"Boga hvaliti, puk sabirati, mrtve oplakivati"

Katoličko zvono sa sahat-kule u Foči u sjeveroistočnoj Hercegovini*

Author(s): Ante Škegro / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2016

From all the lands that they ran over with the hooves of their horses, the Ottomans took not merely slaves, but everything they possibly could. Particular targets for their conquering and looting raids were Christian institutions and churches, where they plundered everything they could carry, even including bells from bell towers. Regardless of the reliefs of Christ on the Cross, the Virgin Mary, saints, and inscriptions that often decorated them, they placed them in their clock towers, if they did not melt them down for cannons and ammunition. First they removed the clapper, instead using metal hammers to strike the outside surface of the bell and mark time, in this manner calling the Islamic faithful to prayer.

"Celotno posojilo Mestne hranilnice ljubljanske je šlo v žepe akcionarjev in po drugih napačnih potih." Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska in propad industrijske delniške družbe Karel Pollak

Author(s): Mitja Sunčič / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2009

Ljubljana City Savings Bank and the Decline of Karel Pollak Industrial Joint-stock Company This year it is the 120'h anniversary of the establishment of Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska (Ljubljana City Savings Bank). On the basis of the archives of this monetary institution, the author of the following contribution explores the previously unknown event, never mentioned before in the historical overviews published to date, of the crediting of the major leather industry joint-stock company Karel Pollak in the period between both World Wars. The discussion focuses on the dynamics of the business relationships between the creditor and borrower with the emphasis on the increasingly tense relations in the time when the Karel Pollak company found itself in financial trouble. In the middle of 1920s the Ljubljana City Savings Bank granted a mortgage credit to the family joint-stock leather industry company Pollak in the amount of 25 million dinars, which was extremely generous for the circumstances of that time. The issue was not problematic until the Great Depression, which affected the Pollak leather company severely. A two-year conflict ensued between the City Savings Bank and this company, during which the owners of the company resorted to many dirty and unethical business moves. The dispute concluded with the bankruptcy of the Pollak joint-stock company and the takeover of its factories, carried out by the City Savings Bank. However, the consequences of the granting of this credit did not only affect the Pollak family - the Ljubljana City Savings Bank also suffered considerable financial losses.

"Die Grafschaft Glatz. Neue Studien zu Geschichte und Literatur. Hrsg. von Jan Pacholski und Matthias Weber

Author(s): Lutz Vogel / Language(s): German / Issue: 4/2019

Review of: Lutz Vogel - "Die Grafschaft Glatz. Neue Studien zu Geschichte und Literatur. Hrsg. von Jan Pacholski und Matthias Weber. (Schlesische Grenzgänger, Bd. 9.) Leipziger Universitätsverlag. Leipzig 2018. 234 S. ISBN 978-3-96023-173-8. (€ 32,–.)

"Riževi standard proti mesnemu standardu" (Elementi stereotipa o japonskem gospodarstvu pri Slovencih pred drugo svetovno vojno)

Author(s): Žarko Lazarević / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2000

The stereotype image of the Japanese economy created by the Slovenian press before the Second World War was not based on its own experience, but was assumed from the western European press. This is understandable, given the very small trade exchange between the two countries at the time. This stereotype included elements, such as social and foreign-exchange dumping, a patriarchal system, a better organised and more efficient economy, and unfair competition.

"Societatea de Comerț din Timișoara" ("Temeswarer Commercien-Societät") – un experiment eșuat al mercantilismului austriac în Banatul imperial (1723-1730)

Author(s): Costin Feneşan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2020

Occupied de facto in 1716-1717 by the imperial forces, the Banat of Timișoara (Temeswar) became de iure a province of the Habsburg monachy as stipulated by the Treaty of peace at Passarowitz (July 21, 1718) concluded with the Ottoman Empire. Enjoying the status of a direct estate of the Austrian Crown and Court-Chamber, the new acquired territory proved soon to be an excellent field to test the mercantilistic precepts prevailing at the Court in Vienna. Trade was among the favorite domains for these experiences seeking not only an active export of local merchandises but also a positive balance of trade to attract cash in the country and avoid his exportation. The Treaty of commerce concluded with the Ottoman Porte at Passarowitz (July 28, 1718) offered in this view a favourable frame to the commercial relations of the Imperial Banat. In order to restrain and check the deals of the foreign Turkish merchants as well as of the local ones (Greeks/ Macedo-Romanians, Jewish and Serbs), general of cavalry (since 1723 fieldmarshal) count Claudius Florimond de Mercy, the first military and civilian governor of the Banat, a close friend and partner to Prince Eugene of Savoy, president of the Court War Council, recommended 1722 to Emperor Charles VI the establishement of a trade company at Timișoara (Temeswar), the capital-city of the new imperial province. A first temporary agreement was signed on August 23, 1723, the final one was concluded at Timișoara on November 11, 1723 (see the full text in attachment). Among the 14 shareholders (one share being 3000 florins) to the „Commercial Society at Timișoara” subscribed governor Mercy, lieutenant general (fieldmarshal-lieutenant) count Wallis, commander of the fortress of Timișoara and military counsellor to the Banatic Administration (appointed as well as managing director of the trade company), the civilian counsellors Rebentisch and Haan and even a Serbian merchant, Jovan Bibitsch (Bibić). The amount of the subscribed capital raised to 49.000 florins. As for the trade articles, wax and honey ranged on the top. As a consequence of the auspicious start, the „Commercial Society at Timișoara” got a substantial support form the Court Chamber. Therefore, on March 8, 1725, on governor Mercy’s initiative, at Vienna was signed a new company-agreement (see the full text in attachment). According to this, the subscribed capital of the 21 shareholders – among them the Imperial Office of State Revenues with three shares of 3000 florins each, and three civilian and military advisors to the Imperial Court – raised to 86.000 florins. The commercial house owed by the brothers Palm at Vienna (having subscribed for one share) was appointed to manage all trade operations of the „Commercial Society” abroad, while at Timișoara were left only the pay office and two officials to deal with the acquisition and sending of merchandises. Following governor Mercy’s insistences, the new company-agreement was stipulating the establishment of a manufacture for tweed and textile (effectively built in 1726) in order to provide the local market an to try a trade abroad. According to the company-agreement, the main merchandises to commerce were yellow and white wax, salted sturgeon and sturgeon-roe, honey and lard. A special attention was payed to the trade with copper, produced by the foundies in the Imperial Banat and put at the disposition of the „Commercial Society” by the Court Chamber through the Banatic Administration. Inspite the substantial support of the Court Chamber, the businesses of the trade company decreased constantly, especially after 1728, due to the stiff competition, to hazardous deals or to governor Mercy’s longe absence from home (the governor and fieldmarshal was killed 1734 in a battle near Parma). Deprived of any official support, this mercantilist experiment in the Imperial Banat failed after 1730. In the very large report on the Banat and its problems presented in 1734 to general count Hamilton, the new governor, no more word is lost about the „Commercial Society at Timișoara”.

"Społem" PSS Wadowice - zarys historii

Author(s): Andrzej Kotowiecki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 23/2020

In the introduction, the Author presents a brief historical outline of the cooperative movement in Poland. The activity of Common Cooperative of Consumers „Społem” Wadowice, based on the chronicle of this organization, was presented with particular emphasis on its development in the first post-war years. The author characterized the contribution of cooperatives to the development of the city, the local service market and entrepreneurship. The whole ends with a summary in which he emphasizes that the transformations of the 1990s led to an almost complete collapse of this form of socio-economic activity.

"Stumbling and Dusting Off," or an Attempt to Pick a Path Through the Thicket of Bulgaria's New Economic Mechanism

Author(s): Richard J. Crampton / Language(s): English / Issue: 02/1988

The most persistent theme in Bulgarian public life during the 1980s has been the attempt to remodel and improve the national economy in accordance with the New Economic Mechanism, the NEM, which itself has been inseparable from "the scientific-technological revolution. " Economic innovation and experimentation are not new to Bulgaria. Previous attempts, however, have generally failed to live up to expectations, often degenerating into confusing and sometimes contradictory administrative changes before being abandoned in favor of a return to the comforts and certainties of a centralized, Soviet-style, command economy. [...]

"Terzijarija". Tajna sistematskog obogaćivanja bokeljskih pomoraca

Author(s): Pavao Butorac / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 04+05/1934

Бокељски трговци држали су се, као и млетачки, начeла слободне трговине. Само што ово начела несамо да није било у сукобу са захтјевима трговачке солидарности, неrо ју је учвршћивало, будући да се ју у праксу проводило управ зато да се онемогуће насиља гусара уопће, а Турака у арбанашкоме приморју понапосе.

"The Beginnings of Polish Jewry: Reevaluating the Evidence for the Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries"

Author(s): Alexander Kulik,Judith Kalik / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

This article reexamines the evidence of Jewish presence in Poland from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries in connection with problems of origins, periodization, and localization of Jewish settlement in Poland. It deals inter alia with questions regarding the balance between Jewish and Christian evidence, as well as with reports of Jewish presence from neighboring areas of Eastern Europe such as Kievan Rus’. The reevaluation of evidence on medieval Polish Jews helps to illuminate the origins of eastern Ashkenazi Jewry, as well as to clarify diverse aspects of the history of early Eastern Europe. Thus, for example, among the most important general conclusions is the lack of continuity across three waves of Jewish migration and settlement in Poland. Since most Polish Jews were descendants of the third wave of Jewish migration into Poland, there is little doubt that the vast majority of them came from Germany and Bohemia, mostly via Silesia. We can also reliably conjecture that the Jewish population of southwestern Rus’—whatever its origins (possibly also at least partially Ashkenazi) and size (possibly reduced by the Mongol conquest)— came to be integrated with immigrants from the west due to the eastward expansion of Lithuania and Poland during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Thus, most modern Ashkenazi Jewry must go back to the melding of these two communities.

"Zelené kádry" jako radikální alternativa pro venkov na západním Slovensku a ve středovýchodní Evropě 1917 - 1920

Author(s): Jakub Beneš / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2015

This article explores the phenomenon of the ‘Green Cadres' at the end of the First World War in Austria-Hungary, with a focus on events in western Slovakia 1918-1920. The Green Cadres were bands of army deserters and radicalized peasants who hid in the forests and mountains of the monarchy during the last year of the war and then violently attempted to topple the social-political order in many localities as the state collapsed. The article suggests that they represented both the last major episode of peasant unrest in the region and a radical new attempt by the rural common people to influence the character of national and social politics in the interwar period. The nationalist dimension of this loose social movement appears to have been particularly strong in western Slovakia and may indicate some affiliation with the leaders of Slovak Catholic populism. On the other hand, the inability of nationalist elites to coopt the Green Cadres was in part responsible for their marginalization in narratives of Czechoslovak liberation as well as in contemporary historiography. On the basis of sources in Slovak, Czech, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and German, this study argues that the Slovak case of the Green Cadres fits into a broader transnational phenomenon, which sheds new light on the history of East Central Europe in the twentieth century.

Agriculture (in Yugoslavia)

Author(s): D. Beatrice McCown / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

At the end of the First World War, when the Yugoslavs were finally united, one of the most serious problems facing the newly formed state was that of land tenure and agrarian reform. Almost 80 per cent of the population was engaged in agriculture, for industry had been only slightly developed in the sections formerly under foreign domination. Moreover, every degree of land reform or its total absence could be found. In the former Kingdom of Serbia, feudalism had been abolished when freedom from the Ottoman Empire was attained in 1833. Estates of Turkish landlords were confiscated without indemnity, and former Serbian serfs became peasant farmers in their own right. When additional territory was conquered from the Turks in 1878, confiscation of estates again took place, although this time the Turkish landowners were compensated for their loss.

ANDREAS RECKWITZ, DAS ENDE DER ILLUSION. POLITIK, ÖKONOMIE UND KULTUR IN DER SPÄTMODERNE

Author(s): Tihomir Cipek / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 01/2022

Review of: Tihomir Cipek - Andreas Reckwitz, Das Ende der Illusion. Politik, Ökonomie und Kultur in der Spätmoderne Suhrkamp, Berlin, 2019., 305 str.

ANDROCENTRISM AND MISOGYNY: DEBUNKING MYTHS REGARDING THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE BIAFRAN WAR ECONOMY, 1967-1970

Author(s): Victor Ukaogo,Uche Uwaezuoke Okonkwo,Ogechi Cecilia Ukaogo / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2020

This study examines women’s role in Nigeria’s fratricidal war that ended in 1970 by debunking several myths on the subject matter. With the war’s end, scholars have been unable to put in proper perspective the role of women in that conflict; instead, the generality of people prefer to live in denial by consigning the role of women to obscurity and oblivion. Male-dominated narratives of bravery and invincibility depict a shut-down mentality against the womenfolk whose wartime activities count for nothing. This seeming social exclusion and marginalization of femininity are very pronounced. Historical and oral evidence abound but remains mostly unacknowledged on successful women traders in times of conflict. Several women gave a good account of themselves during the war it would have been a measure of fairness in the civil war narratives if a few of these women had received the slightest mention. The above is a glaring lacuna and thus a significant challenge and concern for this study. The study used mainly oral sources interlaced with secondary materials and based on historical narrative style in giving relevance to women’s role in the war. It however came with the consequences of a moral dilemma.

Arendăşiile şi tocmelile agricole, generatoare ale mişcărilor ţărăneşti din anii 1888 şi 1907

Author(s): Ioan Ungureanu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: XLIV/2015

The paper shortly presents the causes of the peasant riots in 1888 and 1907 as analysed by renowned authors and the way these manifested themselves in some localities of Bacău County. Among the economic causes that have led to the accentuation of social inequity and moral degradation of some rich landowners, who, given their wish to live abroad leased their properties to rapaceous usurers, mostly Jews, organized in Lease Trusts. This is the case of the Fischer Brother's Lease Trust who had leased, in Botoşani County, propertiesfrom 79 communes, that is an area of 2368 square kilometres, about the size of an entire county. The robbing of the peasants was mostly manifested through the so-called agricultural bargaining, that have finally led the governors, after 1907, to adopt some regulations in order to limit the abuse that had caused the prior events.

Aspecte ale colaborării româno-sovietice în domeniul tehnicii militare şi civile în anii 1960-1980

Author(s): Vasile Buga / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2021

The Romanian-Soviet cooperation in the military technique began with Romania’s entering the Warsaw Pact (April 1955). That was justified by the need to equip the Romanian army properly. In the first years, the Soviet part granted credits for military technique. Afterwards, new forms of cooperation developed, such as granting licences, assimilation of new military techniques using documentation and Soviet technical assistance, the joint development of new weaponry, especially in aviation. This cooperation registred also setbacks as during the Czechoslovak crisis in August 1968 or due to Romanian difficulties in paying the imported technique.

Auto koji je motorizovao Jugoslaviju, ali nije uspeo da je spase

Author(s): Zoran Radovanović / Language(s): Serbian

Ove nedelje obeleženo je 66 godina od početka proizvodnje legendarnog fiće, zvaničnog naziva Fiat 600, koja je u pogonu Stara prikolica nekadašnjeg Vojnotehničkog zavoda u Kragujevcu (nakon 2. svetskog rata preimenovanog u Zavode Crvena zastava) startovala 18. oktobra daleke 1955. Prethodno je, 1954. kupljena licenca od Fijata, čemu je 1953. prethodilo izjašnjavanje radnika kragujevačkih Zavoda o početku proizvodnje putničkih vozila u Kragujevcu.

Băncile populare săteşti din judeţul bacău la începutul secolului al XX-lea

Author(s): Cornelia Cucu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: XLVIII/2019

An important role in the economic and social development of Romania, at the beginning of the XXth Century, had the popular village banks, which aimed to improve the situation of the peasants through access to cheap loans, the removal of the usury and the learning of the economy. Together with cultural circles, popular libraries, adult schools and school gardens, all of them represent a component part of S. Haret’s school policy, which aimed at raising the village through extra-curricular activity of teachers. This study presents the beginnings of the cooperative movement in Bacău, insisting on the role of teachers who, like apostles, through useful advices, viable solutions and personal example, have removed the old mentalities and formed a solid economic thinking in rural areas.

Bicentenarul naşterii lui Ion Ionescu de la Brad, marcat prin ample manifestări organizate de Filiala Bacău a Societăţii de Istorie şi Retrologie Agrară

Author(s): Ioan Ungureanu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: XLVII/2018

This material sets out to present, in three chapters, the personality of the one who was the revoluționary, agronomist, economist, statistician and even philosopher, Ion Ionescu de la Brad. Thus, the first chapter presents his years of study and professional training, starting with the primary education in his hometown, continued in Iași and completed, in several stages, in France. Thereafter, the paper presents his revoluționary activity, alongside other remarkable representatives of the Revoluțion of 1848 in the Romanian Lands, his uncurbed scientific activity, conducted as emigrant in Turkey and after his return to the country, that is to the United Pricipalities, coming into his own as the representative of the implementațion of the reforms adopted by the Ruler Alexandru Ioan Cuza, esprcially with regard to the apportionment of property and emabipation of the peasantry, including in Brad village, where he will settle until the end of his days. The following chapter presents, in detail, the activity of the Bacău Subsidiary of the Romanian Society of Agrarian History and Retrology, under the presidentship of Prof. Vilică Munteanu, for the preparation of the 26th Național Symposium, organized in Bacău, between the 22nd and 24 of June, 2018, on the topic „The Bicentennial of the Birth of Ion Ionescu de la Brad”. The third and last chapter presents the actual progress of the symposium, consisting of the participants scientific sessions on the 23rd of June, in the amphitheatres of „Vasile Alecsandri” University in Bacău. In the following day, we proceeded to the unveiling and sanctification of the new bronze bust of Ion Ionescu de la Brad, placed on a granite pedestal in the courtyard of the Agricultural Directorate in Bacău, followed by the excursion to Brad. Here, in front of the great demiurge’s and his predecesors monument, the religious sanctification conducted by a group of priests took place, followed by the presentation of the old Dacian fortress, Zargidava and by several scientific sessions. The entire activity in Brad was ended by a performance given by a group of students from Negri commune.

Bjelovar na razmeđu stoljeća – prilog gospodarskom poznavanju grada na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće

Author(s): Tomislav Faletar,Željko Karaula / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2017

The authors attempts to point to some specialties of the economic development of Bjelovar at the turn of the century based on available archival materials and publicized scientific papers. Considering the fact that archival sources are relatively modest or completely lacking for a more quality estimation of the role and importance of crafts and trade for the total development of the town, as well as their role in the economy of Croatia and Slavonia of the time, the author is limited to lists of crafts, trade workshops, and some attempts of Bjelovar businessmen they considered to have been marked by characteristics of manufacture-industrial companies.

C. Scott Dixon, Beat Kümin, eds., Interpreting Early Modern Europe

Author(s): Zlatko Kudelić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 61/2021

Review of: Zlatko Kudelić - C. Scott Dixon, Beat Kümin, eds., Interpreting Early Modern Europe, London, New York: Routledge, 2020, 526 stranica