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On the basis of source material this paper deals with the phenomenon of prodigality in everyday life in Bosnia in the period from 1878 to 1914. Special attention is dedicated to the lawsuit by which a person could have been proclaimed a spendthrift and the possible misuses of it which thesources clearly indicate. The author searches for the answer to how someone could have been declared a prodigal. A comparison has been made of officially proclaimed prodigals with the years and religious belonging, but with regard to mentally challenged persons. Beside this, through several concrete examples, the author has offered a detailed insight into the complexity of this problem and its importance for everyday life, not only of a spendthrift but also of his family, and more.
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First waqf in the constitutive period of Islam was agricultural land. Waqf as a “lasting good” obliges the community for which it is intended as such, to maintain, improve and renovate it. Functioning and maintenance of waqfs is an important issue for Muslim community. Waqf is economic foundation esteemed by Muslims in the history of Islam as a precondition for good organisation of activities that are essential for stability and material security of Muslims. In Bosnia and Herzegovina agricultural land was often made a wqaf, this article reflects upon possibilities of renewal and development of agricultural waqfs in BiH, orchards in particular.
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This research is a development of a previous one, in which I foresaw the possibility of enlarging genealogical perspective and a new way of entering the world of merchants of Iasi from the 17th and 18th century. Since then I noted that Coste Papafil, an active character in the political and economic life of Iasi from the second half of the 18th century, who got related, through marriage to a daughter of merchant Lupaşco Tuduri, with an old family of grocery merchants, whose first member can be identified in the second half of the 17th century. If when I insisted on Coste Papafil we focused on the merchants who brought to Moldova goods from the fair in Liepzig, from Central Europe, whose type of merchandise better reflects the economic repositioning that will take place in the second half of the 18th century, this time we will bring forward the grocery merchants who brought goods from the Orient. On first impression, the economic environment outlined at the beginning of the study, characterized by an emphasis on the inclusion of this area in the Ottoman economic system, seems to have been favorable to some categories of merchants specialized in trading oriental goods among them finding the grocers.Regarding the documentary sources used, since these are merchants of Iasi, we used the ten volumes of documents on the history of Iaşi published by Ioan Caproşu. Then, to these documents were added a number of unedited documents, which are kept in the funds Documents and Mitropolia Moldovei from the Archives of Iasi and also several acts regarding Documents from the Romanian Academy Library in Bucharest.
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1688 was an extremely difficult year for ŞerbanCantacuzino, the ruling lord of Wallachia, and for his family. First of all, the Habsburgs’ victories against the Ottomans forced him to hasten a political alliance. The arrival of the Austrian armies at the Wallachian frontiers gave no room for further negotiations. When general Veterani’s troops crossed the border into Wallachia, Şerban Cantacuzino had no choice left. He sent an embassy to Vienna and his representatives, the most important Wallachian nobles, who were also his relatives, signed a treaty. 1688 was a bad year not only for politics, but also for his health. Facing an uncertain future for his family, Şerban Cantacuzino placed some of his fortune in safe places. Thus, he sent money, silver, jewellery and robes to four monasteries: Cotroceni, founded by him, RaduVodă, Câmpulung and Tismana. Şerban Cantacuzino died on the 29th of October 1688 and his wife, Mary, entrusted more of the family goods to close relatives. Nonetheless, soon afterwards, Mary Cantacuzino was forced by the new Wallachian lord, Constantin Brâncoveanu, to give up part of her family fortune. Brâncoveanu, who was actually Şerban Cantacuzino’s nephew, claimed that the former lord failed to pay what he owed to the Ottomans. In order to avoid being sent to Constantinople, together with all her kids, Mary Cantacuzino left the country and took refuge in Transylvania. Much later, she was able to recover some of the family goods that had been confiscated by Brâncoveanu.
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Geir Lundestad, East, West, North, South. International Relations since 1945, Sage, Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC, 2014, 340 pp.
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The author discusses the complex problem of primarily political relations between Bosnia (the Bosnian Banate, later on the Bosnian Kingdom) and Hungary (the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom). Prior to explaining his own view, the author criticizes the work of Dubravko Lovrenovic, taking it as an example of approach to the historical analysis of a school developed during the 20th century and provisionally called "the Belgrade-Sarajevo school". In the second part of paper the author, referring to the concept of Archiregnum Hungaricum, defined as "dynastic (super) state", analyzes oldest written records that shed light on the relations of the Hungarian-Croatian kings with Bosnia. In that regard, he tries to define the concept of "land" (terra, Land) calling upon the ideas of Otto Brunner and using them as tool in the analysis of relevant sources from the 12th and 13th centuries. Based on this analysis the author draws conclusions about transformation of the Bosnian Banate in the framework of dynastic (super) state, seeing it as a conglomerate of "lands" ruled by the Kotromanic dynasty, otherwise descendants of certain "Kotroman Got" who was installed as 'ban' by the intervention of the royal authority in the late 12th or early 13th century.The author accepts the view that the "land" Rama, which was present in the style of Hungarian-Croatian kings from the 30s of the 12th century, was not the same as "land" Bosnia of that time. Consequently, equation of those geo-political terms happened only at the beginning of the 15th century due to the fact that the central authority managed to largely integrate the old "lands" and abolish their political independence. In the third part of the paper the author analyzes how this complex system worked in the 15th century using the data that concern the course of events from 1435 and 1436. He uses the example of (unsuccessful) attempt of the Emperor and King Sigismund to organize a system of defense against the Turks on his western flank (from Bosnia to Albania). The relationship between the political center and periphery is portrayed through (unsuccessful) appropriation of the old principality of Hum (already integrated into the political framework of Bosnian Kingdom). At the same time the author tries to pinpoint mental pictures regarding "constitutional order" of Archiregnum based on the historical experience as well as trying to discern how they have influenced the practical actions of actors. In that vein he also warns that various ways of interpreting experience with differences in thought schemes derived through those processes was one of the main reasons for the failure of the planned venture. However the acceptance of the main schemata defining position of Bosnian Kingdom in the political framework of Archiregnum is illustrated through the analysis of the short visit of Bosnian King Tvrtko II to the Hungarian court at the beginning of 1436. In conclusion the author defines the Bosnian king as hereditary official of the royal apparatus of government who, apart from fulfillment of certain obligations to the political centre (many of which had a ritual dimension), really ruled autonomous political formation - the Bosnian Kingdom. Acceptance of such a position on the part of Bosnian rulers resulted in the possibility of constant expansion of the territory under the practical rule of the Bosnian king.
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This paper deals with both political and economic history. The main task was to try to compare the attitude of Gustáv Husák and János Kádár about economic reforms in their own countries. The comparison was based on their lives, interests and personalities. Historical evaluation and biographical material was also used. Taking into account that the political circumstances were very similar, the root of the differences between the acts of these politicians had to be the result of individual factors. However, it cannot be denied that the difference between the development of Czechoslovakia and Hungary also played a significant role.
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This article explores shifts in workplace festivities in Bulgaria as part of the transition from socialism to post-socialism and analyses how work celebrations are used to express and uphold the moral economies informing them. During the socialist period, labour was glorified and work celebrations were a key instrument in the ideological and cultural engineering efforts of the state. Since the 1990s, private business owners have been reinterpreting and (re-)inventing festive traditions to stage their identities and moral orientations in discursive and performative ways. Based on in-depth interviews and participant observation in industrial production and high-tech companies from 2017 to 2019, I argue that highly mediated company celebrations are, in the wake of promotional cultures, an opportunity for employers to brand themselves as “good.” Such events also model the expectations of a “good employee,” for example, to be competitive not only regarding one’s work but also in having fun, as part of work, which is a reflection of the general insistence on happiness in the neoliberal workplace.
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The present study is on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the great Scottish thinker – philosopher and political economist, Adam Smith (1723-1790) and the relevance of his legacy until our days. It focuses on fundamental philosophical and historical aspects characterizing, generally, Smith’s approach and method. Smith specifically adopts Newton’s analytic-synthetic method in the context of the Scottish commonsense philosophy and historicism. Thus, Smith’s method appears Newtonian in spirit and a variant of Newton’s analytic-synthetic method. Smith applies his philosophical-historical approach and method in his four-stages еconomic theory. The distinctiveness of Smith’s method could be outlined comparing the favoured by this time in France – but not accepted in Scotland – Descartes’s deductivist method, Newton’s analytic-synthetic method and the Newtonian in spirit and variant of Newton’s method Smith’s analytic-synthetic method. The outlined epistemological aspects in Smith’s work are a valuable and relevant reference point in contemporary research in historiography of economics.
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After the Great War and the creation of Greater Romania through the incorporation of Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Bucovina, travel gained new significance within Romanian society. In the context of debates about the need for “spiritual unification” to complement the country’s political and administrative consolidation, travel began to be viewed as a means to build a cohesive national identity and promote unity among the diverse regions of the newly enlarged state. Consequently, Romanians were encouraged to explore their homeland and acquaint themselves with their fellow citizens. The numerous travel notes, memoirs, and announcements of various trips and excursions organized by different associations and professional societies that filled up the contemporary newspapers and magazines reflect a great interest for travel, many travellers choosing to share their experiences. Drawing primarily from these travel notes and memoirs but also contemporary press articles, the study explores the experience of travel, its hypostasis and challenges, the social and cultural interactions that occurred in different travel contexts, and the habits and customs of the Romanian society in the early interwar years they reveal.
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In 1983, the economic crisis in Romania intensified fact that had a negative impact on the living standards of the population. The present study highlights the dissatisfaction of the population in the Timiș County due to the lack of food, and other basic necessities, hot water, heating, as well as other measures (some of them exaggerated) taken by the central and local communist authorities.
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At the beginning of the 21st century, very possibly with the help of metal detectors, a small hoard composed of 14 silver coins, of the Corinthian crested helmet type, minted in the Hellenistic epoch in Mesembria, was discovered. The very little information that has been preserved regarding the context of the discovery excludes the presence of a vessel (in the sense that there is no information regarding its recovery). It is also very possible that the 14 specimens recovered do not represent all the coins discovered in the small hoard. Compared to other hoards that seem to be associated with it in a distinct monetary horizon, silver pieces from Apollonia Pontica are also absent. Important to note is the fact that there were two lots of the same find, which were purchased separately by the same person, from different people. The first batch contained 9 copies, the second 5 copies. It is quite possible that the hoard contained several coins, at least based on the idea that the coins were divided by the discoverer’s half/half. And it is still very possible that some copies have already been sold by them before reaching the indicated Constanta collector. Consequently, we believe that the hoard contained at least more than 20 pieces of silver minted in Mesembria. The hoard discovered at Chirnogeni, although it does not contain silver coins from Apollonia Pontica, is part of a horizon of hoards discovered in historical Dobruja and the north-east of today’s Bulgaria, probably buried between 339 and 313 BC. However, despite some inherent inaccuracies of its location and interpretation and the burial context, we believe that the material that does not come from controlled archaeological excavations has a role in studying the presence and monetary circulation of some categories of coins minted in the west of the Pontos Euxeinos in the pre-Roman period. In this case, from Dorian Mesembria. As a result, the information is relevant to the pre-Roman monetary history for this area of extreme northeastern Thrace, at a time when Macedonian power dominated including most of the Balkan Peninsula.
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The Labor Service or the General Directorate of the Labor Service (DGSM) – the two names being interchangeable was established in January 1950, in order to use the labor force of the youth that were surplus to the conscription requirements of the Ministry of Armed Forces and the Ministry of the Interior. The term of service was equal to that in the army, as the years spent in the Labor Service were considered equivalent to the compulsory military service. Between January 1950 and January 1956, the institution functioned under the Ministry of Construction, and after this date it was transferred under the direct authority of the Council of Ministers (where it remained until it was disbanded in 1961). Between 1950 and 1961, 520,000 of conscripts were incorporated into the Labor Service, that is, 20% of young people completed their military training in this structure. Its annual strength varied significantly over time and even within the same year, with the maximum number being reached between 1951 and 1955, when it had more than 100,000 conscripts. Later their number began to decrease gradually. The troops of the Labor Service were involved in numerous activities and economic fields, such as construction sites, in factories, as workers, in coal extraction, agriculture and water improvement works, wood processing, operation of ports, execution of defense works, etc.
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The system of financing parishes and parsons in the Żuławy region originated in the Middle Ages and with some modifications survived until 1945. This financing system was based on arable land given by the Teutonic Order to each newly canonically erected parish. Upon the arrival of Lutherans and Mennonites in the 16th century to the Malbork region of Żuławy, their churches were built in local Catholic parishes and functioned outside the legal and political system then existing in the Polish Republic. Throughout the modern period, the Lutheran and Mennonite church system had no arable land in the Żuławy region and therefore faced financial problems. In the 19th century, now under Prussian reign, things did not change much in this respect, as Lutheran parishes still did not have a stable economic status and Catholic parishes fully enjoyed the vested rights respected by the Prussian state. For this reason, there were numerous conflicts between the two religious denominations from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century that often ended up in court. However, the Mennonites from Żuławy region were in the most difficult legal position, who, in the situation of legal discrimination of their religion by Prussian legislation, more and more often chose to emigrate from Prussia.
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The beginnings of public transportation in Opole date back to 1926. Public transportation was then organized by a company established with the participation of the city authorities. Any further activities of the public transportation system in Opole were interrupted by the events of World War II. Public transportation in Opole was resumed only in 1950. From 1953 it was organized and maintained by the municipal authorities. In 1957, the Municipal Transport Company was established. In 1975, the Provincial Public Transport Company was established with its seat in Opole and local plants in Opole, Kędzierzyn Koźle, and Nysa. At the beginning of 1992, as part of the ownership changes taking place in Poland at that time, the legal successor of this company became the Municipal Transport Company in Opole, established as a budgetary unit of the Opole municipal commune. In 1997, the plant was transformed into a limited liability company owned by the Opole commune.
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The present text discusses the interactions between the Romanian Communist state and the Roman Catholic Church, especially the United States’ „Catholic War Relief Services”. Based on documents from the Vatican Apostolic Archives, the text shows that, despite the convoluted anti-American and anti-Catholic narratives envisaged by the Romanian communists and the official government propaganda, in late 1940s through tough negotiations, un-orthodox practices, and even blackmail, American Catholic prelates could still score victories over the government in their humanitarian and pastoral work.
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Svečani broj časopisa Forum Bosnae, kojim se obilježava četvrt stoljeća kontinuiranog izlaženja, prilika je za osvrt na jedan važan segment njegovog doprinosa u proučavanju srednjovjekovne bosanske pismenosti. Među svim u Forumu Bosnae objavljenim djelima koja su se bavila srednjovjekovnom bosanskom pismenošću izdvaja se knjiga Herte Kune Srednjovjekovna bosanska književnost (br. 45/2008). Ovo izdanje uredili su Jagoda JurićKappel, Josip Raos i Elma Hašimbegović, opremivši ga i ilustracijama koje su imale izvanredan značaj za istraživanja koja su uslijedila. Rad na izdavanju Kunine knjige označio je i početak formiranja kolekcije faksimila bosanskih rukopisa u Međunarodnom forumu Bosna, dragocjene za istraživače. Knjiga Srednjovjekovna bosanska književnost već godinama je najcitiranije djelo čuvene profesorice Historije literarnog jezika s Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu. Također, ono je i danas, a bit će i u budućnosti, gotovo redovni sastavni dio bibliografija znanstvenih radova koji se bave temom srednjovjekovne glagoljske i ćirilične baštine.
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