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Arap Dilinde Mef‘ûller ve Türkçe Cümledeki Karşılıkları

Author(s): Ahmet Şen / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Intensity in the narrative begins with the addition of some elements between the subject and the predicate. The meaning of the predicate is integrated, clarified, or reinforced in various ways. For this, words or phrases are used. In the Turkish sentence, the complement, which is described as the sentence element that undertakes the task of completing the predicate element from various angles, is named so because of its function of completing the work, occurrence etc. There are two basic concepts in Arabic that include all the elements in the sentence: ıtlâk and takyîd. The concept of subordinate is the basic elements that express the subject and predicate. Takyîd, on the other hand, is that the sentence is not completed with musnad (subject) and musnad ilayhi (predicate), but needs other elements such as object, conditional prepositions, state (hal) and appeal (temyiz). In this article, in which are dealth with the types of object that are thought correspond to the whole in Turkish sentence and their equivalents, discussed five types of meful, namely mafʿūlun bihi, mafʿūlun mutlaqun, mafʿūlun liʾajlihi, mafʿūlun maʿahu, mafʿūlun fīhi.

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Ebû Ca’fer Muhammed b. Abdullah el-İskâfî’nin Hayatı, Şahsiyeti ve Kelâmî Görüşleri

Author(s): Yasin ULUTAŞ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

One of the early era Mu’tezile theologians, Abû Ja’fer Muhammad bin Abdallâh al-İskâfî (death.240/854) has supported Islamic belief principals rather with rational principals by using his knowledge and wisdom about kalâm. In accordance with Mu’tezile’s general method, he has tried to explain things like tawhid, person and adjective relation, Koran’s people, justice and goodness and evil with a perspective that is far from comparison and prioritizes exclusion. With an aim to rationally prove Allah’s existence, he has supported that the whole universe is a hadith. He has also tried to solve the social problem of leadership in his era by regarding that it is appropriate that a virtuous imam could become a leader while there is a more virtuous one and by this, he has tried to solve the problem between the Shiah and other Muslims. In this article we have tried to determine the author’s opinions about theology and universe in rather classical kalâm sources and his opinions about leadership in his own works. We have aimed to objectively put forward opinions of theologians that supported the Islam belief in the era that Islam was getting its texture by regarding the era’s conditions in our study. As known, most of the works of the first era theologians who have contributed Islamic theologian’s formation have not reached today. It is important to know early era theologian’s opinions in order to learn under which conditions and how Islamic theology got formed.

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Konverzacija u romanu Prokleta avlija

Author(s): Iko Skoko,Davorka Topić-Stipić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 24/2020

As a young man Ivo Andrić experienced three sorts of calamities: illness, prison and poverty, that left a deep mark in his life, what was later on shown in many of his characters. The existence of evil and division are constantly present in his works. He was seeking for solutions how to overcome evil and division. He thought that a good and sincere conversation was one of the “cures” for reducing evil and division in the life of people and nations. In the novel Prokleta avlija we can see how much people need a good and sincere conversation. Honest thinking as well as great effort and permanent education are necessary for achieving that level of communication. Our aim is to try to apply conversation axioms through one of the best novels by Ivo Andrić and determine when we define some conversation successful.

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DUHOVNO SUZVUČJE LJUBAVI

Author(s): Marina Kljajo Radić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 24/2020

Poetry in two new collections by Ivan Kramar is the modern poetry in which spirituality and love are strongly connected to nature and beauty. Poetic word vividly corresponds with lyrical and reflexive forces of Kramar’s poetry since modern verse is fused with impressions and expressions of his internal essence. Kramar emphasizes mystical power and beauty of language and meditatively invokes harmony and beauty of living using stylistically simple, but carefully selected words and poetic images. His entire poetic realization is revelation and poetization of the eternal truth, but also doubts in human creature suppressed by chaotic, hectic world. van Kramar's poetics flourishes in the spiritual synthesis of God and human. There lies the mainstay of the Word, the creative act close to God’s nature, who in his transcendence represents the embodiment of unconditional love which a modern man persistently seeks for in the dark wilderness of this world.

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Muhammed b. Yûsuf es-Semerkandî’nin Fetḥu’l-ġalak fi’t-tevḥîd Adlı Eseri: Değerlendirme ve Tenkitli Neşir

Author(s): Özkan Şimşek,Yusuf Arikaner / Language(s): Turkish,Arabic Issue: 2/2020

There have been fundamental debates in the tradition of Kalām regarding how to understand the allegorical and ambiguous expressions (mutashābih) expressions that are mentioned both in the Qurʾān and ḥadīths. Many scholars who are of different orientations and schools are known to have written a number of works on the issue at stake. One of whom is a Māturīdī scholar, Abū al-Qāsim Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Yūsuf al-Ḥasanī al-Madanī al-Samarqandī (d.556/1161), critical edition of whose work entitled as Fatḥ al-ghalaq fī al-tawḥīd is presented in this study. His extant Arabic manuscript is conserved at the library of Süleymaniye, in the collection of Fatih, under the heading number 3142. The work’s distinguishing characteristic is that it is the only known extant work within the Māturīdī theological school. The author of the mentioned work is of the opinion that taʾwīl shall be conducted within certain principles that are drawn both from Qurʾān and reason together. And especially by abiding the principle that one should not digress the linguistic meaning and hence he should attribute mutashābih expressions to muḥkam again abiding by the same principles. At this point, he goes on to criticize taʾwīl methods of both Bāṭinis and Ḥanbalīs, whose engagements with taʾwīl run against the frame the author had drawn previously and therefore he see them as representing the edges in the issue at stake. In addition to revealing the approach of the Ḥanafī-Māturīdī tradition, as a late period work, the book under study offers a rich and informative content about the interpretation of the statements discussed in this subject, and provides a holistic understanding of the mutashābih. Within the scope of this study, a brief introduction to mutashābih, life and works of al-Samarqandī and a critical edition of his book are to be presented to the attention of researchers.

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Tütün Kullanımına Mutedil Bir Yaklaşım: Şevkizâde Süleyman Efendi’nin Duhân Risalesi

Author(s): Şenol Saylan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Shavki-zāde Suleymān Efendi, who was thought to have died in the early 18th century, is an Ottoman scholar who lived in a period when tobacco use became widespread and prohibitions were relaxed after severe prohibitions. This period corresponds to the fatwa of Shayh al-Islam Bahâî Mehmed Efendi (d. 1064/1654) regarding the permissibility of tobacco and the state's official taxation of tobacco (1688). During this period, discussions on the provision (hukm) of tobacco use continued intensely, and many treatises were written for and against. Shavki-zāde is one of the authors who wrote a treatise on the subject. He states that in discussions about the use of tobacco are used improper evidence and insulting style. He states that in order to prevent smoking and to prevent chaos, many unfounded claims have been made in these works, such as the absence of narration (nass) on the subject and neglecting judgment by analogy. He says that these discussions left people in confusion, therefore, wrote a short treatise to reveal the truth about the issue in the light of the Book (Qurʾān) and the Sunnah and the views of the mujtahids. Shavki-zāde avoids a generalist provision about tobacco and he deals with the following issues separately in the treatise: Prohibition of tobacco users from coming to the mosque; whether tobacco is one of the dirty things (habāith); the provision and bindingness of the head of state's order on tobacco; evaluation of some of the claims of those who defend the prohibition (hurmat) and permissibility (ibāha) of using tobacco; the effect of smoking tobacco on fasting. In this article, Shavki-zāde's treatise about tobacco was introduced and its content was discussed in detail, and finally, edition critical text of the treatise was included.

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Tanrı’nın Tekliğine Dair Tartışmalar

Author(s): Nazif Muhtaroğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Arguments for the existence of God, if assumed to be successful, show at most that there is at least one god. What if there are more gods that exemplify the attributes ascribed to God on the basis of these arguments? This is known as the problem of the uniqueness of God and had been discussed extensively in Medieval philosophy. Muslim mutakallimūn offered a famous modal argument for the uniqueness of God, which is known as burhān al-tamānu. According to this argument, the postulation of two omnipotent gods that have free will leads to a contradiction in a possible world. Thus, by a reductio argument this postulation is shown to be problematic. In this article, I assume that burhān al-tamānu is successful and consider the case as to whether two gods can have necessarily the same will. After I examine all the scenarios in which this assumption is held to be true, I show that all scenarios lead to problems. In this regard, I make use of another argument formulated by the Muslim mutakallimūn, which is known as burhān al-tawārud. This argument aims to show that two gods having the same will over the same thing leads to problems. After updating this argument, I show its relevance to the discussion in question.

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ASPECTS REGARDING MOTOR EDUCATION IN PREPARATORY CLASS CHILDREN

Author(s): Mihaela Indrieș,Dana Ioana Cristea / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The major concerns of the teacher in this field is to strengthen the health and increase the physical and intellectual work capacity of children, enrich the motor baggage and coordination of movements (based on auditory and visual analyses), develop the ability to focus attention, enrich representations, develop Spatio-temporal perceptions, develop the spirit of observation, thought processes, and creativity. The organization of psychomotor skills starts from personal experience, as some authors say. The influences that games exert on children are undeniable and recognized by all specialists in the field. Play is a method of learning specific to young people that determines a strong motivation for action, stimulates interest, activity, and creative participation of the child. Thus, we propose an algorithm to approach the optimal motor activities to the preparatory class, which should stimulate the development of psychomotor skills.

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PARTICIPATION MEASUREMENT QUESTIONNAIRE [PMQ] - DIMENSIONALITY AND FIDELITY IN A GROUP WITH VISION IMPAIRMENTS

Author(s): Raluca Răcășan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

While in a previous article (Răcășan, 2019) we presented the motivation for the PMQ development, its advantages in comparison with other instruments for measuring objective participation and a justification for the difficulty of adapting an existing instrument, the present paper summarizes a part of psychometric properties analyze of the Participation Measurement Questionnaire [PMQ] in the case of a group of visually impaired persons. In the first stage, presented in this paper, we analyze the factorial structure of the instrument to decide whether the one-dimensional analysis of internal or sub-scale consistency is correct. Depending on the one-dimensional or multidimensional structure that emerged from the analysis of the main components, we will also analyze the fidelity of the instrument using the alpha Cronbach coefficient. Subsequently, in a paper that is under preparation, we will analyze the construct validity of the instrument for the same group of participants.

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THE FRENCH VS ROMANIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM - COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Author(s): Codrin George Bogdan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Education is a fundamentally social phenomenon of transmitting the life experience of adult generations and culture to generations of children and young people, empowering them to integrate into society. The word education has Latin origin, being derived from the word "educatio" which means growth, feeding, cultivation. Education is more than a learning process, it helps you to acquire knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and habits, thus preparing the individual as an active element of social life—as Nelson Mandela said, “Education is the most powerful weapon you can use to change the world.” The concept of educational system refers to the economic and social factors that form schools. These factors relate to public funding, school facilities, staff, teaching resources, employee benefits, and more. Often, the educational system directly targets the coordination of individuals (e.g., teachers, administrators, students), infrastructure (e.g., transportation facilities), institutions, and functional processes

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THE STORIES WE TELL IN SCHOOL MAKE A DIFFERENCE – THE MAGIC OF A STORY (PART II)

Author(s): Simona Laurian Fitzgerald,Carlton Fitzgerald / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This article has two parts. The first part talks The stories we tell in school make a difference – What makes it work. Part I talks about the importance of stories in our lives. As people we need stories to survive, to communicate, to make friends, to embrace the hardships of life, to be joyous. We are who we are not only because of our parents, educators, heroes, but also because of the challenges we have learned to face and overcome. Setting up the right environment for learning makes us grow, open up to different realities, learn from mistakes and become the best of us. As teachers all we have to so is to meet our students’ needs, help them become gritty, develop a growth mindset while their social-emotional needs are met. The second part The stories we tell in school make a difference – The magic of a story. Part II brings to life the story of an Abbot and how we should see and seek the qualities in other people. The lesson that it teaches is powerful. The stories we tell to our students matter. It matters because it helps them learn, it helps them get involved in real-life activities, it motives them to better themselves as peers, friends, or human beings, it helps them see the world in all its beauty.

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IS FINANCIAL EDUCATION POSSIBLE IN KINDERGARTEN? TIPS AND TRICKS

Author(s): Dan Pătroc,Andra Perţe / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Regardless of how we feel about the material side of our life, money has been and it will always be extremely important. Our contention is that it is never too early to learn about money and the smart ways to manage it. In this article, we will talk about financial education in kindergartens, about possible abilities which could be grown in small children, and different teaching strategies for educating them.

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DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING A ROMANIAN SIGN LANGUAGE CURRICULUM

Author(s): Ioana Letiția Șerban,Ioana Tufar / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The current paper displays the first part of a study regarding a Romanian Sign Language Curriculum developed for university students. Our approach is rooted in the communication theories and adopted a sociolinguistic framework. In the initial part of the article, we have discussed the basic components of Sign Language pedagogy in terms of language structure and teaching competence. The theoretical framework presents an analytical review of the main theories which were used in designing a Sign Language curriculum. Based on this literature review we engaged in our study by creating the necessary educational resources and by planning a Romanian curriculum. The second part of this article describes the focus-groups and the main framework that was used to deliver the training and to assess the participants. The results presented here are just a part of the study that is still ongoing until the end of 2021.

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PARTICIPATION MEASUREMENT QUESTIONNAIRE [PMQ] – CONSTRUCT VALIDITY IN A GROUP WITH VISION IMPAIRMENTS

Author(s): Raluca Răcășan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

In a previous article (Răcășan, 2019) we presented main aspects regarding the Participation Measurement Questionnaire [PMQ] development, while in Răcășan (2020) we summarized a part of PMQ psychometric properties analyze in a group of visually impaired persons, by analyzing the factorial structure of the instrument to decide whether the one-dimensional analysis of internal or sub-scale consistency is correct. Depending on the one-dimensional or multi-dimensional structure that emerged from the analysis of the main components, we also analyzed the fidelity of the instrument using the alpha Cronbach coefficient. In the current paper, we continue with construct validity analyze of the instrument for the same group of participants. Overall, the instrument has proven to have adequate psychometric properties to be used for research purposes, while additional analysis is necessary, with larger samples, for its use for other purposes.

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RATIONAL EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS

Author(s): Ioana Angela Marușca / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

A responsible and emotionally balanced adult is one who can understand others, is empathetic, and has moral behavior. This balance can be realized during the childhood and adolescence period when a person grows up in harmony and develops social-emotional skills. Within Rational-Emotional –Behavior Education (REBE) a child can learn the importance of emotions and how emotion can influence our behavior.

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Łbem muru nie przebijesz. Na tropach frazematyki północnokresowej końca XX wieku

Author(s): Jolanta Mędelska,Marek Marszałek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2020

The authors studied the little-investigated body of northern Kresy Polish phraseology. The first part of the article briefly presents general, theorical issues related with the status of multi-word constructions, highlighting among these multi-component language units, i.e. reproductions (phrasemes), with the predilection of researchers to describe individual words and avoid multi-word units, even though there are many more of the latter in natural language than single-element units. It has been shown that northern Kresy phrasematics has been particularly neglected. A result of this neglect is the lack of extensive databases of these multi-word units, which in turn makes it impossible to present a credible description of discontinuous units. The authors propose that research should begin with the assembly of a database of northern Kresy phrasematic material nearly from scratch. The empirical part presents the results of initial exploratory research, i.e. performing extraction on a fragment (ca. 110 pages) of a Lithuanian-Polish dictionary published in Vilnius at the end of the twentieth century. The excerpt contains as many as twenty phrasemes that are not found in general Polish, which confirms the thesis that contemporary northern Kresy cultural dialect is saturated with multi-word units. As many as 90% of reproductions are not – most likely apparently, due to the lack of an extensive database – attested in other sources. All are of foreign origin. Interestingly, 35% of the material occurs in all four languages used in Kresy (będziesz gościem; tnie prawdę w oczy; rodzaj ogólny; siedzi jak na igłach; suche miejsce; krupy ryżowe and sygnał samochodowy). Most likely the same living conditions led to the creation of a similar image of the world. The extracted phrasematic material is presented in a formalised manner, adapting the principles of description of language units proposed by Andrzej Bogusławski.

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(Nie)honoryfikatywne sposoby określania znanych publicznie osób w polskim dyskursie medialnym na Litwie

Author(s): Irena Masojć / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2020

This article focuses on the ways of referring to public figures which involve the use of honorifics when talking about high-ranking representatives of society. In the Polish cultural tradition this function is performed by official and professional titles and the honorific pan/pani ‘mister/misses’. The study analyses designations used by participants of the discussion programme “Szósty dzień tygodnia” [The Sixth Day of the Week], which is broadcast on the Polish Radio “Znad Wilii” [By the Wilia River] in Lithuania. The research material includes 10 radio broadcasts aired in 2015 and 2016, featuring a total of 24 people (the host and 23 guests). The aim of the study is to identify the most frequently applied constructions that consist of personal names and official/professional titles, and to determine different functions of the honorific pan/pani in these constructions. The quantitative analysis makes it possible to identify the frequency of particular constructions and the tendencies prevailing in the media discourse. The qualitative analysis of the collected material reveals a variety of functions performed by the honorific pan/pani. Depending on the formal or pragmatic context, this item may endow a construction with a shade of respect or, conversely, make it derogatory. The female honorific pani firstly has a grammatical function: it is used with the titles and surnames which are masculine in form as the only indicator of female gender (e.g. pani prezydent, pani premier Szydło).

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Orta Asya Taş Heykellerine Anadolu’dan İstisnai Bir Örnek: İnönü Taş Heykeli

Author(s): Nurfeddin Kahraman,Refik Arıkan,Mehmet Can Çetin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2019

Death depends on the culture to which it belongs is one of the most important events of human being, where life ends or a new life begins. When we examine the history of humanity, death is accepted as a transition to a new life, and this situation also manifested in the form of deadly burials. The rooms of the tombs seen among the Turks and the sculptures erected for the measurements can be considered as a reflection of this. In this respect, tombs and grave stones are valuable for historical documents in terms of presentation of Turkish culture. While living in Central Asia, the Turks created their own civilization and transferred these experiences to places where they traveled with migrations. Although changes in time, place and belief differentiate the practices of the Turkish civilization of Central Asia, it seems possible to follow cultural traces in terms of historical continuity. While the human-shaped stone sculpture that we found in the central cemetery of İnönü district in Eskişehir occupies an important position in the name of bearing the traces of the cultural climate of Central Asia; it is also important for the history of colonization of the Turks in Anatolia. Despite the presence of human made stone sculptures or balbals in various parts of Anatolia, these are usually made by scraping the stone. However, the stone sculpture we have found is very similar to the examples of Central Asia. In addition to this, another feature that makes our results outstanding is the fact that this is the first discovery in Western Anatolia. In addition, examples were also found in field research conducted in the region to corroborate this conclusion.

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Söğüt Hamidiye İdadisi

Author(s): Hakan Karşıyaka / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2019

One of the schools opened in the western style starting with the Tanzimat Period is the idadis opened as high school equivalents. The main purpose of the activities determined by Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi was to mix the Muslim and Christian subjects and to raise a common culture. Although the curriculum and contents of the authorities are shaped by the Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi, no program was determined regarding the architectural arrangements of these new schools. The architectural arrangements of the schools, which started with the Tanzimat Period, show various similarities and differences between provinces and districts. These new buildings, which were evaluated in the late Ottoman architecture, are eclectic and contain both western-style architectural arrangements and classical elements. One of the administrative buildings built during this period is located in Söğüt. Söğüt Hamidiye İdadisi was built during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II, and was one of the applications of this new architectural understanding of that time. The aim of this study is to make the architectural definition of Hamidiye Idadisi in Söğüt and to determine its place in the architecture of the late Ottoman period by examining the material and ornamental features of it. In this study, in addition to the sources, based on archival documents and researches made up to date will be compared with other structures with similar characteristics in Ottoman architecture.

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Names of Snakes in Latvian Texts of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

Author(s): Anta Trumpa / Language(s): English Issue: 44/2020

This article analyses the naming of snakes in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Latvian texts which are taken from the Corpus of Early Written Latvian Texts, containing the first Latvian dictionaries, religious texts, and some secular texts. The objective of the paper is to try to determine how precisely the translators of religious texts rendered names of snakes, and to ascertain whether any semantic changes have taken place, or whether religious texts show specific use. The study also aims to find out if taboo of dangerous animals, snakes in particular, and related euphemisation is reflected in early Latvian texts. The paper focuses on four Latvian words: čūska, odze, zalktis, and tārps; two of them, odze and zalktis, from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries until present time, have undergone significant semantic changes, probably because of euphemisation triggered by taboo. Comparison with the Lithuanian language allows to conclude that such usage, different from Modern Latvian, is neither specificity of old texts, nor incompetence of translators, but rather historical language facts. It is also established that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries animals as well as plants were not so strictly separated in peoples’ minds, the borders between their names were more fluid, therefore any of snakes’ names could be attributed to any snake species in Latvia.

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