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This paper deals with the economic structure of the population in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes/Yugoslavia mostly based on two censuses taken in 1921 and 1931. The topic has been addressed at demographic and economic levels through the analysis of various indicators with the aim of presenting a young country through the statistics of a basic economic segment, for the purpose of understanding its economic and social situation.
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The paper presents the Memorandum-Request from 1912 by Osman-bey Pašić, a landowner from Bijeljina, addressed to the Minister of Finance of Bilinski. The Memorandum highlighted numerous irregularities and difficulties encountered by Bosniak landowners and Bosniaks in Semberia. Particularly pointed out was the problem of the relationship between serfs (čifčije) and landowners, where the expression of disregard for obligations by serfs, as well as the usurpation of property occurred. In this way, the economic status of landowners has largely diminished. In addition, the security, religious, political and social rights of Bosniaks in this area were significantly compromised. So, the relation of the agas - landowners and serfs was not only of a commercial nature, but also of a national-political one. In such procedures, the authorities of Bijeljina did not function adequately, and in the memorandum minister Bilinski was asked to intervene, in order for the government to start acting. This document is only one of documents confirming all the complexity and stratification of agrarian relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina during this period, which were particularly complex in the area of Semberija.
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The transportation, and with them the communications, operated by the town hall were carried out mainly in the framework of the town's obligations towards the state. Given the increased demand with the formation of the Principality of Transylvania, the transportation developed in a service with its own infrastructure, accompanied also by production activities. The article highlights the factors that have contributed to the transformation of carriage services into a distinct area, individualized at the level of local administration and not related to the commercial activities, respectively how the town hall began to behave as the main transportation operator in the municipality, owning the biggest fleet of vehicles in the area. We will try to answer the question: to what extent and in which terms can we speak about the emergence of a new professional category, that of the „professional” carmen. Our investigation is based on the records of the town officials for the settlement of the transport expenses and the services adjacent to the buying and maintenance of the vehicles.
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This paper offers an overview of the approaches to economic history in the Journal of Contemporary History. First, the possible definitions of the term ‘economic history’ are presented, along with a brief overview of the development of that scientific subdiscipline in Croatian and international historiography. The main part of the paper is devoted to an overview of the contents of relevant works printed in the Journal, which is followed by a description and analysis of the numeric indicators of articles, topics covered, categories, and authors of papers and other contributions published in the Journal from its launch in 1969 to the end of 2018. In addition to several tables and graphics, the author has compiled a full biography of 51 articles and 32 reviews related to economic history, which has been attached to the article as an appendix. The Journal of Contemporary History reflects a relatively poor presence of works dealing with economic history in Croatian historiography, but shows a different trend when its internal production is examined. The 1990s, which are usually regarded as a time when research in economic history within the frame of Croatian historiography waned, were also the decade when a greater number of works on economic history were published in the Journal than in any previous decade. This overview also points to the often highlighted problem of the lack of systematic support, i.e. the lack of institutional infrastructure and programmes aimed at supporting the development of economic history as well as the lack of team- and interdisciplinary work. Scientific production in this field depends on the enthusiasm of individuals, who are few in number. The most prominent author in this context is Mira Kolar Dimitrijević, who has written one-third of all economic history articles published in the Journal of Contemporary History.
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The paper presents the state of railway traffic in the coastal belt of the Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) and the railway lines that connected that area with Zagreb and the rest of the NDH. These lines were the Zagreb–Rijeka (Fiume) line, the Lika line from Zagreb to Split, and the Bosnian narrow gauge line from Brod na Savi via Sarajevo to Mostar and Dubrovnik. In early September 1941, the Italian army took over command of the civilian and military NDH authorities in the coastal zone, and accordingly over the rail lines in that area. Relations between the NDH and Kingdom of Italy were formally those of close alliance and cooperation. In reality, however, the fact that the Italians annexed certain parts of Croatian coastal territory in May 1941 as well as the Italian occupation of the coastal zone caused mutual distrust and disagreements between the Italians and the NDH regime. Such relations were also visible in the railway traffic, where Italians often assumed command and control without consulting the Croatian State Railways.Already during late 1941, the Partisan movement directed its attacks on railway communications. Partisans committed hundreds of attacks on railway and trains, and soon traffic was heavily disrupted and limited on all railway lines connecting the coastal belt with Zagreb and the hinterland. In early 1943, Italian troops withdrew from Lika, and Partisans quickly took control over that region. After that, the Lika railway from Zagreb to Dalmatia was cut, and it did not become operational until after the war. After the Italian armistice with the Allies and the disintegration of Italian troops in the NDH and areas annexed in 1941, the Zagreb–Rijeka line was also cut. Only the Bosnian narrow gauge line remained operational as a link between the coastal parts of the NDH and its hinterland. In fact, because of the attacks on other railway lines, already from late 1941 the NDH authorities were redirecting the traffic to the Zagreb–Rijeka line (or Zagreb–Ljubljana–Rijeka line), and transports that arrived to Rijeka were then shipped by sea to ports in the Croatian Littoral and Dalmatia.
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The attempt, made in 1823–1824, to organize in Uniejów a factory settlement and to industrialize the town, was not successful. Cotton and flax manufacturing initiated by foreign crafts-men did not receive sufficient support from the city and province authorities. The article presents the group of the first ‘manufacturers’ in Uniejów and the scope of their activities, and explains the reasons for the failure to industrialize the city.
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The paper investigates the emergence and development of Islamic civilization. In the Golden Age (750-1258), Islamic civilization has charged cultural history as keeper, transmitter and creator of numerous civilizational achievements in many areas. Since the obligation to acquire knowledge was an important element of Islam, Islamic scholars gave great contributions to science, including in the fields of astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Valuable contributions to the history of economic thought can be found in the works of Islamic thinkers from Abu Yusuf in the eighth century to Ibn Khaldun in the fourteenth century. This is why J. A. Schumpeter's thesis about the five-hundred-year gap in the history of economic resonance and analysis from the fall of the West Empire to the epoch of St. Thomas Aquinas has been refuted.
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On October 26 and 27, 1969, a devastating earthquake hit Banja Luka and fourteen neighbouring municipalities. The reconstruction of the affected area will become a very important issue causing a kind of earthquake in the relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina's leadership with the Federal Government and the other republics. In the early 1970s, the whole complexity of multi-year struggle for the equal status and treatment of the Republic in the Federation was reflected in it. In the paper, we track the multi-month negotiations overthe funding sources, the contribution of the Federation and the other republics in the construction and renovation of the Bosanska Krajina (the Bosnian Frontier) and we also indicate the political consequences of this natural disaster.
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It was a well-known mistake regarding the founding of Agricultural Bank is that Mithat Pasha was the founder of the bank. Country Funds established by Mithat Pasha, was the foundation of the national banking in Turkey. The aforementioned funds continued their activities under the name of Agricultural Funds in the lands lost by the Ottoman Empire after the 1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian War. As a result of the activities of the Agricultural Funds, the necessary ground was created for the establishment of today’s Bulgarian Agricultural Bank. Country Funds were converted into Benefit Funds during the period of Küçük Mehmet Sait Pasha. Cypriot Mehmet Kamil Pasha led the establishment of Agricultural Bank.
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During the Late Ancient times the main industry in the province of Dalmatia was agriculture. The key reasons for dealing with this branch of economy were favorable climatic conditions and fertile soil, especially in the plains.The intensity of farming was not equally represented in all regions of the province of Dalmatia, as well as in the period before and after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.The general crisis of the Empire had a negative impact on farmers who, due to increasing insecurity, were massively leaving their estates and going to other, safer parts of the province of Dalmatia.That is why the imperial authorities were forced to introduce new legal norms to prevent them or at least somewhat mitigate their departure. Such circumstances led to the growing decline of the rustic villas and the creation of large landholdings owned by individuals. Starting from the second half of the 4thand during the 5thcentury, the decline of agriculture intensified.
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Developing Fiume into an international port was one of the achievements of the Hungarian state that was acclaimed by the wider public in the Age of Dualism. The scale of the industrialization process is well illustrated by the fact that by 1891 the population of the city increased threefold as compared to the population at the time of the Compromise of 1867, and it became the second most industrialized city in Hungary based on the proportion of its industrial layer. Fiume’s significance, however, can be also gauged by other means that its position in the hierarchy of Hungarian cities. The city was also an integral part of the Croatian urban network and had major influence on other seaside settlements in its vicinity. This influence was partly exerted through the population employed by the industrial establishments of Fiume and commuting from the Croatian villages nearby. On the other hand, the fact that all infrastructural development was channeled into the city put it into an unbeatable position of advantage compared neighboring cities that formerly ranked similarly. The biggest loser in the process was Zengg (Senj). The study focuses on Zengg’s loss of position: primarily concentrating on the regional realignment as a consequence of Fiume’s industrialization, it sidesteps the praise of Fiume’s nation-wide significance and nuances the usual perception of the port city being isolated from its environment. The aim of the study is to find out how an industrial city’s centrally determined development is experienced by the neighboring region and its former trade hub, what narratives are created to describe its changing position, and how they respond to their new problems. The first part of the study concentrates on the narratives, while subsequent sections delve into the city’s problem-solving strategies.
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The study reflects on the unrest that broke out on a payday at the Ikarus plant on Christmas 1951. Based on the analysis of this event, the paper presents how the laborers, especially the skilled workers, experienced party ambitions that were increasingly affecting their workplace after the nationalization of the factory, permeating decisions made about manufacturing processes and delimiting their discretion regarding wages – one of the reasons for the tensions emerging on the factory floor. The skilled workers, however, faced more than just the factory's leadership. As the study demonstrates, besides the party-dependent nationalized economic governance, technocratic groups played an independent role in the vehicle industry, specifically in the Ikarus plant. From the beginning, nationalized economic governance necessitated a technocratic layer of society, which had emerged long time before the 1960s. The first professional organizations and the specialized public of the engineering sector were formed as early as the end of 1940s. Based on these, technocrats became independent and self-governing factors in the industry. The study shows that after nationalization some of the entrepreneurial functions in the factory were taken over by the technocratic leadership, which meant that their influence increased compared to the former period of market economy. In order to limit the power of the party in their plant, the technocrats cooperated with the skilled workers who were dissatisfied with their worsening position but were indispensable for the given technological manufacturing processes.
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Chikayoshi Nomura: The House of Tata Meets the Second IndustrialRevolution. An Institutional Analysis of Tata Iron and Steel Co.in Colonial India. Springer, Szingapúr, e-book, 2018. 287 oldal.
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This paper is the third publication from the series of three articles about cognitive challenges in management science. It is the result of the further discussions and reflections concerning the cognitive problems of management after publication of the books about epistemology of management. The paper is a trial to forecast the main cognitive trends and tendencies on the basis of the diagnosis made in two papers in series “Cognitive challenges in management science”. The chosen trends in development of management sciences are: expansion of natural sciences, growing inter-disciplinarity of research, growing specialization, net-marketing in management discourse, challenge of cultural relativism, growing criticism and reflexivity. Response of management sciences to the challenges connected to: interdisciplinary nature, growing specialization, and expansion of natural history can lead to further development of our discipline, but the possibility of disintegration also should not be ruled out. Deepening specialization, lack of long-range theory, and growing significance of natural history could lead to disintegration of our discipline, whose fields would be incorporated by other domains. I think that in order to avoid this possibility it would be desirable to uphold the cohesion of management sciences through deepening the cognitive reflection and openness to inspirations originating in other areas of science. But future is difficult to predict and maybe other trends that are not too visible now will change management sciences in future.
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Jacek Faltynowicz, „Odnowa monopolisty” – państwowe przedsiębiorstwo w drodze od gospodarki centralnie sterowanej do wolnorynkowej, wspomnienie aktywnego uczestnika transformacji gospodarczej po 1989 roku.
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The purpose of the article consists in the analysis of the components of activity of widely known domestic brand of thin ceramics «Kyiv-Mezhigirsk Faience Factory» the period of management of brothers Lordly (1858 – 1864). The research methodology is based on the application of the historical-chronological approach, historical-genetic and historical-cultural methods which allow analyzing historical circumstances and original causes that have caused specificity of the functioning of the Ukrainian manufacture in Mezhigir’ja near Kyiv on the release of elite thin faience during the first – third thirds ХІХ of the century. The scientific novelty consists in the analysis of isolated primary sources which in aggregate give the chance to look at final time of activity of the designated enterprise from the new point of view and to understand the reasons of a decline of functioning of nice manufacture of Kyiv located in 20 versts, in suburb; Definition of specificity of managing of brothers Barskich’s in Mezhigir’ja, finding-out of circumstances of changes of staff of masters and assortment of products. Conclusions. On the basis of research of materials of archives The Central State Archive- Museum of Literature and Art, the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine, the Central Archive of the Supreme Authority and Administration of Ukraine, the Russian State Historical Archive it was possible to carry out attempt of reconstruction of separate processes of activity Kyiv-Mezhigirsk Faience Factory of a time of management of brothers Barski’s (1858 – 1864). The important role in understanding of functioning of manufacture of the given period the knowledge of real historical force-major circumstances which influenced restriction of possibilities of manufacture during designated time (refusal of the Office of its imperial majesty in the help with strengthening of coast of Dnepr which has washed away in 1859, refusal in delivery of the grant or a delay of payments for subrent – and as consequence plays, decline of the enterprise which do not have sufficient working capital).
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The future success, vitality and viability of urban shopping areas in Slovakia have attracted considerable attention from academics and policymakers alike over the last few years. This paper reports the current state of the urban retail environment in Bratislava (Slovakia) as a result of various transition waves that reflect its changes over a forty-four year period (1967 – 2011). The outcome of this paper is the identification of concentric zones with the highest rates of changes based on analysis of old and new retail data from both temporal and spatial aspects. In addition to this, it also offers a variety of approaches to measuring the change of urban retail environment in a post-communist city.
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