"Boga hvaliti, puk sabirati, mrtve oplakivati"

Katoličko zvono sa sahat-kule u Foči u sjeveroistočnoj Hercegovini*

Author(s): Ante Škegro / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2016

From all the lands that they ran over with the hooves of their horses, the Ottomans took not merely slaves, but everything they possibly could. Particular targets for their conquering and looting raids were Christian institutions and churches, where they plundered everything they could carry, even including bells from bell towers. Regardless of the reliefs of Christ on the Cross, the Virgin Mary, saints, and inscriptions that often decorated them, they placed them in their clock towers, if they did not melt them down for cannons and ammunition. First they removed the clapper, instead using metal hammers to strike the outside surface of the bell and mark time, in this manner calling the Islamic faithful to prayer.

"Celotno posojilo Mestne hranilnice ljubljanske je šlo v žepe akcionarjev in po drugih napačnih potih." Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska in propad industrijske delniške družbe Karel Pollak

Author(s): Mitja Sunčič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2009

Ljubljana City Savings Bank and the Decline of Karel Pollak Industrial Joint-stock Company This year it is the 120'h anniversary of the establishment of Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska (Ljubljana City Savings Bank). On the basis of the archives of this monetary institution, the author of the following contribution explores the previously unknown event, never mentioned before in the historical overviews published to date, of the crediting of the major leather industry joint-stock company Karel Pollak in the period between both World Wars. The discussion focuses on the dynamics of the business relationships between the creditor and borrower with the emphasis on the increasingly tense relations in the time when the Karel Pollak company found itself in financial trouble. In the middle of 1920s the Ljubljana City Savings Bank granted a mortgage credit to the family joint-stock leather industry company Pollak in the amount of 25 million dinars, which was extremely generous for the circumstances of that time. The issue was not problematic until the Great Depression, which affected the Pollak leather company severely. A two-year conflict ensued between the City Savings Bank and this company, during which the owners of the company resorted to many dirty and unethical business moves. The dispute concluded with the bankruptcy of the Pollak joint-stock company and the takeover of its factories, carried out by the City Savings Bank. However, the consequences of the granting of this credit did not only affect the Pollak family - the Ljubljana City Savings Bank also suffered considerable financial losses.

"Die Grafschaft Glatz. Neue Studien zu Geschichte und Literatur. Hrsg. von Jan Pacholski und Matthias Weber

Author(s): Lutz Vogel / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2019

Review of: Lutz Vogel - "Die Grafschaft Glatz. Neue Studien zu Geschichte und Literatur. Hrsg. von Jan Pacholski und Matthias Weber. (Schlesische Grenzgänger, Bd. 9.) Leipziger Universitätsverlag. Leipzig 2018. 234 S. ISBN 978-3-96023-173-8. (€ 32,–.)

"Riževi standard proti mesnemu standardu" (Elementi stereotipa o japonskem gospodarstvu pri Slovencih pred drugo svetovno vojno)

Author(s): Žarko Lazarević / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2000

The stereotype image of the Japanese economy created by the Slovenian press before the Second World War was not based on its own experience, but was assumed from the western European press. This is understandable, given the very small trade exchange between the two countries at the time. This stereotype included elements, such as social and foreign-exchange dumping, a patriarchal system, a better organised and more efficient economy, and unfair competition.

"Societatea de Comerț din Timișoara" ("Temeswarer Commercien-Societät") – un experiment eșuat al mercantilismului austriac în Banatul imperial (1723-1730)

Author(s): Costin Feneşan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2020

Occupied de facto in 1716-1717 by the imperial forces, the Banat of Timișoara (Temeswar) became de iure a province of the Habsburg monachy as stipulated by the Treaty of peace at Passarowitz (July 21, 1718) concluded with the Ottoman Empire. Enjoying the status of a direct estate of the Austrian Crown and Court-Chamber, the new acquired territory proved soon to be an excellent field to test the mercantilistic precepts prevailing at the Court in Vienna. Trade was among the favorite domains for these experiences seeking not only an active export of local merchandises but also a positive balance of trade to attract cash in the country and avoid his exportation. The Treaty of commerce concluded with the Ottoman Porte at Passarowitz (July 28, 1718) offered in this view a favourable frame to the commercial relations of the Imperial Banat. In order to restrain and check the deals of the foreign Turkish merchants as well as of the local ones (Greeks/ Macedo-Romanians, Jewish and Serbs), general of cavalry (since 1723 fieldmarshal) count Claudius Florimond de Mercy, the first military and civilian governor of the Banat, a close friend and partner to Prince Eugene of Savoy, president of the Court War Council, recommended 1722 to Emperor Charles VI the establishement of a trade company at Timișoara (Temeswar), the capital-city of the new imperial province. A first temporary agreement was signed on August 23, 1723, the final one was concluded at Timișoara on November 11, 1723 (see the full text in attachment). Among the 14 shareholders (one share being 3000 florins) to the „Commercial Society at Timișoara” subscribed governor Mercy, lieutenant general (fieldmarshal-lieutenant) count Wallis, commander of the fortress of Timișoara and military counsellor to the Banatic Administration (appointed as well as managing director of the trade company), the civilian counsellors Rebentisch and Haan and even a Serbian merchant, Jovan Bibitsch (Bibić). The amount of the subscribed capital raised to 49.000 florins. As for the trade articles, wax and honey ranged on the top. As a consequence of the auspicious start, the „Commercial Society at Timișoara” got a substantial support form the Court Chamber. Therefore, on March 8, 1725, on governor Mercy’s initiative, at Vienna was signed a new company-agreement (see the full text in attachment). According to this, the subscribed capital of the 21 shareholders – among them the Imperial Office of State Revenues with three shares of 3000 florins each, and three civilian and military advisors to the Imperial Court – raised to 86.000 florins. The commercial house owed by the brothers Palm at Vienna (having subscribed for one share) was appointed to manage all trade operations of the „Commercial Society” abroad, while at Timișoara were left only the pay office and two officials to deal with the acquisition and sending of merchandises. Following governor Mercy’s insistences, the new company-agreement was stipulating the establishment of a manufacture for tweed and textile (effectively built in 1726) in order to provide the local market an to try a trade abroad. According to the company-agreement, the main merchandises to commerce were yellow and white wax, salted sturgeon and sturgeon-roe, honey and lard. A special attention was payed to the trade with copper, produced by the foundies in the Imperial Banat and put at the disposition of the „Commercial Society” by the Court Chamber through the Banatic Administration. Inspite the substantial support of the Court Chamber, the businesses of the trade company decreased constantly, especially after 1728, due to the stiff competition, to hazardous deals or to governor Mercy’s longe absence from home (the governor and fieldmarshal was killed 1734 in a battle near Parma). Deprived of any official support, this mercantilist experiment in the Imperial Banat failed after 1730. In the very large report on the Banat and its problems presented in 1734 to general count Hamilton, the new governor, no more word is lost about the „Commercial Society at Timișoara”.

"Społem" PSS Wadowice - zarys historii

Author(s): Andrzej Kotowiecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2020

In the introduction, the Author presents a brief historical outline of the cooperative movement in Poland. The activity of Common Cooperative of Consumers „Społem” Wadowice, based on the chronicle of this organization, was presented with particular emphasis on its development in the first post-war years. The author characterized the contribution of cooperatives to the development of the city, the local service market and entrepreneurship. The whole ends with a summary in which he emphasizes that the transformations of the 1990s led to an almost complete collapse of this form of socio-economic activity.

"Stumbling and Dusting Off," or an Attempt to Pick a Path Through the Thicket of Bulgaria's New Economic Mechanism

Author(s): Richard J. Crampton / Language(s): English Issue: 02/1988

The most persistent theme in Bulgarian public life during the 1980s has been the attempt to remodel and improve the national economy in accordance with the New Economic Mechanism, the NEM, which itself has been inseparable from "the scientific-technological revolution. " Economic innovation and experimentation are not new to Bulgaria. Previous attempts, however, have generally failed to live up to expectations, often degenerating into confusing and sometimes contradictory administrative changes before being abandoned in favor of a return to the comforts and certainties of a centralized, Soviet-style, command economy. [...]

"Terzijarija". Tajna sistematskog obogaćivanja bokeljskih pomoraca

Author(s): Pavao Butorac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04+05/1934

Бокељски трговци држали су се, као и млетачки, начeла слободне трговине. Само што ово начела несамо да није било у сукобу са захтјевима трговачке солидарности, неrо ју је учвршћивало, будући да се ју у праксу проводило управ зато да се онемогуће насиља гусара уопће, а Турака у арбанашкоме приморју понапосе.

"The Beginnings of Polish Jewry: Reevaluating the Evidence for the Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries"

Author(s): Alexander Kulik,Judith Kalik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This article reexamines the evidence of Jewish presence in Poland from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries in connection with problems of origins, periodization, and localization of Jewish settlement in Poland. It deals inter alia with questions regarding the balance between Jewish and Christian evidence, as well as with reports of Jewish presence from neighboring areas of Eastern Europe such as Kievan Rus’. The reevaluation of evidence on medieval Polish Jews helps to illuminate the origins of eastern Ashkenazi Jewry, as well as to clarify diverse aspects of the history of early Eastern Europe. Thus, for example, among the most important general conclusions is the lack of continuity across three waves of Jewish migration and settlement in Poland. Since most Polish Jews were descendants of the third wave of Jewish migration into Poland, there is little doubt that the vast majority of them came from Germany and Bohemia, mostly via Silesia. We can also reliably conjecture that the Jewish population of southwestern Rus’—whatever its origins (possibly also at least partially Ashkenazi) and size (possibly reduced by the Mongol conquest)— came to be integrated with immigrants from the west due to the eastward expansion of Lithuania and Poland during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Thus, most modern Ashkenazi Jewry must go back to the melding of these two communities.

"Zelené kádry" jako radikální alternativa pro venkov na západním Slovensku a ve středovýchodní Evropě 1917 - 1920

Author(s): Jakub Beneš / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2015

This article explores the phenomenon of the ‘Green Cadres' at the end of the First World War in Austria-Hungary, with a focus on events in western Slovakia 1918-1920. The Green Cadres were bands of army deserters and radicalized peasants who hid in the forests and mountains of the monarchy during the last year of the war and then violently attempted to topple the social-political order in many localities as the state collapsed. The article suggests that they represented both the last major episode of peasant unrest in the region and a radical new attempt by the rural common people to influence the character of national and social politics in the interwar period. The nationalist dimension of this loose social movement appears to have been particularly strong in western Slovakia and may indicate some affiliation with the leaders of Slovak Catholic populism. On the other hand, the inability of nationalist elites to coopt the Green Cadres was in part responsible for their marginalization in narratives of Czechoslovak liberation as well as in contemporary historiography. On the basis of sources in Slovak, Czech, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and German, this study argues that the Slovak case of the Green Cadres fits into a broader transnational phenomenon, which sheds new light on the history of East Central Europe in the twentieth century.

200-ЛЕТНИЙ ЮБИЛЕЙ ПЕТРА I В ПЕРЕПИСКЕ СТОЛИЧНЫХ ИСТОРИКОВ И ПЕТРОЗАВОДСКИХ КРАЕВЕДОВ

Author(s): Alexandr Mihailovich Pashkov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2022

The relevance of the topic is due to the 350th birth anniversary of Peter the Great celebrated in 2022. In this regard, it is of great interest to look at the celebration of his 200th birth anniversary in 1872. The purpose of the article is to analyze conducting the commemorative celebrations in Petrozavodsk in 1872. The article is based on the materials of the “Case of building a monument to Peter the Great in Petrozavodsk” stored in the Scientific Archives of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences and introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. At the end of 1871, the Governor of the Olonets Province (Guberniya) G. G. Grigoriev instructed the Secretary of the Olonets Province Statistical Committee and local historian A. I. Ivanov to prepare an essay on the activities of Peter the Great in the territory of the Olonets Province. A. I. Ivanov turned to historians E. V. Barsov, S. M. Solovyov, A. I. Artemyev and V. I. Rozhkov for help in finding the sources. The Scientific Archives of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences has preserved extensive correspondence on this issue. E. V. Barsov sent several letters with the information about various sources on this period in the territory of the Olonets Province. A. I. Artemyev gave an overview of academic publications and recommended that P. N. Petrov be involved in the work. V. I. Rozhkov promised to find sources about the Olonets Petrine foundries in the Archives of the Mining Department. A response letter from S. M. Solovyov was not found among the documents. Only V. I. Rozhkov and E. V. Barsov provided real help to A. I. Ivanov, and he used their materials and advice in his essay “Emperor Peter the Great and His Activities in Olonets” published in Petrozavodsk in 1873. The attempt of local authorities and local historians to write a historical essay on the activities of Peter the Great in the Olonets region, based on archival materials and meeting the requirements of contemporary historical science, is of great interest. It can be concluded that although this plan was only partially implemented, A. I. Ivanov’s essay was the best scholarly work on this problem for 30 years. V. I. Rozhkov and E. V. Barsov became interested in this topic and continued studying the activities of Peter the Great in the Olonets region after 1872.

A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF JANISSARY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PRESENCE IN ALEPPO (1700-1760S)

Author(s): Yahya Araz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Focusing on the Janissaries, and covering a period between the early eighteenth century and the 1760s, this study draws on preliminary findings from the Aleppo court records in order to highlight their roles in that city’s socio-economic life. Most of the Janissaries of Aleppo and their families came to the city from the surrounding countryside; they tried to survive and earned their livelihood as ordinary townsmen, a process that signaled their integration into the urban fabric. This process manifested itself in their relations with other social groups, their conglomeration in specific quarters, and their increasing capacity to diffuse into other areas and expand their economic activities. This expansion, however, resulted in a conflict between their interests and those of the eşraf/ashraf, who consisted of members of established merchant families, religious dignitaries, and other people who claimed to be descendants of the Prophet. The competing interests of the two groups, especially after the 1760s, were destined to reshape the role of the Janissaries in Aleppo as well as their interactions with other social groups. These confrontations also strengthened the solidarity and esprit de corps among the Janissaries, who had until then preferred to distinguish themselves by their ethnic, tribal, and country-based affiliations

A marosszentkirályi pálosok és birtokaik. Egy tájrégészeti kutatás előzetes eredményei és további lehetőségei

Author(s): Ünige Bencze,László Lenkey,Mihály Pethe / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: IX/2022

The present study offers a short synthesis and overview of a landscape archaeological study which focuses on the Pauline monastery and its landed estates located in Sâncraiu de Mureş, County Mureş, Romania. Along the few centuries of their existence the Pauline community accumulated numerous and varied landed donations. Among these donations the number of mills, mill places, and mill incomes represented an outstanding percent, which ensured the Paulines monopoly in the region. Other donations included fishponds or parts of fishponds, forests, parts of arable lands, pastures, meadows, and vineyards. Based on the testimony of several documents the authors discuss certain important events from the history of the Paulines, focusing on possible constructions that could have taken place in the building complex. The location of the monastery is relatively well-known and even though archaeological investigation never took place at the site of monastery at least two construction or renovation works could have taken place, one in 1392 and another around 1520. Additionally, the results of a geophysical survey conducted in 2013 are presented in detail, which again supply a more exact identification of the monastic buildings. The study discusses in detail the research of two landscape elements, both of which are connected to the use of the surrounding water bodies, the mills and the fishponds. The analysis indicates that most of the mills owned by the Paulines were situated on an artificial canal of the River Mureş, which crossed mainly through the territory of a village called in the sources Székelyfalva, but disappeared by today, and on the territory of the village Sâncraiu de Mureş. This canal appears in the sources under the name Maros-árok (ditch/dike of the Mureş) or Kis-Maros (Small Mureş). According to the sources several mills could have functioned also around the settlements of Nazna and Micești (Kisfalud). Historic maps show that this dike branched off from the Mureş River towards north around the village Micești and joined the Mureş again in the area of Sâncraiu de Mureş. The same historic maps illustrate that the river bed of the Mureş was in a continuous change until the 20th century modernization works. As a consequence, it is hard to estimate how did the Mureş River change its course along the centuries, thus the exact course of the river in the time of the Paulines, just as the formation date of the canal on which a number of mills were located is unknown. The earliest information on the canal comes from 1380, when this had already functioned, referred to as an interior canal, and in 1378 a mill is already attested in Nazna. The name Marosarka was used for the first time in 1420 and then in 1489. Sometimes next to the mills fishponds were attached. Written documents indicate that the Paulines owned fishponds or parts of fishponds near the village Sâncraiu de Mureş, Bărdeşti, Berghia, Toldal, and Ercea. The research of both landscape features requires a complex, multi-disciplinary approach, in the framework of which our results represent only a first phase. However, even in this preliminary phase the identification and sometimes even the mapping of visible remains of these features could be conducted given the largescale earthworks that the development of these features required, such as mill canals, dams etc.

Aderarea României la Fondul Monetar Internațional (1967-1972)

Author(s): Mihaela Botnari / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/2021

Addressing Romania’s accession to the International Monetary Fund, this paper focuses on Romania's political and diplomatic actions and approaches to joining the international financial organizations. The period under investigation ranges from 1968 when the first negotiations took place and 1972, when the decision to join was taken and when Romania joined the IMF. During this period, the Romanian authorities launched a series of actions on several levels, to identify the opportunities offered by a possible IMF accession. Romanian embassies in Western countries prepared information about the activity of these institutions, organized official and informal meetings between representatives of the Romanian government and the IMF officials, and established diplomatic discussion channels. The NBR organized working groups and followed closely the activity of neighbouring socialist countries that were founding members or that were in talks with the IMF. The research will highlight the reasons and expectations of the Romanian govern­ment for the collaboration with the International Monetary Fund, the reasons for joining the International Monetary Fund, the decision-makers involved, and the institutions involved in the negotiations. Furthermore, the research will monitor the economic situation and will describe the general economic context as well as Romania's economic development plans, with mentions of how the economic and technology exchanges were established. The international economic situation and the opening of international financial assistance institutions favoured Romania's negotiations and accession to the IMF. The study will observe closely using archival resources, to whom this initiative belonged and who made accession possible and what problems arose during the negotiations.

Agriculture (in Yugoslavia)

Author(s): D. Beatrice McCown / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

At the end of the First World War, when the Yugoslavs were finally united, one of the most serious problems facing the newly formed state was that of land tenure and agrarian reform. Almost 80 per cent of the population was engaged in agriculture, for industry had been only slightly developed in the sections formerly under foreign domination. Moreover, every degree of land reform or its total absence could be found. In the former Kingdom of Serbia, feudalism had been abolished when freedom from the Ottoman Empire was attained in 1833. Estates of Turkish landlords were confiscated without indemnity, and former Serbian serfs became peasant farmers in their own right. When additional territory was conquered from the Turks in 1878, confiscation of estates again took place, although this time the Turkish landowners were compensated for their loss.

Amartya Sen, Home in the World. A Memoir

Author(s): Mihaela Gligor / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Review of: Amartya Sen, Home in the World. A Memoir, Allen Lane, an Imprint of Penguin Books, New Delhi, 2021, 464 pp., ISBN: 978-1- 846-14486-8.

An Assessment of the Impact of Public Debts on Development in Nigeria (2003-2020)

Author(s): Betty Oluwayemisi Alli-Momoh,Fatima Jummai Akinsanmi,Rotimi Oladele,Olabisi Alabi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

This study assessed the impact of public debt on development of Nigeria. It specifically investigated the relationship between human development index, per capital income, growth rate and public debt in Nigeria from 2003 to 2020. This study adopted quantitative research design. Relevant data regarding the variable’s under-study were extracted from the Debt Management Office (DMO-2020) and UNESCO Institute of Statistics (2020) while regression model was used to analyze the data. The study revealed among other things that; there is presence of co-integration (long-run relationship) among the variables in the model. The t-statistics of -2.297997with 0.0388p-value implies negative and significant relationship exists between foreign debt and human development index, t-statistics of 2.557340with 0.0239p-values implies positive and significant relationship exists between foreign debt and per capital income and also t-statistics of -0.658730with p-value of 0.5216implies negative and insignificant relationship existence between foreign debt and growth rate. The overall result of the f-statistics of 4.109504with Prob.(F-statistic) of0.029617shows that all the explanatory variables jointly have significant impact on foreign debt both in the short and long run. The study concluded that there is significant relationship between public debt and development in Nigeria, depending on the variable of interest. Likewise, the study recommended among other things that government should ensure efficiency and effectiveness in the public debt management due to the negative and significant influence of human development index on development both in the long run and short run, also the negative and insignificant influence of foreign debt on development in Nigeria which is a pure indication of poor public debt management in the country. Also, the component governments in Nigeria should reduce it public borrowing as it has a significant inverse effect on the development of the country in the long run.

An Econometric Approach to the Turkish Economy -A Research in the Mundell-Fleming Model Framework

Author(s): Leyla Baştav / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

In economic theory there is some general belief that General Equilibrium model is based on stronger theoretical pillars, whereas Keynesian models are better in empirical predictions especially for the developing countries. The MFM has shaped analytical thinking becoming the basic template during the 1960-70s as an extension of the IS-LM analysis to the open economy. Recent research on the model highly concentrates on the Trilemma Hypothesis which suggests that it is not possible to have all three of the stable exchange rate, monetary independence and financial integration policy choices together. Studies on world economies from 1820 on provide strong evidence supporting the theory. Previously extended form of the MFM has been estimated in Baştav (2006) in seven equations by the Johansen test for 1990-2002. There are goods, money, foreign exchange, labor markets with demand-supply equations as well as wage indexation and price level specifications on the supply side. The model allows for price and wage adjustment and there are altogether four price variables with the interest and exchange rates. Present study is an update of the model for the years 2003-2021 to test its validity in the new period. Results are quite explanatory for 1990s and 2000s both, with particular deviations in behavioral traits and coefficients naturally stemming from differences in policy choice during the two periods in question.

An Instrumental Connection. Economic Diplomacy, International Arms Trade and Overseas Aspirations between Portugal and Sweden, 1640–80

Author(s): Edgar Pereira / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

This paper offers an Iberian perspective on Sweden’s ‘Age of Greatness’ by looking at the intersection of international politics and trade involving Portugal and Sweden after Portugal regained its independence from Spain at the end of 1640. Sweden’s exports of timber, naval stores, iron, copper, and weapons to Braganza Portugal are seen in the context of the Portuguese wars for overseas trade and colonial settlement against the Dutch Republic and the struggle for autonomy against Spain in its home turf. By revisiting the accounts of diplomatic actors, this contribution will discuss how Portugal turned to Sweden for diplomatic recognition and new consumption markets and carriers for its export sector. It will also be shown how Sweden stood to gain by adding a new customer to its military export sector and by tapping into Portugal’s colonial goods and salt, while at the same time it entertained the prospect of using the Portuguese offshoots in West Africa and the East Indies to further its ambitions in overseas trade.

Analiza krize francuskog franka

Author(s): B. Sedmak / Language(s): Croatian

Extract from the issue 1/1938 of the journal Znanost i život