"Boga hvaliti, puk sabirati, mrtve oplakivati"

Katoličko zvono sa sahat-kule u Foči u sjeveroistočnoj Hercegovini*

Author(s): Ante Škegro / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2016

From all the lands that they ran over with the hooves of their horses, the Ottomans took not merely slaves, but everything they possibly could. Particular targets for their conquering and looting raids were Christian institutions and churches, where they plundered everything they could carry, even including bells from bell towers. Regardless of the reliefs of Christ on the Cross, the Virgin Mary, saints, and inscriptions that often decorated them, they placed them in their clock towers, if they did not melt them down for cannons and ammunition. First they removed the clapper, instead using metal hammers to strike the outside surface of the bell and mark time, in this manner calling the Islamic faithful to prayer.

"Celotno posojilo Mestne hranilnice ljubljanske je šlo v žepe akcionarjev in po drugih napačnih potih." Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska in propad industrijske delniške družbe Karel Pollak

Author(s): Mitja Sunčič / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2009

Ljubljana City Savings Bank and the Decline of Karel Pollak Industrial Joint-stock Company This year it is the 120'h anniversary of the establishment of Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska (Ljubljana City Savings Bank). On the basis of the archives of this monetary institution, the author of the following contribution explores the previously unknown event, never mentioned before in the historical overviews published to date, of the crediting of the major leather industry joint-stock company Karel Pollak in the period between both World Wars. The discussion focuses on the dynamics of the business relationships between the creditor and borrower with the emphasis on the increasingly tense relations in the time when the Karel Pollak company found itself in financial trouble. In the middle of 1920s the Ljubljana City Savings Bank granted a mortgage credit to the family joint-stock leather industry company Pollak in the amount of 25 million dinars, which was extremely generous for the circumstances of that time. The issue was not problematic until the Great Depression, which affected the Pollak leather company severely. A two-year conflict ensued between the City Savings Bank and this company, during which the owners of the company resorted to many dirty and unethical business moves. The dispute concluded with the bankruptcy of the Pollak joint-stock company and the takeover of its factories, carried out by the City Savings Bank. However, the consequences of the granting of this credit did not only affect the Pollak family - the Ljubljana City Savings Bank also suffered considerable financial losses.

"Riževi standard proti mesnemu standardu" (Elementi stereotipa o japonskem gospodarstvu pri Slovencih pred drugo svetovno vojno)

Author(s): Žarko Lazarević / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2000

The stereotype image of the Japanese economy created by the Slovenian press before the Second World War was not based on its own experience, but was assumed from the western European press. This is understandable, given the very small trade exchange between the two countries at the time. This stereotype included elements, such as social and foreign-exchange dumping, a patriarchal system, a better organised and more efficient economy, and unfair competition.

"Terzijarija". Tajna sistematskog obogaćivanja bokeljskih pomoraca

Author(s): Pavao Butorac / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 04+05/1934

Бокељски трговци држали су се, као и млетачки, начeла слободне трговине. Само што ово начела несамо да није било у сукобу са захтјевима трговачке солидарности, неrо ју је учвршћивало, будући да се ју у праксу проводило управ зато да се онемогуће насиља гусара уопће, а Турака у арбанашкоме приморју понапосе.

"Zelené kádry" jako radikální alternativa pro venkov na západním Slovensku a ve středovýchodní Evropě 1917 - 1920

Author(s): Jakub Beneš / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2015

This article explores the phenomenon of the ‘Green Cadres' at the end of the First World War in Austria-Hungary, with a focus on events in western Slovakia 1918-1920. The Green Cadres were bands of army deserters and radicalized peasants who hid in the forests and mountains of the monarchy during the last year of the war and then violently attempted to topple the social-political order in many localities as the state collapsed. The article suggests that they represented both the last major episode of peasant unrest in the region and a radical new attempt by the rural common people to influence the character of national and social politics in the interwar period. The nationalist dimension of this loose social movement appears to have been particularly strong in western Slovakia and may indicate some affiliation with the leaders of Slovak Catholic populism. On the other hand, the inability of nationalist elites to coopt the Green Cadres was in part responsible for their marginalization in narratives of Czechoslovak liberation as well as in contemporary historiography. On the basis of sources in Slovak, Czech, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and German, this study argues that the Slovak case of the Green Cadres fits into a broader transnational phenomenon, which sheds new light on the history of East Central Europe in the twentieth century.

40 lat od reform Deng Xiaopinga: wyzwania i perspektywy chińskiej gospodarki

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2018

Po czterech dekadach stopniowego otwierania chińskiej gospodarki na świat i na początku drugiej kadencji Xi Jinpinga władze ChRL ogłaszają pogłębione reformy, w tym zwiększanie dostępu do rynku dla zagranicznych podmiotów. Pomimo umocnienia władzy Xi należy się spodziewać dalszego wybiórczego wprowadzania zmian, uzależnionego od siły chińskich przedsiębiorstw w konkretnych branżach i ich potrzeb rozwojowych. Zapowiedzi reform stwarzają okazję dla UE do wywarcia presji na polepszenie sytuacji firm z państw unijnych działających w ChRL.

40 Years Since Deng Xiaoping’s Reforms: The Chinese Economy’s Challenges and Prospects

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2018

After four decades of gradually opening the Chinese economy to the world and at the beginning of the Xi Jinping’s second term in office, China’s authorities are announcing deep reforms, including increasing market access for foreign entities. Despite strengthening Xi’s power, one should expect a further, selective opening of the market depending on the strength of Chinese enterprises in specific industries and their development needs. The announcements of the reforms provide an opportunity for the EU to put pressure on improving the situation of companies from Union countries operating in China.

A hálózatok diadala

Author(s): Fred Turner / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 23/2018

In the mid-1990s, as the Internet swung into public view, talk of revolution filled the air. The Internet was about to flatten organizations, globalize society, decentralize control, and help harmonize people. But only thirty years earlier, computers had been the tools and emblems of the same unfeeling industrial-era social machine whose collapse they now seemed ready to bring about. How did the cultural meaning of information technology shift so drastically? This article traces the history of an extraordinarily influential group of San Francisco Bay area journalists and entrepreneurs: Stewart Brand and the Whole Earth network. For this wing of the counterculture, the technological and intellectual output of American research culture held enormous appeal. To a generation that had grown up in a world beset by massive armies and by the threat of nuclear holocaust, the cybernetic notion of the globe as a single, interlinked pattern of information was deeply comforting. But instead of building a brave new world, their tactics have become important features of an increasingly networked mode of living, working, and deploying social and cultural power.

Amfore romane aflate în colecția Muzeului școlar al Liceului Teoretic „Ion Neculce” din Târgu Frumos (jud. Iași)

Author(s): Ştefan Honcu,Sergiu-Constantin Enea,Dumitru Boghian / Language(s): English,Romanian / Issue: 1/2017

The authors of this article take into discussion the discoveries of roman amphorae from Buznea, Giurgești, Oboroceni and Războieni, Iași county. From typological point o view in this place were identified 4 types of amphorae as follows: types Šelov C and D, Zeest 75 type and type Late Roman Amphorae 2, last two types are attested for the first time in the eastern part of Romania.

AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY HOARD DISCOVERED AT OLTINA, CĂLĂRAŞI COUNTY

Author(s): Dan Pîrvulescu,Marian Neagu / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

The authors publish a hoard comprised of 62 eighteenth century coins discovered in the village of Oltina, Unirea commune, Călăraşi County, part of the Lower Danube Museum’s collections. The coins were minted in the Republic of Ragusa and in the Ottoman Empire between 1755 and 1798. The most recent coin, establishing the hoard’s end date, was issued in the name of Sultan Selim III in his ninth year of reign (1797/1798). The hoard was most probably hidden during Osman Pazvantoğlu’s raiding expeditions into Wallachia around the year 1800. Aspects regarding the diffusion of Ragusian coinage in Wallachia at the end of the medieval age and the beginning of the modern one are discussed.

Augusteische Sigillaten in Budaörs. Italischer Import in der vorrömischen Zeit im pannonischen Raum

Author(s): Dénes Gabler / Language(s): German / Issue: 1-3/2005

Die frühesten mit Hilfe der Sigillaten zu belegenden Handelsbeziehungen zwischen Italien und der einheimischen Bevölkerung des Donau-Tals reichen in die frühaugusteische Zeit zurück. Möglichkeiten zur Herausbildung dieser Beziehungen schufen die Zerstörung der Macht der Japodier und danach der Pannonier sowie die Inbesitznahme der Ausgangspunkte der wichtigen Handelsrouten. Dennoch ist das sporadische Vorkommen der als Evidenz vorweisbaren Funde ein überzeugendes Argument, dass die Bedingungen dafür selbst dann noch nicht ganz reif waren, als Rom die Ausdehnung seiner Grenzen in Illyricum und den Sieg über die Pannonier bereits offiziell deklarierte.

Az aradi káptalan jegyzőkönyvtöredéke (1504-1518)

Author(s): Emőke Gálfi / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2011

Beginning with the end of the twelfth century, the most important cathedral and collegiate chapters had undertaken the task of compiling charters and diplomas concerning private legal transactions. During the middle ages the collegiate chapter from Arad was an important “place of authentication” in the southern part of the Hungarian kingdom. This institution was destroyed by the Turkish army in 1552.The archives of the chapter, which preserved the copies of diplomas issued usually in the form of volumes (protocolla), had been transported to Transylvania between 1556 and 1563 and were lodged in the archives of the cathedral chapter in Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia). Here, it was the task of the requisitors (“letter searchers”) of the secularized chapter to guard the remained registres from Arad. János Laskay, a humanist requisitor from Gyulafehérvár, wrote a preface to one of these volumes in 1580. This text and a few fragments from the register are the only remains of these archives. The volume begins with an introductory study about the life and activity of János Laskay and the charter-issuing activity of the place of authentication from Arad. The introduction is followed by the transcribed latin preface written by Laskay, which focuses on the role of the places of authentication as archives. The volume continues with the Hungarian abstracts (regesta) of the charters preserved in the medieval register and a list of the canons from this period. The Hungarian regesta contains among the juridical transaction all the important historical data, all the names (denomination of places and persons) and other details which could be useful for farther historical research.The index includes every personal name and all the toponyms, but it is also a register of subjects.

Book Review

Author(s): Daniel Tomić / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2019

Review of: Daniel Tomić - Soumitra Sharma, Mato Mikić - THE LOST CAUSE: SOCIALISM DRIFTED IN OBLIVION, Sveučilišna tiskara d.o.o., 2019., 192 str.

Byzance, la Bulgarie, les Balkans

Author(s): Vasilka Tapkova-Zaimova / Language(s): French,Russian,German / Publication Year: 2010

The book "Byzance, la Bulgarie, les Balkans" is a collection of more than 70 selected works, devoted on the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria and the Balkans in the Middle Ages of the eminent doyen of Byzantine and medieval studies prof. Vasilka Tapkova-Zaimova. The collection includes articles published during the period 1979-2009 and is a kind of continuation of the issued in 1979 work "Byzance et les Balkans a partir du VIe siecle" by renowned London Publishing House "Variorum Reprints".

Cera Zagora

Author(s): Vasil Gyuzelev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 2011

The present study is dedicated to a particular Bulgarian commodity, which gained vast popularity in the Middle Ages and was of high regard on markets in Europe, Asia and Africa – the Zagora wax, i.e. the wax, made in Bulgaria. The instances when it was mentioned in written records in the period between the 14th and the beginning of the 16th century have been traced out. An attempt has been made to study the fluctuations in its current market price of that time in Genoa, Venice, Florence, Damascus and Constantinople. The various names and designations it went under, as noted down in the records, have been systematically revised and placed together in a chronological chart. In the appendix applied to the study, there is a bulk of published documents, taken out mainly from the Datini archive in Prato (Italy): lading bills of ships, carrying goods from Romania (Kaffa, Tana, Constantinople, Negroponte, Modon, Coron and Corfu), along with price-lists for vendibles on offer at various market-places (Avignon, Alexandria, Venice, Genoa and Damascus). The aim of this very issue is, on the one hand, to mark the spot where wax made on the list of commodities, exported to Italy and Western Europe, and on the other – to register both the value and the demand for Zagora wax on the markets. By way of exemplification, facsimile reproductions of assorted documentation, as well as a photograph of the sculpture representation of Francesco di Marco Datini (1335–1410) have been applied to the study. The study makes a contribution mostly to the history of economics in Bulgaria, the Balkans and Europe in-between the 14th–15th centuries. It demonstrates the part cera Zagora had in the spread of popularity of Bulgaria of repute.

Christoph Kienemann: Der koloniale Blick gen Osten. Osteuropa im Diskurs des Deutschen Kaiserreiches von 1871

Author(s): Anna Kochanowska-Nieborak / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Anna Kochanowska-Nieborak - Christoph Kienemann: Der koloniale Blick gen Osten. Osteuropa im Diskurs des Deutschen Kaiserreiches von 1871. Ferdinand Schöningh. Paderborn 2018. 310 S., graph. Darst. ISBN 978-3-506-78868-9. (€ 69,–.)

COLLECTIVISM V. INDIVIDUALISM: CAN THE EU LEARN FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ISRAELI KIBBUTZ?

Author(s): Nellie Munin / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

The EU seems to share some basic characteristics with the original model of the Israeli Kibbutz: both aim at enhancing a society based on solidarity and mutual guarantee, where members’ contribution is proportional to their abilities while their benefits are determined according to their needs. Both are underlined by the perception of subsidiarity, according to which the alliance is stronger than each of its individual members and can thus enhance their welfare more efficiently. On the other hand, both the Kibbutz and the EU were or are facing similar dilemmas. This paper reviews the efforts of Israeli Kibbutzim to encounter these challenges throughout their history, assessing whether a lesson relevant to current EU dilemmas can be drawn.

COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF SOUTH SUDAN CONFLICT: DETERMINANTS AND REPERCUSSIONS

Author(s): Frederick Appiah Afriyie,Jian Jisong,Kenneth Yaw Appiah / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

South Sudan, which separated from Sudan in 2011 after nearly 40 years of civil war, was embroiled in a new devastating conflict at the end of 2013. This happened when political disputes coupled with preexisting ethnic and political fault lines became brutal. This conflict has mostly targeted civilians and most often, ethnic groups, and warring parties have been accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The conflict has resulted in a major humanitarian crisis, mass displacement and mass atrocities against South Sudanese citizens. Notwithstanding, instability in South Sudan has made the country one of the most dangerous countries for humanitarian aid workers in the world, especially as majority of them have lost their lives during their operation. In view of this, the article seeks to interrogate the main driving forces that triggered the deadly conflict and also the ramifications brought upon the population as well as the country.

CONSIDERAŢII PRIVIND VASELE DE STICLĂ EDITE PROVENIND DIN AŞEZĂRILE DACICE DE LA EST DE CARPAŢI (SECOLELE II Î.HR.–II D.HR.)

Author(s): Sever Petru Boţan,Costel Chiriac / Language(s): English,Romanian / Issue: 1/2011

In this study the authors aim to present a series of considerations regarding the distribution and circulation of imported glassware in the East-Carpathian territory. The main sources of analysis are represented by the dava fortified settlements like Poiana, Barboşi, Răcătău, Brad and Bîtca Doamnei, which were in that period the nuclei of political authority but also, strong centers of commercial demand. Thus, the Dacian elite were continuously supplied by merchants and craftsmen with Roman-type luxury goods, among which the glass vessels can also be counted. Although the edited glass fragments are until now quite scarce and the most important group of glass fragments comes from Poiana (about 98fragments) – as can be seen in Graphic No. 1 –, some important observations can be made. By analyzing the data from Graphic No. 2 which shows the percentage recorded by the main categories of glass vessels, we can notice the high values of the tableware (especially all types of bowls, beakers and cups), as compared to the small amount of unguentaria, which are widespread in large quantities mainly in funerary contexts, throughout the Roman Empire. This situation is somehow similar, in terms of percentage, to the one encountered in the area of free Germans, and it reflects the taste of the barbarian elite for luxury goods of daily use. Another observation can be made in regard to the origin of these goods. Taking into consideration shapes and decorative techniques, it seems that the great majority of the vessels have an oriental origin (Syrian-Palestinian and Asiatic workshops), although we cannot deny the possibility of Italic provenance, at least for some types of beakers and bowls. Their ways of penetration in the East-Carpathian territory are not easy to trace, but we can assume that they came either from the North Pontic area in the case of oriental products, or following the main water routes from the Danube to the Siret River. The hypothesis of a local production, by itinerant craftsmen, can also be taken into consideration, due to the evident high demand. Still, the overall picture is far from being complete. We hope that future study of the unpublished archaeological material stored in museum collections will throw new light on the issue.

Criza monetară din Transilvania în primii ani după Marea Unire (1919-1921). Studiu de caz: Banca „Albina” din Sibiu

Author(s): Mihai D. Drecin / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: LIX/Sup/2020

Based on archive documents, on the economic press of the time and on published works, the study presents the involvement of the Bank „Albina” in Sibiu, the oldest and most important credit institutionwith Romanian capital in Transylvania, in overtaking the economic and monetary crisis in the countryside in the early years after the Great Union. It was a process of connecting the Transylvanian Romanian banking system to the national banking system conducted by the National Bank of Romania in Bucharest, by replacing the Austrian-Hungarian korona with the RNB leu. In this process, very important for the strengthening of the young national unitary Romanian State, Iosif Lissai, general-director of the Bank „Albina” in Sibiu in the period 1915-1920, was deeply involved.