"Boga hvaliti, puk sabirati, mrtve oplakivati"

Katoličko zvono sa sahat-kule u Foči u sjeveroistočnoj Hercegovini*

Author(s): Ante Škegro / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2016

From all the lands that they ran over with the hooves of their horses, the Ottomans took not merely slaves, but everything they possibly could. Particular targets for their conquering and looting raids were Christian institutions and churches, where they plundered everything they could carry, even including bells from bell towers. Regardless of the reliefs of Christ on the Cross, the Virgin Mary, saints, and inscriptions that often decorated them, they placed them in their clock towers, if they did not melt them down for cannons and ammunition. First they removed the clapper, instead using metal hammers to strike the outside surface of the bell and mark time, in this manner calling the Islamic faithful to prayer.

"Celotno posojilo Mestne hranilnice ljubljanske je šlo v žepe akcionarjev in po drugih napačnih potih." Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska in propad industrijske delniške družbe Karel Pollak

Author(s): Mitja Sunčič / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2009

Ljubljana City Savings Bank and the Decline of Karel Pollak Industrial Joint-stock Company This year it is the 120'h anniversary of the establishment of Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska (Ljubljana City Savings Bank). On the basis of the archives of this monetary institution, the author of the following contribution explores the previously unknown event, never mentioned before in the historical overviews published to date, of the crediting of the major leather industry joint-stock company Karel Pollak in the period between both World Wars. The discussion focuses on the dynamics of the business relationships between the creditor and borrower with the emphasis on the increasingly tense relations in the time when the Karel Pollak company found itself in financial trouble. In the middle of 1920s the Ljubljana City Savings Bank granted a mortgage credit to the family joint-stock leather industry company Pollak in the amount of 25 million dinars, which was extremely generous for the circumstances of that time. The issue was not problematic until the Great Depression, which affected the Pollak leather company severely. A two-year conflict ensued between the City Savings Bank and this company, during which the owners of the company resorted to many dirty and unethical business moves. The dispute concluded with the bankruptcy of the Pollak joint-stock company and the takeover of its factories, carried out by the City Savings Bank. However, the consequences of the granting of this credit did not only affect the Pollak family - the Ljubljana City Savings Bank also suffered considerable financial losses.

"Die Grafschaft Glatz. Neue Studien zu Geschichte und Literatur. Hrsg. von Jan Pacholski und Matthias Weber

Author(s): Lutz Vogel / Language(s): German / Issue: 4/2019

Review of: Lutz Vogel - "Die Grafschaft Glatz. Neue Studien zu Geschichte und Literatur. Hrsg. von Jan Pacholski und Matthias Weber. (Schlesische Grenzgänger, Bd. 9.) Leipziger Universitätsverlag. Leipzig 2018. 234 S. ISBN 978-3-96023-173-8. (€ 32,–.)

"Riževi standard proti mesnemu standardu" (Elementi stereotipa o japonskem gospodarstvu pri Slovencih pred drugo svetovno vojno)

Author(s): Žarko Lazarević / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2000

The stereotype image of the Japanese economy created by the Slovenian press before the Second World War was not based on its own experience, but was assumed from the western European press. This is understandable, given the very small trade exchange between the two countries at the time. This stereotype included elements, such as social and foreign-exchange dumping, a patriarchal system, a better organised and more efficient economy, and unfair competition.

"Societatea de Comerț din Timișoara" ("Temeswarer Commercien-Societät") – un experiment eșuat al mercantilismului austriac în Banatul imperial (1723-1730)

Author(s): Costin Feneşan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2020

Occupied de facto in 1716-1717 by the imperial forces, the Banat of Timișoara (Temeswar) became de iure a province of the Habsburg monachy as stipulated by the Treaty of peace at Passarowitz (July 21, 1718) concluded with the Ottoman Empire. Enjoying the status of a direct estate of the Austrian Crown and Court-Chamber, the new acquired territory proved soon to be an excellent field to test the mercantilistic precepts prevailing at the Court in Vienna. Trade was among the favorite domains for these experiences seeking not only an active export of local merchandises but also a positive balance of trade to attract cash in the country and avoid his exportation. The Treaty of commerce concluded with the Ottoman Porte at Passarowitz (July 28, 1718) offered in this view a favourable frame to the commercial relations of the Imperial Banat. In order to restrain and check the deals of the foreign Turkish merchants as well as of the local ones (Greeks/ Macedo-Romanians, Jewish and Serbs), general of cavalry (since 1723 fieldmarshal) count Claudius Florimond de Mercy, the first military and civilian governor of the Banat, a close friend and partner to Prince Eugene of Savoy, president of the Court War Council, recommended 1722 to Emperor Charles VI the establishement of a trade company at Timișoara (Temeswar), the capital-city of the new imperial province. A first temporary agreement was signed on August 23, 1723, the final one was concluded at Timișoara on November 11, 1723 (see the full text in attachment). Among the 14 shareholders (one share being 3000 florins) to the „Commercial Society at Timișoara” subscribed governor Mercy, lieutenant general (fieldmarshal-lieutenant) count Wallis, commander of the fortress of Timișoara and military counsellor to the Banatic Administration (appointed as well as managing director of the trade company), the civilian counsellors Rebentisch and Haan and even a Serbian merchant, Jovan Bibitsch (Bibić). The amount of the subscribed capital raised to 49.000 florins. As for the trade articles, wax and honey ranged on the top. As a consequence of the auspicious start, the „Commercial Society at Timișoara” got a substantial support form the Court Chamber. Therefore, on March 8, 1725, on governor Mercy’s initiative, at Vienna was signed a new company-agreement (see the full text in attachment). According to this, the subscribed capital of the 21 shareholders – among them the Imperial Office of State Revenues with three shares of 3000 florins each, and three civilian and military advisors to the Imperial Court – raised to 86.000 florins. The commercial house owed by the brothers Palm at Vienna (having subscribed for one share) was appointed to manage all trade operations of the „Commercial Society” abroad, while at Timișoara were left only the pay office and two officials to deal with the acquisition and sending of merchandises. Following governor Mercy’s insistences, the new company-agreement was stipulating the establishment of a manufacture for tweed and textile (effectively built in 1726) in order to provide the local market an to try a trade abroad. According to the company-agreement, the main merchandises to commerce were yellow and white wax, salted sturgeon and sturgeon-roe, honey and lard. A special attention was payed to the trade with copper, produced by the foundies in the Imperial Banat and put at the disposition of the „Commercial Society” by the Court Chamber through the Banatic Administration. Inspite the substantial support of the Court Chamber, the businesses of the trade company decreased constantly, especially after 1728, due to the stiff competition, to hazardous deals or to governor Mercy’s longe absence from home (the governor and fieldmarshal was killed 1734 in a battle near Parma). Deprived of any official support, this mercantilist experiment in the Imperial Banat failed after 1730. In the very large report on the Banat and its problems presented in 1734 to general count Hamilton, the new governor, no more word is lost about the „Commercial Society at Timișoara”.

"Społem" PSS Wadowice - zarys historii

Author(s): Andrzej Kotowiecki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 23/2020

In the introduction, the Author presents a brief historical outline of the cooperative movement in Poland. The activity of Common Cooperative of Consumers „Społem” Wadowice, based on the chronicle of this organization, was presented with particular emphasis on its development in the first post-war years. The author characterized the contribution of cooperatives to the development of the city, the local service market and entrepreneurship. The whole ends with a summary in which he emphasizes that the transformations of the 1990s led to an almost complete collapse of this form of socio-economic activity.

"Stumbling and Dusting Off," or an Attempt to Pick a Path Through the Thicket of Bulgaria's New Economic Mechanism

Author(s): Richard J. Crampton / Language(s): English / Issue: 02/1988

The most persistent theme in Bulgarian public life during the 1980s has been the attempt to remodel and improve the national economy in accordance with the New Economic Mechanism, the NEM, which itself has been inseparable from "the scientific-technological revolution. " Economic innovation and experimentation are not new to Bulgaria. Previous attempts, however, have generally failed to live up to expectations, often degenerating into confusing and sometimes contradictory administrative changes before being abandoned in favor of a return to the comforts and certainties of a centralized, Soviet-style, command economy. [...]

"Terzijarija". Tajna sistematskog obogaćivanja bokeljskih pomoraca

Author(s): Pavao Butorac / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 04+05/1934

Бокељски трговци држали су се, као и млетачки, начeла слободне трговине. Само што ово начела несамо да није било у сукобу са захтјевима трговачке солидарности, неrо ју је учвршћивало, будући да се ју у праксу проводило управ зато да се онемогуће насиља гусара уопће, а Турака у арбанашкоме приморју понапосе.

"The Beginnings of Polish Jewry: Reevaluating the Evidence for the Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries"

Author(s): Alexander Kulik,Judith Kalik / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

This article reexamines the evidence of Jewish presence in Poland from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries in connection with problems of origins, periodization, and localization of Jewish settlement in Poland. It deals inter alia with questions regarding the balance between Jewish and Christian evidence, as well as with reports of Jewish presence from neighboring areas of Eastern Europe such as Kievan Rus’. The reevaluation of evidence on medieval Polish Jews helps to illuminate the origins of eastern Ashkenazi Jewry, as well as to clarify diverse aspects of the history of early Eastern Europe. Thus, for example, among the most important general conclusions is the lack of continuity across three waves of Jewish migration and settlement in Poland. Since most Polish Jews were descendants of the third wave of Jewish migration into Poland, there is little doubt that the vast majority of them came from Germany and Bohemia, mostly via Silesia. We can also reliably conjecture that the Jewish population of southwestern Rus’—whatever its origins (possibly also at least partially Ashkenazi) and size (possibly reduced by the Mongol conquest)— came to be integrated with immigrants from the west due to the eastward expansion of Lithuania and Poland during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Thus, most modern Ashkenazi Jewry must go back to the melding of these two communities.

"Zelené kádry" jako radikální alternativa pro venkov na západním Slovensku a ve středovýchodní Evropě 1917 - 1920

Author(s): Jakub Beneš / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2015

This article explores the phenomenon of the ‘Green Cadres' at the end of the First World War in Austria-Hungary, with a focus on events in western Slovakia 1918-1920. The Green Cadres were bands of army deserters and radicalized peasants who hid in the forests and mountains of the monarchy during the last year of the war and then violently attempted to topple the social-political order in many localities as the state collapsed. The article suggests that they represented both the last major episode of peasant unrest in the region and a radical new attempt by the rural common people to influence the character of national and social politics in the interwar period. The nationalist dimension of this loose social movement appears to have been particularly strong in western Slovakia and may indicate some affiliation with the leaders of Slovak Catholic populism. On the other hand, the inability of nationalist elites to coopt the Green Cadres was in part responsible for their marginalization in narratives of Czechoslovak liberation as well as in contemporary historiography. On the basis of sources in Slovak, Czech, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and German, this study argues that the Slovak case of the Green Cadres fits into a broader transnational phenomenon, which sheds new light on the history of East Central Europe in the twentieth century.

10. Bienalna konferenca European Society for Environmental History: Boundaries in/of Environmental History

Author(s): Žiga Zwitter / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 15/2019

10. Bienalna konferenca European Society for Environmental History: Boundaries in/of Environmental History, Talin, 21.–24. avgust 2019

125 DE ANI DE LA INAUGURAREA PODULUI "REGELE CAROL I" PESTE DUNĂRE, DE LA CERNAVODĂ

Author(s): George M. CROITORU / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2020

The complex of bridges and viaducts of the Fetești - Cernavodă railway was inaugurated on 1895, September 14, has a total length of 4087.95m and was the longest continental Europe’s bridge, also the third longest in the world at the time. The ”King Carol I” railway bridge, over Danube from Cernavodă, is the representative construction of this complex. The designer and chief engineer of the construction of the bridge and viaducts complex is the engineer Anghel Saligny (18541925), professor at the National School of Bridges and Roads in Bucharest, the most important personality in the Romanian history of civil engineering. The bridge is cantilever type, it has five openings (a central opening of 190m and four current openings of 140m each) with a total length of 750m. The most important innovations in this structure included the use of mild steel for the bridge deck and new system of cantilever beams (Gerber beams) for the suprastructure. The total length of a cantilever beam is 240m. This bridge is one of the representative constructions in Romania, being classified as an architectural monument of national interest.

16. Yüzyılın Sonlarında Balkanlarda Bir Maden İşletmesi: Kamengrad Demir Madeni

Author(s): Mehtap Çelik / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2020

In this paper, the form of organization and management of iron facilities that were among the important resources of revenue for the Ottoman state treasury is aimed to be elaborated by focusing on a micro-scale geography. The number of studies concentrating on the issue of mining facilities is very limited amongst the studies focusing on the Ottoman economic history and conducted for the classical era. Hence, this study is important as a contribution to the Ottoman financial and administrative history. It is observed that the Ottoman Empire turning into an important power in the Anatolia and Balkans during the era of Fatih Sultan Mehmet captured almost all of the mining sites in these territories as it facilitated self-sufficiency policy of the Empire in terms of both financial and military concerns, and consequently tried to improve the legal status of mining sites by continuously issuing mining code of laws (kanunnâme) starting from the beginning of the classical era in order to keep the mining facilities under control and to prevent disruption in production. As it is known, Balkans was a region of rich silver, iron and copper ores. There were rich mines of iron in Bosnia, where the case study area is located, in addition to gold and silver mines. And one of these mines was Kamengrad iron mine that was put into operation towards the end of the 16th century. Kamengrad iron mine providing one of the important raw materials required in the Ottoman manufacturing system industry was operated under the control. The Empire acting sensitively in the protection of both the mines and reâyâ (the Ottoman subject class composed of mainly peasants and farmers) working in these mines took all the necessary precautions in order to sustain the production of iron in this mine without any interruption, and by doing so, tried to meet, in general, the army’s, and in particular nearby castles’ demand for cannonball ammunition.

1844-1845 Tarihli Temettuât Defterine Göre Hüdavendigâr Eyâleti Gölpazarı Kazası Kasımlar Köyü'nün Sosyal ve Ekonomik Durumu

Author(s): Ali Karahan / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2020

In this study, some evaluations were made about the social, economic, and demographic situation of Kasımlar village based on data in the Temettuât book of numbered 8044 and dated 1844-1845. According to the administrative division of the Ottoman State in 1844-1845, 93 taxpayers were living in the village of Kasımlar, which is a settlement of the Gölpazarı town within Hüdavendigâr province and there is no non-Muslim person among them. In this period, households in Kasımlar village obtained their living by earning income from agriculture and animal husbandry. Fruit and cereal products such as wheat, barley, cotton, vetch, grape were produced on arable lands suitable for agriculture. Silk beetle was carried out on a significant part of the arable lands. In addition, cattle, ovine, pack and mount animals were raised to take advantage of meat, milk, power and other features.

19. Yüzyıl Dünya Fuarlarında Türk Tekstili

Author(s): Şefik Memiş / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2020

The Ottomans took place in all of the world fairs starting with the first World Fair organized in 1851. They exhibited not only agricultural and animal product raw materials, but also manufactured products.Textile and weaving products were among the most popular products exhibited in Ottoman pavilions in particular, and in the pavilions of countries belonging to Islamic geography. Textile products ranged from fabric to clothing, from home textiles to carpets and rugs.While displaying their products the Ottomans were concerned about imitation. Because the fabricators of the Western countries, who had realized the industrial revolution and started fabricating production, were the most loyal followers of the exhibitions, instantly purchasing the products they saw and adapting them to mass production. These Ottoman products, which carried and displayed all the originality of the east, were sold at the exhibition stage, especially to palace members. From the fabric color to the processing and cutting style, Turkish textile products became well known around the World and carried Turkish fashion to European capitals. Also from the saddle to the belt,from bags to pillows, from tablecloths to ribbons, from shawls to embroidered products, many hand -made products also attracted attention. Textile products produced both in the private sector and state factories did not only attract the attention of the public, they were also granted many awards by jury members.The products that received the most awards were coming from Bursa, the center of textile today.Turkish textile products, which had not yet been fully influenced by machining, succeeded in attracting the attention of fabricators in almost all exhibitions with their innovative aspects.

19. YÜZYILDA OSMANLI TARIMINDAKİ DÖNÜŞÜMÜN YEREL BASINDAN İZLENMESİ: TUNA VİLAYET GAZETESİ ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Cüneyt İpteş / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 22/2020

Prior to the industrial revolution, the agriculture sector dominated structure of the country's economies also existed in the Ottoman State. According to this, agriculture sector is the main determinant of the country's economy in the classical period. The çift-hane and tımar systems in the Ottoman agriculture sector, with its local and in-kind qualities, has been a means of ensuring continuity in production, obtaining tax revenues and meeting military expenses. This institutional structure belonging to the classical period of the Ottoman Empire started to change after the innovations that European states gained in economic, social and military fields. The Danube Province is one of the first places where the trend of innovation was witnessed in the Ottoman State. In our research, these developments will be examined with the Tuna Vilayet Newspaper, which is the printed press of the Danube Province. The news to be conveyed specifically for the agricultural sector reflects the transformation moves and includes the characteristics of the period. In this context, the understanding of ownership has changed in agricultural lands, commercialization and mechanization have been experienced in agriculture. Memleket sandıkları were established to regulate the agricultural credit mechanism. The collection method of aşar tax has been rearranged according to the current conditions. In the field of animal husbandry, animal diseases come to the fore.

1923-1929 döneminde Türkiye’de uygulanan vergi politikalarının mali sosyoloji çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Rana Dayioğlu Erul / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2020

Fiscal sociology deals with the study of fiscal events from a sociological perspective and investigates both the impact of fiscal events on society and the effects of the factors affecting and forming the structure of society on fiscal events. Fiscal sociology examines fiscal events by considering historical, cultural, social, legal and political factors in addition to its economic aspects. In this regard, the policies that are put into practice by making the researches of fiscal sociology are more easily adopted by the society and can achieve success as they reflect the structure of the society. Sociological view of fiscal events is important in this respect. The aim of the study is to evaluate the tax policies of the 1923-1929 period within the social and economic conditions of the period and to investigate whether the fiscal sociology approaches are effective in the implementation of tax policies. For this purpose, tax policies of the period have been tried to be evaluated on the basis of fiscal sociology theories and even though it is tried to be made arrangements considering the social structure in the period, the desired purpose could not be achieved due to the financial and economic conditions of the period.

1988 NUMARALI KAYSERİ MÜSLİM NÜFUS DEFTERİNE GÖRE XIX. YÜZYILIN ORTALARINA DOĞRU KAYSERİ ŞEHRİNİN İKTİSADİ YAPISI

Author(s): Muhammed Köse,İbrahim Kurtcebe Akkuş / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2019

The very first census started to be made during Mahmud II period. The recordings which started in 1831 completed in nearly all parts over the country when it was in 1844. In these registers which had made military-aimed, just male recordings were made. Besides, in the population register there are some important details such as the governmental, social and economic situation of the region. Hence, in most of the book, beside the father of the family, the occupational state of some other residents who profess any other job are indicated. The 1988 numbered and 29 Z. 1246 dated Kayseri population register, which is the main source of this study, is a detailed book consisted of 139 pages. The mentioned population register talks about 85 quarters in Kayseri city centre in which Muslims live. In the recordings, in which the male population of Muslims living in Kayseri city centre in 1831 is recorded, some important information is included such as people’s names, physical appearances, titles, nicknames, jobs and migration situations. The register, which recorded nearly all the jobs which the fathers of the families profess, is remarkably important. Professing jobs such as masjid attendant, herald, coffeehouse keeper, labourer, carrier, saltpetrer, merchant, farmer, grocer, smith and a lot more professions alongside administrative (like mukhtar), religious (like imam, muezzin, mudarris) and military jobs (like reserves, regulars, corporals) demonstrates the diversity and liveliness of the commercial, economic and social life in Kayseri. In this study we will show this diversity and richness of jobs in Kayseri under the light of the 1831 dated, 1988 numbered population register of Muslims in Kayseri.

200 godina Friedricha Engelsa

Author(s): / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Publication Year: 2020

This anthology book is published on the occasion of the bicentennial of the birth of Friedrich Engels, an exceptional thinker and theorist of the revolution. Editors Maroje Višić and Miroslav Artić gathered renowned domestic and international scientists who tried to reevaluate Engels' works and his scientific contribution. The idea behind the book is to point out the everlasting value and significance of Engels’ revolutionary philosophy. Contributing authors offered analytical reading of Engels' ideas, addressing pressing issues in economics, politics, religion, feminism, ideology and in other segments of contemporary society. The papers in an anthology are organized under the chapters: The Reception of Engel’s Philosophy, Actuality of Engels Today with subchapters on working-class and precariat, peasantry as the subject of change, early Christianity as an inspiration; and the last chapter is Revalorization of Family and State. The first chapter tackles the questions if Engels was more than an interpreter of Marx or simply the first Marxist who contributed to the banalization of Marx. It then investigates reception of Engels’ philosophy in ex-Yugoslavia specifically and in philosophical theory in general. The second chapter demonstrates actuality and relevance of Engels today by discussing the topics of working-class and precariat, by making comparison between early industrial society and contemporary society and by tracking development of socialism from utopia to a science. Chapter also deals on the peasantry whose role as a subject of change is thoroughly problematized. Special part of the chapter is dedicated to the influence of the practice of early Christianity on the formation of Engels’ revolutionary idea and to what extent original Christian community served affected the development of Engels’ thought. Final chapter brings papers that, under new circumstances, re-examine the understanding of the state-family relation and their dynamic. This comprehensive anthology attempted to revalorize and appraise Engels’ own contribution to science and philosophy 200 years after his birth. For this it was necessary to “divorce” Engels from Marx so that the fallacy of statement that Engels was second violin to Marx becomes striking.Chapter one tackle the question of whetherEngels was more than an interpreter of Marx or simply the first Marxist to contribute to the banalization of Marx.= Engels' reception is then examined both in the former Yugoslavia and in philosophical theory in general.Special part of the chapter is dedicated to influence of the practice of early Christianity on the formation of Engels’ revolutionary idea. That is, to what extent the examples of the original Christian communities influenced the development of Engels' thought

2008–2018: Válság és hegemónia Magyarországon

Author(s): Márk Áron Éber,Ágnes Gagyi,Tamás Gerőcs,Csaba Jelinek / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 26/2019

In this introductory article to the special issue, we join debates on the nature of the current Hungarian regime from a perspective that understands local processes in terms of their integration into the development of global capitalism. We see the present Hungarian regime as a local, temporary hegemony that developed in the context of the long downturn of the postwar global economic cycle, and particularly in the phase of the crisis that followed 2008. This local hegemony is characterized by a temporary, but successful compromise between the requirements of external integration and the capitalization of a new local oligarchy. As the conditions of internal and external accumulation in the context of the crisis can only be secured through increasing pressure on labour and the conditions of its reproduction, this regime is also characterized by the tools it employs to create and control the social conditions necessary for its functioning. The article discusses the structures of internal end external accumulation that provide the political economic base of the regime together with the social changes and tensions they produce. We identify four aspects of the regime’s policies which serve to create the conditions of accumulation and control the tensions arousing from the accumulation process: (1) measures that maintain macrostability (the stability of external integration); (2) measures that serve to capitalize the national oligarchy, (3) measures to strengthen and integrate the middle class into the regime’s structures; and (4) measures to control dominated classes. In terms of the main contradictions or tensions produced by the regime’s functioning we stress its dependence on external growth, and a growing crisis of social reproduction.