyki badawczej, ogłaszania i publikowania wyników; możność uprawiania tzw. czystej nauki, zmierzającej wyłącznie do pogłębiania wiedzy i osiągnięcia prawdy w danej dziedzinie bez oglądania się na jakiekolwiek względy utylitarne. Po drugie elementem tej wolności jest prawo studentów do swobodnego studiowania i dochodzenia do wiedzy, tj. wolnego wyboru uniwersytetu, przedmiotu studiów, nauczycieli akademickich. Po trzecie wreszcie składnikiem wolności akademickiej jest pełna autonomia wewnętrzna i zewnętrzna uniwersytetu w postaci wyboru władz, obsady katedr, egzaminów, własnego sądownictwa zajmującego się wykroczeniami przeciwko regulaminom uniwersyteckim, w tym wolność od nieuprawnionych ingerencji lub restrykcji ze strony władz publicznych. Dyskusyjne są granice wolności akademickich, formułowane zwłaszcza w okresie wojen. Przyjmuje się, że wytyczają granice wolności akademickiej względy etyczne, interes publiczny i państwowy. wolność akademicka uznawana jest jako immamentna cecha uniwersytetu, a jej treścią są rozległe uprawnienia statutowe o charakterze samorządowym, autonomia oraz wolność nauki i nauczania. Autonomia winna być pojmowana jako uprawnienie do samookreślenia i samego decydowania uniwersytetu, a szczerzej ujmując uczelni wyższej, o sobie. Wolność akademicka pozwalać ma także na korzystanie przez uczonych z prawa wolności słowa oraz z możliwości podejmowania działalności w rozmaitych organizacjach politycznych i społecznych. Prawa te gwarantowane są zarówno w aktach prawa międzynarodowego, jak i w prawie wewnętrznym państw demokratycznych wszystkim obywatelom. Oczywiście wolność akademicka, jak wszelka wolność - o czym niestety się dość często zapomina zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do wolności prasy - nie ma charakteru nieograniczonego. W literaturze wskazuje się na jej ograniczenia zewnętrzne, które sprowadzają się do zakazu przekazywania wiedzy nieaktualnej oraz treści. które zostały skutecznie obalone w toku dyskursu naukowego. Potrzeba sformułowania instytucjonalnych podstaw wolności akademickiej była wielokrotnie dyskutowana i formułowana w rozmaitych dokumentach. W Wielkiej Karcie Uniwersytetów Europejskich określono katalog najistotniejszych zasad tworzących razem wolność akademicką, a mianowicie: autonomię, jedność, wolność i uniwersalność, przy czym najważniejszą wagę wśród nich przywiązuje się do zasady autonomii. Potwierdza to Deklaracja Erfurcka w sprawie autonomii wyższych uczelni. W europejskim prawie regionalnym wolność akademicka została wyraźnie sformułowana w zdaniu 2 art. 13 Karty Praw Podstawowych Unii Europejskiej.

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Celebrations of the millennium of Poland's baptism as the manifestation of the 'Church's politics of memory'

Celebrations of the millennium of Poland's baptism as the manifestation of the 'Church's politics of memory'

Author(s): Paweł Stachowiak / Language(s): Issue: 3/2014

Uroczystości Milenium Chrztu Polski jako przejaw „kościelnej polityki pamięci" Kościół katolicki jest w dzisiejszej Polsce jednym z ważniejszych podmiotów polityki pamięci. Jest ona definiowana jako działania na rzecz ukształtowania pamięci zbiorowej społeczeństwa poprzez ustanowienie dominującego tonu w publicznym dyskursie o przeszłości. Zdobycie uprzywilejowanej pozycji w walce o kształt tej pamięci stało się przejawem nie tylko ambicji rozmaitych instytucji i środowisk, ale również wyrazem realistycznego przeświadczenia, które każe w przeszłości, a raczej w jej ocenie i interpretacji, szukać drogi do legitymizacji swej aktualnej roli publicznej. Kształtowanie pożądanego obrazu przeszłości związane jest z realizacją wielu celów instytucjonalnego Kościoła. Są wśród nich: dążenie do zachowania istotnego miejsca w życiu publicznym i pozostanie liczącym się uczestnikiem publicznej debaty. Dlatego obok pozostałych uczestników życia publicznego wypracował on własną wersję „polityki pamięci" i stara się poprzez nią wpłynąć na kształt pamięci zbiorowej Polaków. Była ona uprawiana przez Kościół już w okresie PRL a momentem, w którym można było obserwować szczególny zbieg jej wątków były obchody Milenium chrztu Polski w 1966 r. Artykuł jest próbą odtworzenia kościelnej wizji tysiąclecia, zarysowania głównych wątków, które pojawiają się w milenijnych dokumentach i wystąpieniach hierarchów oraz rekonstrukcji ówczesnego kościelnego programu prezentowania przeszłości, i celów, jakie miały być za jego pośrednictwem realizowane. Autor podkreśla, iż główny cel "kościelnej polityki pamięci" okresu milenijnego miał raczej charakter defensywny i był reakcją na świadomą oraz zaplanowaną politykę wypierania Kościoła ze sfery publicznej, bronił on w ten sposób swej roli, jako instytucji kształtującej tożsamość narodową i system wartości Polaków. Milenijna strategia Kościoła była też próbą utrzymania realnej pozycji Kościoła dzięki wzmocnieniu tradycyjnej formy polskiej religijności: ludowej, masowej, odwołującej się do utożsamienia polskości i katolicyzmu. Wobec takich celów przeszłość stała się przedmiotem instrumentalizacji przez obie strony ówczesnego ideowo-politycznego sporu, kościelną i państwową. Czyniono tak poprzez odpowiednią ekspozycję różnych wydarzeń z przeszłości, niekiedy zaś przez nadawanie im odmiennych interpretacji. Kościół był w tym sporze stroną dysponującą większą wiarygodnością, aniżeli władze komunistyczne, które dopiero w latach sześćdziesiątych uczyniły pozytywne odwołania do tysiącletniej tradycji polskiej państwowości częścią swej strategii legitymizacyjnej.

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Polsko-rosyjskie pogranicze – od regionu izolowanegodo transgranicznego

Polsko-rosyjskie pogranicze – od regionu izolowanegodo transgranicznego

Author(s): Wojciech Tomasz Modzelewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

This paper assumes that two neighboring regions, that is regions sharing a com- mon land border, namely Warmia and Mazury, and Kaliningrad FR, form the Polish-Russian borderland. It shows the evolution of the Polish-Russian border, from closed (until 1955), through selectively open (1956–1989), to the border as a platform for cooperation (since 1990). This has determined the evolution of borderland research, from research into a closed, isolated border – to a border where multi-dimen- sional and bottom-up, cross-border contacts are implemented. The introduction of small border traffic rules in 2012 and the following dynamic increase in border traffic, has largely contributed to creating a Polish-Russian cross-border region.

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Nowy wymiar przywództwa politycznego: w poszukiwaniu perspektywy do badań personalizacji polityki na poziomie lokalnym

Nowy wymiar przywództwa politycznego: w poszukiwaniu perspektywy do badań personalizacji polityki na poziomie lokalnym

Author(s): Paweł Antkowiak,Łukasz Scheffs / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

A politician’s image is a specific kind of image shaped in the minds of voters which brings certain associations, thereby generating attitudes and having an impact on electoral preferences. The importance of personality traits and politicians’ images as perceived by voters is increasing. Empirical studies into politicians’ personalities continue to be among the most effective tools to examine the foundations for the personalization of politics also at a local level. These tools are to measure the personality traits of politicians as perceived by citizens. This paper attempts to systematize concepts, and introduces advanced empirical research.

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The Conditioning of Integrational Policies towards Muslims in Sweden

The Conditioning of Integrational Policies towards Muslims in Sweden

Author(s): Klaudia Gołębiowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

As the countries of Europe recovered from World War II, they again became attractive destinations for potential migrants and opened their doors to immigrants to help rebuild their economies. Very often immigrants were not able to take material richness from their homeland but they always took their ,,cultural richness’’ containing ways of behaving and communicating with each other, and also tradition, beliefs and religious cults. Their arrival in West Europe made that society not only multicultural but also multireligious. My article aims at analyzing the integration policy towards Muslim Minority in Sweden and its determinants to set wise precepts for political managment in other countries (including Poland). Integration policy, as a part of migration policy, is a great challenge for many countriues.

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Outplacement jako narzędzie polityki społecznej odpowiedzialności przedsiębiorstw w Unii Europejskiej

Outplacement jako narzędzie polityki społecznej odpowiedzialności przedsiębiorstw w Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Magdalena Greficz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

Employment restructuring processes are one of the most severe social effects arising from changes taking place today in the countries of the European Union resulting from the economic crisis that has unfolded since 2008. It would seem that in view of economic difficulties companies will focus on improving financial performance, abandoning the application of a policy of social responsibility (Corporate Social Responsibility – CSR). One of the examples of CSR measures taken by companies during the crisis is outplacement. The aim of this article is to describe the essence of outplacement by a review of the literature on employment restructuring and business social responsibility, including in particular the issue of tools employed by enterprises to mitigate adverse effects of dismissal of employees. The characterization of outplacement has been presented within the context of legal regulations and initiatives of the European Union and Poland, and also of practical CSR solutions applied by companies as part of outplacement programmes.

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Polityczny oddźwięk Deklaracji o stosunku Kościoła do religii niechrześcijańskich Nostra aetate

Polityczny oddźwięk Deklaracji o stosunku Kościoła do religii niechrześcijańskich Nostra aetate

Author(s): Sylwia Górzna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The opening of the Catholic Church to dialogue with other religions has its source in the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), which in many documents expressed the positive attitude of the Catholic Church to non-Christian religions. It was a special landmark event in the history of the Catholic Church. The author presents a conciliatory document, which proposes that the faithful of the Church should establish a dialogue with the followers of different religions to respect the values present in these religions. The Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions Nostra Aetate began the process of the re-orientation of the Church towards the followers of different religions, among others Islam and Judaism, which are based on the belief in one God (monotheism). Particular attention should be paid to item 3 of this Declaration, which emphasizes that the Catholic Church has regard for the followers of Islam and item 4, which contains the formulation of the Jewish responsibility for deicide and raises the painful issue of anti-Semitism, but not for political reasons. Through the Declaration, a lot of Catholics have changed their approach towards the followers of other religions. This document is a testimony confirming the special concern of the Church about establishing friendly relations with the followers of different religions, among others Islam and Judaism. The author is convinced that the document contributes to the peaceful coexistence of religions, which should work towards peace between nations.

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Witold Szabłowski, Zabójca z miasta moreli. Reportaże z Turcji

Witold Szabłowski, Zabójca z miasta moreli. Reportaże z Turcji

Author(s): Klaudia Wojtkowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

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Z akademickiego podwórka. Wykładowcy o studentach, red. Piotr Lissewski, Dominika Narożna

Z akademickiego podwórka. Wykładowcy o studentach, red. Piotr Lissewski, Dominika Narożna

Author(s): Zbigniew Grochal / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

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Polska, Niemcy i bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Unii Europejskiej (po wyborach parlamentarnych w Polsce w 2007 r.)

Polska, Niemcy i bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Unii Europejskiej (po wyborach parlamentarnych w Polsce w 2007 r.)

Author(s): Agnieszka Bielawska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

This article outlines the issue of energy security of the European Union and its Member States. It outlines the course of work in the European Commission and the European Parliament on EU documents „third energy package” and the regulation concerning measures to safeguard security of gas supply. It also outlines the German and Polish attitude to the construction of the pipelines like Nord Stream, South Stream and Nabucco. Issues raised were considered for their impact on the Polish-German relations, on the basis of bilateral and European level.

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Stosunki polsko-niemieckie i europejskie kryzysy

Stosunki polsko-niemieckie i europejskie kryzysy

Author(s): Krzysztof Malinowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

Polish-German relations are an example of good collaboration. They also offer considerable potential for even closer cooperation. The crises in the euro zone brought Warsaw and Berlin closer to one another, especially during the Polish presidency of the EU. The present conflict with Russia, however, has resulted in complications. Ironically, it may contribute to Germany’s better understanding Polish expectations regarding security. From Poland’s point of view, the partnership with Germany is being significantly tested within the framework of the North Atlantic Alliance. Germany is trying to accommodate Polish postulates by becoming involved in NATO spearhead forces and facilitating closer military contacts. Polish-German relations will long continue to depend on the nature of German leadership and the role of Poland in the EU, which is not ultimately defined.

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Legitimacy without legitimation of the lopsided parliament. The snap parliamentary elections in Macedonia 2014

Legitimacy without legitimation of the lopsided parliament. The snap parliamentary elections in Macedonia 2014

Author(s): Dominika Mikucka-Wójtowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

This paper is devoted to the snap parliamentary elections in Macedonia, which took place on 27 April 2014. The main initiator of the early elections was the DUI, which represents the interests of the Albanian minority and was the junior coalition partner in the government led by Nikola Gruevski from the VMRO–DPMNE. The DUI’s activists did not want to advocate the candidacy of the incumbent head of state, Gjorge Ivanov, who was seeking re-election. After the elections the SDSM, the main rival of the ruling VMRO-DPMNE, has not recognised the result and refused to take up their parliamentary seats.

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Instytucja referendum ogólnokrajowego w Uzbekistanie – regulacje prawne i praktyka

Instytucja referendum ogólnokrajowego w Uzbekistanie – regulacje prawne i praktyka

Author(s): Jacek Szukalski,Radosław Żmigrodzki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

This paper presents the institution of national referendums in modern Uzbekistan, which in 1991 became an independent and sovereign state in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union. It discusses the legislative regulations of referendums stipulated in the Constitution of Uzbekistan of 1992 and the 1992 Law. In the analysis of the latter, particular attention is given to such elements as the right to vote, the principle of transparency, the entities authorised to take the initiative to hold a referendum, the authorities responsible for the preparation and holding of a referendum and the criteria for its validity. There were only four referenda held in Uzbekistan in the period of concern: two in 1991, and one in 1995 and 2002 each. It is concluded that national referen- dums in Uzbekistan play an essential role, providing the only fully democratic form of citizens expressing their preferences in this authoritarian state.

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Konkurencja a ochrona autorskich dóbr intelektualnych w Unii Europejskiej. Wybrane zagadnienia na tle orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości

Konkurencja a ochrona autorskich dóbr intelektualnych w Unii Europejskiej. Wybrane zagadnienia na tle orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości

Author(s): Inga Oleksiuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The subject of this article is a critical review of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJ EU) decisions in the area of copyright and antimonopoly law. Its aim is to clarify the most important issues and to present the development of the ruling practice. In light of the CJ EU case law the determination of the conditions and procedures for granting the protection of an intellectual property right is a matter of national law. However, in exceptional circumstances the exercise of an exclusive right classified by national law as „copyright” may involve abusive conduct and may be subject to EU antimonopoly law. The CJ EU attempts to clarify the notion of „exceptional circumstances” is a subject of critical review. Next, the study discuss the rationale for potential restrictions of competition between the undertakings active on the internal market. The CJ UE stated that certain restrictions on free trade and competition may by justified by high and risky investments that – in the opinion of the Court – are vital for the development of creativity Moreover, CJ EU pointed out that it is necessary to consider both the specific nature of intellectual property and the diverse cultural and socio-economic context of the copyright trade in each Member State.

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Proces ewolucji regionalizmu w Polsce od oporu do ofensywy

Proces ewolucji regionalizmu w Polsce od oporu do ofensywy

Author(s): Ryszard Kowalczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The author discusses the process of the evolution of regionalism in Poland, rooting its beginnings in the early 19th century and concluding his analysis with the political transformation in Poland after 1989. He presents the ideological principles and different manifestations of regionalism, as well as the typical trends influencing the transformations of regionalism at the turn of the 19th century. The core of regionalism remained unchanged in this period, and its founding principles, objectives and activities are both approved and continued in modern times.

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The gap between the liberal rhetoric and the socio-political reality of contemporary international relations – the example of East-Central Europe

The gap between the liberal rhetoric and the socio-political reality of contemporary international relations – the example of East-Central Europe

Author(s): Jacek Więcławski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

This paper refers to the gap between the liberal rhetoric and the reality of contemporary international relations. It maintains that liberalism remains a leading explanatory perspective, yet contemporary international affairs are too dynamic and too complicated to analyse them within liberal perspectives alone. In addition, liberalism tends to fall into dogmatism. Thus, the adequate analysis of today’s democracy, as well as the political and economic aspects of contemporary international relations becomes incomplete without a reference to some realist, constructivist and even postmodernist conclusions. The example of the East-Central European democratic transformation clearly illustrates this thesis. The liberal reforms in the region still clash with the illiberal attitudes inherited from the communist past. Additionally, liberal values are misconceived and misunderstood. The explanation of those processes reaches far beyond liberal confines, and even the analysis of the Eastern enlargement of the European Union would be more complete with some realist, critical theoretical or postmodernist remarks added to it.

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The Return of Institutions. On the Latest Change in the Research on Social and Economic Development

The Return of Institutions. On the Latest Change in the Research on Social and Economic Development

Author(s): Rafał Szymanowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The paper describes the latest change in the research on social and economic development of states. This change is characterized mainly by a strong emphasis put on the role of institutions as key instruments of reducing the development gap between countries. It is argued that in the years after 1989 institutions have disappeared from mainstream academia and major intellectual debates because of: (1) the widespread belief in global convergence of capitalism and (2) the modernization theory which prevailed in the social science in the 1990s. The article indicates that institutions were once again brought into focus as a result of (1) a wider debate about the institutional sources of growth and development sparked by Acemoglu and Robinson’s Why Nations Fail, (2) the beginning of the global economic crisis of 2008 triggered by the fall of American investment bank Lehman Brothers (3) diversified consequences of the economic crisis seen all over Europe and the USA which illustrate (4) the institutional varieties of capitalism.

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Наблюдения за демагогическими текстами казахстанских русскоязычных газет революционного времени

Наблюдения за демагогическими текстами казахстанских русскоязычных газет революционного времени

Author(s): Bahyt Babashevna Abilkasymova,Sharipa Syzdykovna Nurzhanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

It is an axiom to say that the language of the print media is a highly effective instrument of power, politics and propaganda. This paper illustrates the fact that language can be ‘powerful’ in terms of style and lexicon, and of the attitude to reality it expresses, which is primarily related to ideology. The authors stress the role of the Russian language in the totalitarian propaganda of the period concerned. The 1917 Revolution and civil war in Russia marked the period of the greatest conflicts and a turmoil that was accompanied by an intense ‘linguistic experience’ and changes to the ‘status’ of the language. In the years immediately following the Revolution the role of the official language, conveying the single official ideology was enormous and newspapers turned out to be an efficient instrument of propaganda. They provided the main channel of totalitarian ideology, efficiently influencing social consciousness. This paper is based on an analysis of texts published in three Kazakhstani newspapers: “Glos Semirechye” (1919), “Dzhetysuyskaya Pravda” (1923), “Turkiestan komunistytchna”, “True Semirechensk Region” (1920). It is demonstrated in the conclusions that the demagogic texts published there conveyed the ideology of a totalitarian system. One of the main messages conveyed in these texts concerned the image of a new world shaped by such factors as the Revolution, contradictions between different social classes, external and internal threats, as well as threatening the victory of reactionary forces. This paper attempts to identify and characterise the manifestations of ideology propagated at the time of the proletarian revolution.

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Personalizacja polityki w świetle wyników badania opinii publicznej. Przegląd wybranych badań

Personalizacja polityki w świetle wyników badania opinii publicznej. Przegląd wybranych badań

Author(s): Paweł Antkowiak,Łukasz Scheffs / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

In parliamentary democracies a tendency to show policy in a more personalized way has revealed. Although such a process actually takes places so much the criteria based on which voters make decisions on voting they are not clear. You can assume that voters more susceptible to the personalization process will make a decision based on nonpolitical characteristics of the leader. Is it certain, that on the basis of a superficial assessment image of the leader they make the right choice? During the voting – do we also take more rational criteria such as the power to solve important problems or leadership abilities?

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Powiązania literackie Polski i Azji Centralnej: literatura polska w przekładach na łamach uzbeckiego czasopisma „Jahon adabiyoti”

Powiązania literackie Polski i Azji Centralnej: literatura polska w przekładach na łamach uzbeckiego czasopisma „Jahon adabiyoti”

Author(s): Bahtiyar Genjemuratov / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The author discusses the examples of the current status of cultural and literary co- operation between the Polish and Uzbek nations. In his opinion, in the period of globalization, creative elites feel a need for a permanent dialogue and mutual links, between different states and on a global scale, as exemplified by Polish-Uzbekistani relations expressed in terms of translations of literature, among other things. The author emphasises that translating poetry calls for the translator’s comprehensive general knowledge, encompassing also the awareness of the general cultural context.

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