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One of the significant features of the city in the inter-war period was a relatively developed public transport system. Types, mode of operation, network density, timetable, rates and types of used vehicles have more or less to meet the legislative, economic, economic and social requirements imposed on this sector. Last but not least, the demographic and urban factors played a key role in relation to the character of public transport, respectively, the characteristics of which city. In Slovakia, the situation was more problematic given its economic and economic specifics. However, it is also possible to talk about relatively integrated and also developing urban transport systems in relation to interwar Slovakia. With the gradual development of motoring, buses and also passenger cars began to appear in addition to trams, omnibuses and carriages, but that was not a necessary rule. During the inter-war period, bus transport in Slovakia was accompanied by numerous problems, mainly related to the economic aspect of its operation and the insufficient fleet. Also, passenger cars were luxury and generally inaccessible goods in Slovakia. Due to various technical and legislative-economic measures, at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, cars became more accessible and they became more penetrating the wider structure of society and more and more everyday use. An exemplary example is trade-related entrepreneurship, with some of the "motoring" business sectors in Slovakia being dynamically developing a taxi, which has become an effective complement to urban and suburban transport. In the present study, special attention is paid to Bratislava in the context of the development of trade taxis and its position in the public transport system in Slovakia for several reasons. Bratislava was (and is) the most demographic and urbanized city in Slovakia. It had one of the oldest public transport systems within its territory, in terms of typology, respectively, the used riding top used by several types of means of transport, from carriages, tramcars, trams, omnibuses, trolleybuses, buses to "propeller", transporting passengers between the banks of the Danube river.In connection with its motorisation, taxis began to penetrate into its system with number of own specifications. The aim of the study is, on the example of the interwar Bratislava, to bring the development of the freight taxis with a view to its legislative definition and practice, while defining, respectively, to reflect on the specific position of taxis in the complex public transport system in the interwar period under review.
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Između stare propale korparije i moderne gračaničke štamparije prohujalo je punih 40 godina. Ni malo, ni mnogo za punoljetstvo jedne firme. Ali 40 godina naštampano “Grmom” više je od punoljetstva. Osnivanje štamparije u Gračanici označilo je početak moderne gračaničke privrede i simbolično napuštanje dotadašnjeg tradicionalnog zanatsko-esnafskog načina privređivanja.
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Our study investigates the recessions that can be identified in Romania within the 1995-2016 time frame. Technically three such occurrences have been recorded, but as the last two are very close we can say there was two major recessions. Our study investigates certain similarities and differences between the recessions as they appeared and dissapeared. We also analyse parts of the economic polices as are they found within the components of GDP.The conclusions attempt to identify some predictable issues regarding Romaniațs future recession.
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Our study investigates the recessions that can be identified in Romania within the 1995-2016 time-frame. Technically three such occurrences have been recorded, but as the last two are very close we can say there was two major recessions. Our study investigates certain similarities and differences between the recessions as they appeared and dissapeared. We also analyze parts of the economic policies as are they found within the components of GDP.The conclusions attempt to identify some predictable issues regarding Romaniațs future recession.
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The article, based on the use of statistics, shows the dynamics of labor conflicts at industrial enterprises of the Ural region, as well as the forms and methods of resolving labor disputes. Authors examines the factors that provoked the occurrence of strikes and analyzes the results and consequences of the strike movement. The behavior of workers indicates their willingness to defend their rights under the Soviet labor laws and their hopes for an opportunity to negotiate with the administration of the enterprise. Because of this, it seems that the social protest of the workers was of a local and exclusively economic nature. The range of independence of decision-making by local party committees was determined by political reasons (the desire to meet the mythological “proletarian state”); purely opportunistic (the desire “not to take rubbish out of the house” and not to cause the wrath of the Center), economic — for example, a ban on the overexpenditure of the wage fund associated with the officially proclaimed “regime of economy”. The very limited democratic character of the life within the Soviet society was nevertheless revealed during the events of May 1927 in Sverdlovsk, even if not openly, in the approval of the strikers’ actions by the part of the workers and in the understanding of the motives of social protest by the “old Bolsheviks” within the local regional leadership. The option of managed democracy, allowing workers to present their demands in a strictly established order, patiently waiting for their issue to be resolved in management instances, appeared to suit the leaders of the Urals region, but was far from the mythological “dictatorship of the proletariat”.
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The goal of the article is to give data on the history of Balec, a town lying a few kilometers to the Northwest of Scutari and existing from the Early Middle Ages to the beginning of the Late Middle Ages and its heyday should have been in the 14th century. We come across some data on this town by Ippen, Farlat, Jirecek, Sufflay, Schmitt etc. The first medieval source where the name of this town shows up is the Dioclea Presbyter’s writing about 1200. By this article based on the above mentioned authors or documentary sources we attempt to surpass what has been written so far on this town and to bring into light as much as possible the quite dark and enigmatic history of this medieval domicile about which we find almost no data at all in the whole Albanian historiography so far. The article is divided into two parts which deal with two different aspects of it: the secular world (data on the town, population and its economy), that is the first part and the religious world, that is the second part of the article, where the history of the diocese, of the Bishopric and of the clergy of medieval Balec is treated.
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The article deals with the Soviet Union leaders’ plans to sell Northern Sakhalin to Japan in 1923. Particular attention is paid to some facts, made known to researchers after they gained access to the documents of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party and the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs in 1991. These documents testify that during the first half of 1923 Moscow is seriously discussing the sale of its part of the island. This article discusses the causes of this issue’s emerging, the position of the Japanese and Soviet sides, the different points of view of USSR’s individual departments (foreign affairs, military, financial, party-state governance of the country). The article also reveals the reasons for Kremlin’s sudden decision to demand the evacuation of the Japanese troops from Northern Sakhalin, in which way they are instead provided with oil and coal concessions in this part of the island.
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On 17th November 1991 the parliament in Skopje voted the Republic of Macedonia to be separated from the territory of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Two months later - on 15th January 1992 the R of Bulgaria was the first state in the world to recognize the independence of the new Balkan country.
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Over the last 20 years the Macedonism being an element from the communist ideology of Yugoslavia has gone through complicated evolution. It degenerated to utter version of nationalism which served the interests of the new stratum which has recently come to wealth.
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The Albanian question for the first time had appeared on the international scene during the annexation crisis of 1908-1909. This successful liberation move ment was brought to national awareness during World War I.
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First movies in Bulgaria were filmed towards the end of the Ilinden uprising that burst out in the summer of 1903 in the Northwestern outskirts of Turkey. Tens of foreign correspondents arrived in our country in order to reflect the riot.
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This study is dedicated to the contemporary debate on the teaching of political economy in France as part of a multi-dimensional process of realization of the idea for a Рenaissance of political economy in Bulgaria, France and in the entire world. Based on the analysis of economic thought in France from the beginning of the 19th century until the beginning of 21st century distinguish institutional place of education systems in the teaching of political economy, as well as the role of the political economists, economists, engineers and technocrats. The main task of this study was to trace the French experience and directions of development in political economy. For this purpose we present our first study, for teaching the discipline at leading educational establishments in France and second in scientific and research centers, institutes, companies, associations, magazines and etc. We share to a large extent the concerns about the absence of pluralism and ,,control" over the economic thinking in France and expresses support for studies of the latest global trends in the development of the political economy.
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There are several basic structures of the population, which describe the connection between its demographic and economic development. Determinative among them are the occupation and industrial structures of the social-economic activity. The current work aims to determine the influence which the demographic potential of a specific territory exerts on its economic development. To achieve this goal we trace the chronological dynamics of the main elements of these structures, the tendencies in the dynamics and the factors which define them. The analysis of the source material allows us to determine the demographic state which testifies to a set of events which are typical for the transition to capitalistic forms of production. These events, though, have restricted influence for accomplishing this transition within the studied period.
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The article presents the materials of the five Maeotian burials with fibulae of different types from the burial ground, located on the Right Bank of the Kuban River. The earliest is the middle-La Tène fibula of the “Neapolis” variant from the burial, dated by the second half of the 2nd century BC. Perhaps, fibulae of this type demonstrate connections between the Maeotians and with Late Scythian population of the Crimea. Analysis of the Early Roman fibulae of ”Aucissa” type suggests a trade route from Asia Minor in the Kuban region through the Caucasus. The chronology of the fibulae and funerary equipment shows that the population of the settlement Spornoye used brooches as an element of clothing from the second half of the 2nd century BC to the middle of the 3rd century AD.
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The article addresses the causes and evolution of the crisis in relations between the Golden Horde and the Italian settlements in the Azov-Black Sea Region — Tana (Azov) and Caffa (Theodosia) — in 1340s. Reconstruction of the events is based on the documents from the Venice State Archives compared with the information from the narrative sources (Venetian, Florentine, Genoese, Byzantine, Swiss etc.). The author estimates the size of losses incurred by the Italian merchants due to the incident in Tana in 1343 that unleashed a war between the Golden Horde and the Italian maritime republics of Genoa and Venice. The author points out the significance of the events for the Golden Horde and for the Western Europe in the mid-14th century.
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In 2012-2013, during the archaeological research conducted in the city of Roman (Neamţ County), at the “at the Library” point, 16 coins were discovered in two closed complexes (two workshops – A.1 and A.2). The coins found in the first workshop (10 pieces) are an Austrian coin minted for Hungary (1 piece), local imitations after an Hungarian coin (1 piece), after small Swedish denominations from Riga and Gdansk, minted by Gustav II Adolf, Christina and Carol × Gustav (8 pieces). Five of them might constitute a small hoard. All the coins discovered in the second workshop (6 pieces.) are Moldavian issues, belonging to Alexander I (2 pieces), Alexander I - Iliaș I (1 piece) and to the period between the reigns of Alexander I and Alexander II (3 pieces). The first workshop was specialised in making iron tools; it can be dated to the second half of the 17th c. An accidental fire might have caused its end. The second workshop produced jewelry during the first half of the 15th c. and it was probably burned down together with the entire city of Roman by Matthias I, in December 1467.
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This article focuses on the Roman amphorae, the type of vessels with the largest presence, found inside the Roman auxiliary fort and civilian settlement at Slăveni, Olt County, Romania. There have been published only a small number of vessels of this type coming from this area. During the excavations there were discovered more than one hundred fragments of Roman amphorae, of different types, as follows: Dressel 24, Dressel 24 similis, Kapitan II, Tezgör type Sinope I, Troesmis VIII, Agora M 126, Agora G 199, Dressel 2-4, Africana III B.
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