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İdil-Ural Âlimlerinden Rızâeddîn bin Fahreddîn’in (1859–1936) İbn Arabî Değerlendirmesi

Author(s): Özkan Öztürk / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Rizaeddin bin Fakhreddin is one of the most important thinkers who took part in the Jadidist movement in the Idil-Ural region in the 19th-20th centuries. He wrote the biography of many Islamic thinkers in order to contribute to the awakening of Muslims of Russia. One of them is about Ibn al-Arabi. In his work, he examines the ideas of Ibn al-‘Arabī under practical, scientific and philosophical titles. In the title of practical opinions, he deals with the issues of ijtihād, ijmāʿ and qiyās. In the title of scientific views, he examines the inclusiveness of mercy, rijāl al-ghayb and the faith of Pharaoh. In philosophical views, he stands out the discussions about the ʿālam al-mithāl and wahdat alwujūd. Rizaeddin bin Fakhreddin reevaluates the historical quarrels about Ibn al-Arabî in his work. He talks about three attitudes and groups on this subject. The first group sees him as heretical while the second group sees him as a great walī. The third group accepts him as a great walī but also adds that reading his works is inconvenient. In addition, Rizaeddin bin Fakhreddin mentions the effects of Ibn al-‘Arabī among the Muslims of İdil-Ural in his work. At the end of his work, he makes an evaluation about the opinions he mentioned about Ibn al-‘Arabī. It is possible to monitor the effect of neo-Salafist and reformist views in this assessment, which points to the weaknesses and potentialities of Ibn al-‘Arabī’s thought.

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Yakın Anlamlı Lafızların Meâllerdeki Tercümeleri (Necm-Kevkeb Örneği)

Author(s): Haşim Özdaş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Many linguists considered that presence of homonym words defined as more words than one have the same meaning is the richness of that language; on the other hand, some others opposed this. Despite these two opposite approaches, some others stated that there are homonym words in Arabic though few. In connection with this issue, some scholars, defending the presence of homonym words, stated that homonym words are present in Qur’ān as well, while the scholars opposing this view said that these types of words do not take place in Qur’ān. Therefore, according to the ones who do not accept the fact of homonym, they report that expressing a single meaning with more than a word is not synonymy but an issue of close meaning. According to this, each of the words with close meaning has in fact a different meaning. In this study, after briefly mentioning the different approaches of scholars to the homonym words and giving place the issue whether such words are present in Qur’ān, the translation problem will be attracted attention as if there is no difference between the words أَلنَّجْم (al-najm) and كَوْكَبْ (kawkab), which has close meaning.

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Fıkıh Usûlündeki Nesh Teorisine Göre Kur’an’da Geçen Haber İfadelerinin Neshi

Author(s): Recep Çetintaş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Starting from the first periods of Islam, scholars have formed a theory of abrogation by focusing on the nature of abrogation, its evidences, and in addition of the abrogation of the command and prohibition in the Qur’an whether news expressions will be the subject of abrogation. In this context, it was accepted permissible to abrogate the text of news expressions with a later Shari'ah evidence, since the news expressions containing provisions mean command and prohibitions. As for what the news expressions’ reporting (madlûl); if they are the unchangeable things such as the union of God, attributes of Allah and doomsday break they were not considered permissible, since this would lead to a lie. Scholars allied on these two issues. They disagreed on whether or not what the news expressing what happened in the past and future events would be the subject of abrogation. Likewise, it has been a matter of dispute whether news expressios’ reporting promises and threat and news expressions recorded with eternity will be permissible or not. Here, it is aimed

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Buda’nın Ateş Vaazı Adlı Konuşması Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Necati Sümer / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Buddhism is a belief system that emerged as a reaction to Hinduism. Buddha is the founder of this religion. Buddhism has been mostly shaped around via Buddha’s life and views. In particular, the Buddha's sermons are one of the most important factor in the sense of spreading of this religion. In this context, the Fire Sermon has an important place among Buddhists. Identified with the symbol of fire, this sermon is a breaking threshold for Buddhism. After this sermon, hundreds of monks follow Buddha's path. The sermon, which has a generally religious and philosophical content, invites monks to salvation. Through this sermon, Buddha tells his followers about his life adventure and the results he has achieved. The Sermon of Fire, which gives comprehensive information about the faith life of Buddhism, reveals the reasons why man is wrong in this world. He talks about desire, passion, and hatred that cause suffering. The sermon, which states that the reincarnation process is wearing out, proposes Nirvana as a way of salvation for the monks. Buddha reaches Nirvana under the Bodhi tree. Here he matures and discovers the truth. The Buddha suggests that his followers mature through this sermon. In this context, first a short history of Buddhism and then the life of Buddha was included in this study. Thus, the process and grounds of the Fire Sermon were discussed. Finally, it was revealed what and how this sermon told and what messages it gave.

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İlahiyat Fakültesi Hazırlık Sınıfı Öğrencilerinin Arapça Dersine İlişkin Tutumları (Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Örneği)

Author(s): Osman Arpaçukuru,Muzaffer Üzümcü / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

The research evaluates the opinions and attitudes of the preparatory students of the Faculty of Theology. As a sample, students from the Faculty of Theology of Tekirdag Namık Kemal University were selected. In order to collect the research data, “Attitude Scale for English Course” developed by Aydoslu was adapted to Arabic. The independent variables of the study are gender, type of education, type of high school graduated and the students' Arabic study period. Data collected with the participation of 166 students in the spring semester of 2018-2019 academic year were analyzed using SPSS software. It is understood from the findings that most of the preparatory students have a positive attitude towards Arabic lessons. Some students are observed to have a negative attitude. When looking at attitudes by gender and type of education, no significant difference was found.

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ﺗﺄملات في العلاقة بين المعاني والرسم العثماني

Author(s): Mücahit ELHUT / Language(s): Arabic Issue: 2/2020

The revelation of the Noble Qur’an had a clear effect in the increase of interest in Arabic language, by restraining and regulating. The writing of the Holy Qur’an, and its compilation into a book form, and afterwards being copied and distributed to all regions, had a great impact on preserving the Arabic dialect , but what was raised across the ages about the permissibility of differences in scripts and its prohibitions , and the relationship between The scripts and the meanings intended by the revealed verses were the focus of the observation of the jurists, the scholars of exegesis (interpreters)and the linguists alike, so the jurist turned towards the ruling on permissibility based on regulations and whether or not the Qur’an was drawn up by conclusion or not, while The scholars of exegesis (interpreters) went to the history of the scripts and the relationship between it and the intended meaning and the Qur'anic recitation has a clear effect in that regard, and with regards to the linguists, Some have tended to talk about the history of writing, and if the script of the Qur’an was consistent with the rules of the ancients or contrary and it has its Characteristics, and also, were these basics acceptable, established, durable or can they accept changes and futher developments? Based on the above opinions of scholars and their directives; The viewpoints differed between the scholars of jurisprudence, the interpreters and the linguists , and several opinions aroused from them between the satisfaction as not to have a contradiction to the script without a relationship to the meaning, and the permissibility of contradicting the Qur’anic script known as the Uthman codex, which, first of all, calls for the non-relationship of scripts to the meaning, and between those who adhere to the prohibition of contradictions the Uthman codex with emphasis On the relationship between the script and the meaning.

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İhlas Sûresi’nin Fazileti Hakkında Zikredilen Muâviye b. Muâviye Rivâyetinin Kaynak Değeri Üzerine

Author(s): Mehmet Ayhan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

In this article the narrative of Muˈāwiyah b. Muˈāwiyah which was reported in concern with the virtues of the Sūrah of İkhlās was discussed. In the narrative in question it is talked about Muˈāwiyah b. Muˈāwiyah who “attained to high levels as he kept citing Surah of İkhlas constantly and whom Gabriel and seventy thousand angels attended to his funeral in rows.” Gabriel went to the Holy Prophet who was in the war of T abūk and informed him, about the news of the decease of Muˈāwiyah. According to this news, “Gabriel bent the earth by opening out the mountains and hills so as to have Holy Prophet attended to Muˈāwiyah’s funeral.” The narrative of Muˈāwiyah b. Muˈāwiyah, which talks on the extraordinary situations related to the virtue of Surah of İkhlas, was narrated from four people in total. It was narrated as marfūˈ from Anas b. Māliq and Abū Umāmah and as mursal from al-Hasan al-Basrī and Saˈīd b. Musayyab. In our study, first narrators’ in the isnād states of jarh and taˈdīl were confirmed. The imputation analysis of the narrative was done by way of all the tarīqs of the narrative that can be accessed and each tarīq was subjected to the evaluation seperately. As for the text analysis of the narratives was done in terms of the differences of wording and content in the narratives. For that purpose, firstly, comparisons of the narratives were made within themselves then made with other hadithes. While inter-narrative comparisons were being made firstly a common composition was formed in themselves then the method of comparing the other narratives with themselves was consulted. At the end of the imputation and text analysis, the validity value of the narrative of Muˈāwiyah b. Muˈāwiyah was detected.

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Covid-19 Bağlamında Kötülük Probleminin Çeşitleri

Author(s): Mehmet Sulhan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Covid-19 epidemic has resurfaced one of the most significant matters of religion philosophy, the problem of evil and its varieties. Although the problem of evil has a long history, it continues to be an agenda topic on discussion platforms. One of the main issues Atheists criticize Theists about is “evil”. However, they still don’t have a satisfactory answer regarding this very question. Concerning this issue, Philosophers are quite different. They absolutely have opinions about this problem. According to some, evil shall exist so that we can realise the great value of kindness, for some it’s necessary for the aesthetics of our universe and for some it’s a basic problem that seeks an answer. Here, in the context of evil we will re-examine the Covid-19 epidemic and different acts of evil (that comes along with it). Whatever the answers might be, the answer will always be seeked by masses. Another argument that keeps evil alive is “The God Issue”. In the context of this argument, we can state that there are criticisms that express the meaninglessness of God and there are criticisms that express the non-existence of God. In that respect, we must know that those who advocate religion’s meaningfulness are no less than those who criticise religion. In the context of Covid-19 discussions, God and all religions are being retargeted. The problem of evil is categorized into 3 different versions by philosophers and yet there are still different classifications. They’re natural, moral and metaphysical acts of evil. According to another classification, there are existential, logical and evidential acts of evil.

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Modern Fıkıh Usûlü Kitaplarında Mutlakın Mukayyete Hamli Meselesinde Gösterilen Bazı Örneklerin Yeterliliği Sorunu

Author(s): Nizamettin KARATAŞ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

The issue of absolute (mutlaq) and restricted (muqayyad) words is one of the important topics of Islamic law and both word has examined deeply in sections about words (alfaz). Although the subject seems to be explained sufficiently in method books of Islamic jurisprudence as in every theoretical issue, it also contains sides open to different evaluations. These two words are dealt with especially around the attribution of absolute into conditional. The examples given by the scholars of method on this subject are also important. Examining these examples will also contribute to a better understanding of and absolute (mutlaq) and restricted (muqayyad) words. In this article, first of all, the definition and nature of absolute and restricted words and its relation with other issues of fiqh method will be discussed. Especially the rule of; although the reason for the absolute and restriction is one, if the provisions are different won’t be attributed of the absolute word to the restricted Word. It is treated according to the situation with both of them whether absolute or restricted Word, will be examined. And will be discussed that the examples given are unsatisfactory. It will be evaluated how this subject, which is dealt with in contemporary fiqh method books, is explained in classical works and different examples will be offered.

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Hadis İlmi Açısından "Men Hafiza" Rivâyeti ve Manzum Kırk Hadis Geleneğine Tesiri

Author(s): Mustafa YÜCEER / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

The narrations narrated from the Prophet (pbuh) inform the religious judgements and also affected social and cultural ties. The hadith literature, which emerged with the compilation of narrations, has developed around works that cover all subjects of religion as well as works that include certain subjects or characteristics. Among these works, forty hadiths have become widespread with the thought of attainment of the intercession of the Prophet and being resurrected as a faqih which is mentioned in a narration regarded as weak. Especially with the influence of Abdurrahman Câmî, the poetical tradition of forty hadiths was formed during the Ottoman period, being written in verse in full or partial quotation or translation. In this article, the aforementioned narration of “men hafiza”, which is considered weak, has been examined according to the criteria of the hadith science and 41 different tariqs coming from 13 detected companions are evaluated. In addition, the differences of idraj and wording versions in the narration and the views of the hadith scholars about this report were mentioned. In addition to the analyzes made on the content of the narration, the effect of the narration on the tradition of forty hadiths has been revealed for the Ottoman poets were expressed.

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Etkileri ve Problemleriyle Hıristiyanlıkta Çifte Manastırlar ve Günümüze Yansımaları

Author(s): Halil TEMİZTÜRK / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Double monasteries are religious sites where monks and nuns live according to common rules and are usually ruled by an abbess. In these monasteries, monks and nuns gathered for Eucharist and daily worship but lived in their convents for the rest of the day. Double monasteries emerged especially in Egypt in the early Christianity and became widespread in England, Ireland and France between the 6th and 9th centuries. Although these monasteries were banned by various councils, due to the coexistence of men and women, they remained alive until the late period of the Middle Ages. Although they have disappeared after the council decisions and invasions, there is a double monastery in England adhered to the Orthodox Church. On the other hand, there are efforts to create a new gender paradigm by giving examples from the common life of double monasteries in Christianity. Therefore, double monasteries are an important issue in terms of including subjects such as Church, women and authority. The article discusses the effects, problems, structures and history of these monasteries. The article aims to provide resources for studies such as the Church, women, monastic life, and Christian mysticism.

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Katılım Finans Kurumlarında Repo Alternatifleri

Author(s): Zeynelabidin Hayat,Eser Aksu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

The need to provide short-term liquidity as well as the need for short term evaluation of excess liquidity are common problems of financial institutions. Conventional financial institutions meet most of these needs with reverse repurchase agreements, while Participation Financial Institutions encounter problems in meeting these needs because repurchase agreements are against participation banking principles due to their interest suspicion. This condition works against Participation Financial Institutions that are in competition with the conventional financial institutions. Just after describing the repurchase agreement and explaining its meaning in Islamic jurisprudence, this article aims to deal with transactions that are currently implemented as alternatives to repurchase agreements by Participation Financial Institutions in the Muslim world; such as Sell and Buy Back Agreement in Malaysia (SBBA), sale with repurchase promise in Turkey, organized tawarruq (bank tawarruq), chattel mortgage and loaning agreement with scoring system. On the other hand, this article examines proposals that are considered as alternatives to repurchase agreement for Participation Financial Institutions; such as sale of lease certificates with the promise of repurchase, mutual funds, establishment of a market in accordance with participation finance principles for the purchase and sale of lease certificates, tawarruq transactions and establishment of state-sponsored Goodwill loans funds.

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Kur’ân Yorumunda Fasıl ve Vasıl

Author(s): Avnullah Enes Ateş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Arabic language and eloquence are the most important factors in the correct understanding and interpretation of the Qur’an. The Qur’an, which descends with a clear Arabic language, contains the most important and fascist uses of this language. It is not possible to understand a book whose language and uses are unknown. For this reason, in order to understand and interpret the Qur’an correctly, many studies are devoted to Arabic language and eloquence. In this study, it will be examined the subject of “Fasil” and “Vasil” under the title of “Maany" of eloquence in terms of its effect on the interpretation of the Qur’an. “Fasil” and “Vasil”, which discuss the relation between successive sentences, reveals in which cases these sentences should be separated, in which cases should be brought together and the reasons for them. It is extremely important for the interpretation of the Qur’an in terms of expressing what meanings emerge on them.

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Meşşâîlik’ten Devralınan Miras: Ekberî Gelenekte Umûr-ı Külliye Kavramının Mahiyeti ve Kapsamı

Author(s): Yasin Apaydin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

In the very beginning of his Fusūs al-Hikam, the wisdom of divinity in the Word of Adam, Ibn Arabi mentioned the universal things (al-umūr alkulliyah) and their ontological positions. This term created an overwhelming impression in the Fusūs tradition. Some scholars explained it in the context of the other important term of Akbarian tradition, namely immutable identities (al-a‘yān al-thābitah), while some others approached within the problem of mental existence (al-wujūd al-dhihnī). Based on this variety, some contemporary researchers try to connect the so-called universal things with the problem of non-existents in kalam tradition or with the universals of Avicennan tradition. In this paper, I will try to examine if the universal things has any connection with another discussion called al-umūr al-āmmah both in Avicennan and Kalām tradition especiallly after al-Rāzī who introduced it to mutakallimun. While doing so, I will reference to the first commentator of Fusūs i.e. al-Jandī’s commentary and his reception of the universal things as al-umūr al-āmmah. Additionally other commentators such as Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Qāshānī (d. 736-1335), Qaysarī (d. 751/1350), Ibn Turkah (d. 836/1432), Yazıcızāde Mehmed (d. 855/1451), Mullā Jāmi (d. 898/1492) will be covered to pursue the process of how they dealt with this issue. Focusing on the metaphysical aspect of universal things as tools to connect between God and the universe and its epistemological aspect as being considered secondary intelligibles I will try to compare between these two terms, one from peripatetic and kalām tradition and the other from Akbarian tradition and discusses whether these similarities led to connect each other.

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Osmanlı İdaresinde Arnavutluk’ta Görülen Kripto (Gizli) Hıristiyanlar Üzerine Genel Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): İlir Bruga / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

After the Balkan peninsula came under the rule of the Ottoman State, there is a mutual interaction and development in the fields of socio-cultural, economic, religious and so on between the Ottomans and different nations living there. Some objective and subjective studies have been done on how this interaction and development occurs. The common opinion that emerged in recent studies on this it is the fact that although the Ottomans instilled the religion of Islam in non-Muslims in the new regions they conquered, they did not follow the policies of changing their religious traditions and customs by force. As a matter of fact, although the Ottomans dominated the Balkans for 5 centuries when it comes to the 20th century, it is seen that only the majority of Albanians and Bosnians have adopted Islam. The periods when Albanians adopted the religion of Islam (which century started more intense Islamization movements, 17th or 18th, if we mention) when we look at it, the emergence of Crypto Christian groups in different regions and periods draws our attention. The facts of Crypto Christians are in other Balkan regions of the Ottoman State it has been seen in places such as Cyprus, Islands, Trabzon etc. This article aims to examine the Crypto Christian events that occurred within the borders of today's Albania. The main sources of the research are the priest's reports and Ottoman archive documents of that period. In addition, we referred to new local and foreign studies on this subject.

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Klasik Arap Edebiyatında Övülen ve Yerilen Hasletler

Author(s): Murat Ataman,Adnan Arslan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Moral virtues and virtues which are the basis or the foundation of the social structure of societies are often conveyed by literary works, not by legal texts. Because literature who are the national capitals of societies put their moral accumulation of reversal into an attractive literary mold with the arts of speech. To unite in the period of Jahiliyya, Arabs dealt with poetry recording the behaviors they found good in their social relations. Family communication, from the attitude to behave in the presence of a powerful tribal leader has been inspired by many etiquette in poetry, and such poems have become the guide to Arab social life. There are interesting exemplary stories about social virtues not only in poetry but also in prose works. The wealth that the Muslim Arabs had just met, and the urbanization that came with it, resulted in the strengthening of sociality and, as a result of this, social virtues gaining more importance. This is particularly the point brought together by the Abbasid literate to draw attention to in the context of these social virtues. The study aims at classifying the literary material from the classical period to the present day - to speak to the article - into important topics.

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Kur’ân ve Hadiserde Fıtrat Kavramının Anlamı Üzerine

Author(s): Muhammet Ali Tekin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

It is a proven fact that if not ascribed the proper meaning to concepts, reaching wrong conclusions is inevitable in terms of understanding subject matters. Qua principal concept within the context of the whatness of (hu)man, in that sense, the concept of fitra [from the Arabic فطرة ‘instinct, creation; natural, primordial purity’] has still maintained its importance. Ascertaining the semantic vicinity of this concept —within the frame of man’s relationship both with his creator and with the fellow creature of the same kind and the universe alike, wherein he lives— when done, again, through the world he is part of could allow yielding correct conclusions as to this subject. In the tradition of Islamic scholarship, on the concept in question —mostly due to the prevailing discussions of the time vis-à-vis the creedal religious persuasion—, there could be multifarious assessments. What is aimed in this study is to ascertain the questions of in what sense the concept fitra, which is often used even today because of various reasons, has, in the course of history, been addressed and to what kind of discussions it has led, etc.; to present how it is understood and interpreted at present. For a research into the meaning of the concept fitra that finds its place in The Quran [Arabic: القرآن , Romanised: al-Qurʼān] and Aḥādīth [Arabic: حدیث ʾḥādīṯ, pl. أحادیث , ʾaḥādīṯ], it would be the healthiest way to treat the concept at issue within the context of the inner integrity of the texts, both of the Quranic verses and Ḥadīth, as well as the relationship between them. Moving forward with this thought in mind, in this study, first the lexical meaning of the concept via derivatives thereof was addressed and later, by way of the mentioned method, the cases within which it passes in The Quran and Aḥādīth were elevated.

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Yahyâ b. Ziyâd el-Ferrâ’nın “Ma‘âni’l-Kur’ân” Adlı Eserinde Dil-Kültür İlişkisi

Author(s): Rıfat Akbaş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

As a result of the expansion of the Islamic geography, the acquaintance of non-Arab communities with the religion of Islam brought some problems with it. Among these problems, the concern of misunderstanding the Quran is at the top. The existence of many rumors showing that language mistakes caused by not being able to master Arabic are spread to the verses confirms this. Therefore, activities related to language have continued uninterruptedly since the second half of the first century of Hijri Calendar. Among these activities, there are studies dealing with the style of the Quran, the evidence and pronunciation of the words in the verses, the inner integrity of the sentences and their philological analysis. These studies, along with the creation of Arabic grammar and the emergence of some grammar schools, continued more systematically until the end of the fourth century of Hijri Calendar, using the titles "Ma'âni'l-Qur'ân" and "I'râbu'l-Qur'ân. There is also Yahya b. Ziyad al-Farra (d. 207/822) among the scholars who wrote works using the title "Ma‘âni'l-Ḳur'ân". In the mentioned work, many individual evaluations of Ferrâ during the lugavî (philological) analyzes, which can be an example of the language-culture relationship, especially in the direction of the siyga ( morpheme) and polymorphism of words, are encountered. His emphasis on semantic analyzes, which are accepted by Arab society even in a certain way, after giving place to various opinions displayed around some verses, can also be evaluated as that the commentators should benefit from the culture of the period in order to prevent an interpretation other than the intended verses with incomprehensible verses. In this respect, it is important to keep a wide range of scientific authorities and disciplines to be applied when interpreting and evaluating some verses in order to understand the messages offered by the Quran to humanity in the most accurate way.

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Alâüddîn Ebû Bekr el-Kâsânî’nin el-Mu‘temed mine’l-mu‘tekad Adlı Akaid Risâlesi (Tahkik-Tercüme-İnceleme)

Author(s): Enes DURMUŞ,Muhammed Osman DOĞAN / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

This article covers the critical edition, translation and analysis of the epistle on creed, al-Muʿtamad min al-muʿtaqad, written by the famous Hanafī jurist ʿAlāʾ al-dīn Abū Bakr b. Masʿūd al-Kāsānī. In his work, which can be classified within the literature of creed, al-Kāsānī explains the basics of Hanafī-Māturīdī belief in a brief and concise manner without any discussion. This study consists of three main parts: examination, critical edition and translation. In the examination section of the study, the life of the author is handled with various aspects, and at the same time information is given about the relation of the work to the author, its position in the literature, its method and content as well as its manuscripts. Then, based on the six manuscript copies of the work which are available in various manuscript libraries, the critical edition and the translation of the work is provided. It is aimed that this work, which is discussed in Turkish for the first time in an academic article, will contribute to the studies on Hanafī-Māturīdī creed literature to some extent.

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Hacı Hasanzâde’nin Mukaddimât-ı Erbaa Hâşiyesi nin Tahkiki

Author(s): Mustafa Bilal ÖZTÜRK / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

There is no common working style followed in the preparation of the editorial critiques of the ĥāshiya. The overwhelming majority of the ĥāshiya works written on at least one text and commentary (sharḥ), were produced in the Ottoman science-culture basin and period. Ĥāshiya style of writing is an area neglected by the academic community until recently. A claimant is obliged to prove his claim by scientific, legal and moral principles. However, studies that prove or at least support the said judgment have not been completed. The final objective decision should be postponed to the research of manuscripts. Otherwise, the judgment will not go beyond the pre-judgment. The article is intended to give momentum to academic studies on the sharḥ-ĥāshiya writing style. Muqaddimāt al-Arba‘a is a text in which Ṣadr al-Sharī‛ah [die. 747/1346], considered one of the pioneers of the contractor Māturīdī school, analyzes human verbs. Since its establishment, the Māturīdī school has remained sensitive to human freedom and human-centred moral principles. According to the claim, thanks to the four premises, the ontological status of the will has attained a structure that can exist or disappear in terms of expression. The understanding of free God and free man depends on the acceptance of the will in this structure. Otherwise, man and God will not be considered free. The representative of the Ashʿarī thought system Taftazānī [die. 792/1390], critically commented on the text. According to him, the conclusion of the four premises in terms of Ash‘arī doctrine consists of a door creak and a fly hum. There is also Ḥāccī Hasanzāda’s [die. 911/1505-1506] among the scholars who wrote on the order of Fatih Sultan Meḥmed, who wondered the basis of the thought and scientific tension.

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