"Boga hvaliti, puk sabirati, mrtve oplakivati"

Katoličko zvono sa sahat-kule u Foči u sjeveroistočnoj Hercegovini*

Author(s): Ante Škegro / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2016

From all the lands that they ran over with the hooves of their horses, the Ottomans took not merely slaves, but everything they possibly could. Particular targets for their conquering and looting raids were Christian institutions and churches, where they plundered everything they could carry, even including bells from bell towers. Regardless of the reliefs of Christ on the Cross, the Virgin Mary, saints, and inscriptions that often decorated them, they placed them in their clock towers, if they did not melt them down for cannons and ammunition. First they removed the clapper, instead using metal hammers to strike the outside surface of the bell and mark time, in this manner calling the Islamic faithful to prayer.

"Celotno posojilo Mestne hranilnice ljubljanske je šlo v žepe akcionarjev in po drugih napačnih potih." Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska in propad industrijske delniške družbe Karel Pollak

Author(s): Mitja Sunčič / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2009

Ljubljana City Savings Bank and the Decline of Karel Pollak Industrial Joint-stock Company This year it is the 120'h anniversary of the establishment of Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska (Ljubljana City Savings Bank). On the basis of the archives of this monetary institution, the author of the following contribution explores the previously unknown event, never mentioned before in the historical overviews published to date, of the crediting of the major leather industry joint-stock company Karel Pollak in the period between both World Wars. The discussion focuses on the dynamics of the business relationships between the creditor and borrower with the emphasis on the increasingly tense relations in the time when the Karel Pollak company found itself in financial trouble. In the middle of 1920s the Ljubljana City Savings Bank granted a mortgage credit to the family joint-stock leather industry company Pollak in the amount of 25 million dinars, which was extremely generous for the circumstances of that time. The issue was not problematic until the Great Depression, which affected the Pollak leather company severely. A two-year conflict ensued between the City Savings Bank and this company, during which the owners of the company resorted to many dirty and unethical business moves. The dispute concluded with the bankruptcy of the Pollak joint-stock company and the takeover of its factories, carried out by the City Savings Bank. However, the consequences of the granting of this credit did not only affect the Pollak family - the Ljubljana City Savings Bank also suffered considerable financial losses.

"Die Grafschaft Glatz. Neue Studien zu Geschichte und Literatur. Hrsg. von Jan Pacholski und Matthias Weber

Author(s): Lutz Vogel / Language(s): German / Issue: 4/2019

Review of: Lutz Vogel - "Die Grafschaft Glatz. Neue Studien zu Geschichte und Literatur. Hrsg. von Jan Pacholski und Matthias Weber. (Schlesische Grenzgänger, Bd. 9.) Leipziger Universitätsverlag. Leipzig 2018. 234 S. ISBN 978-3-96023-173-8. (€ 32,–.)

"Riževi standard proti mesnemu standardu" (Elementi stereotipa o japonskem gospodarstvu pri Slovencih pred drugo svetovno vojno)

Author(s): Žarko Lazarević / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2000

The stereotype image of the Japanese economy created by the Slovenian press before the Second World War was not based on its own experience, but was assumed from the western European press. This is understandable, given the very small trade exchange between the two countries at the time. This stereotype included elements, such as social and foreign-exchange dumping, a patriarchal system, a better organised and more efficient economy, and unfair competition.

"Terzijarija". Tajna sistematskog obogaćivanja bokeljskih pomoraca

Author(s): Pavao Butorac / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 04+05/1934

Бокељски трговци држали су се, као и млетачки, начeла слободне трговине. Само што ово начела несамо да није било у сукобу са захтјевима трговачке солидарности, неrо ју је учвршћивало, будући да се ју у праксу проводило управ зато да се онемогуће насиља гусара уопће, а Турака у арбанашкоме приморју понапосе.

"Zelené kádry" jako radikální alternativa pro venkov na západním Slovensku a ve středovýchodní Evropě 1917 - 1920

Author(s): Jakub Beneš / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2015

This article explores the phenomenon of the ‘Green Cadres' at the end of the First World War in Austria-Hungary, with a focus on events in western Slovakia 1918-1920. The Green Cadres were bands of army deserters and radicalized peasants who hid in the forests and mountains of the monarchy during the last year of the war and then violently attempted to topple the social-political order in many localities as the state collapsed. The article suggests that they represented both the last major episode of peasant unrest in the region and a radical new attempt by the rural common people to influence the character of national and social politics in the interwar period. The nationalist dimension of this loose social movement appears to have been particularly strong in western Slovakia and may indicate some affiliation with the leaders of Slovak Catholic populism. On the other hand, the inability of nationalist elites to coopt the Green Cadres was in part responsible for their marginalization in narratives of Czechoslovak liberation as well as in contemporary historiography. On the basis of sources in Slovak, Czech, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and German, this study argues that the Slovak case of the Green Cadres fits into a broader transnational phenomenon, which sheds new light on the history of East Central Europe in the twentieth century.

125 DE ANI DE LA INAUGURAREA PODULUI "REGELE CAROL I" PESTE DUNĂRE, DE LA CERNAVODĂ

Author(s): George M. CROITORU / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2020

The complex of bridges and viaducts of the Fetești - Cernavodă railway was inaugurated on 1895, September 14, has a total length of 4087.95m and was the longest continental Europe’s bridge, also the third longest in the world at the time. The ”King Carol I” railway bridge, over Danube from Cernavodă, is the representative construction of this complex. The designer and chief engineer of the construction of the bridge and viaducts complex is the engineer Anghel Saligny (18541925), professor at the National School of Bridges and Roads in Bucharest, the most important personality in the Romanian history of civil engineering. The bridge is cantilever type, it has five openings (a central opening of 190m and four current openings of 140m each) with a total length of 750m. The most important innovations in this structure included the use of mild steel for the bridge deck and new system of cantilever beams (Gerber beams) for the suprastructure. The total length of a cantilever beam is 240m. This bridge is one of the representative constructions in Romania, being classified as an architectural monument of national interest.

1923-1929 döneminde Türkiye’de uygulanan vergi politikalarının mali sosyoloji çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Rana Dayioğlu Erul / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2020

Fiscal sociology deals with the study of fiscal events from a sociological perspective and investigates both the impact of fiscal events on society and the effects of the factors affecting and forming the structure of society on fiscal events. Fiscal sociology examines fiscal events by considering historical, cultural, social, legal and political factors in addition to its economic aspects. In this regard, the policies that are put into practice by making the researches of fiscal sociology are more easily adopted by the society and can achieve success as they reflect the structure of the society. Sociological view of fiscal events is important in this respect. The aim of the study is to evaluate the tax policies of the 1923-1929 period within the social and economic conditions of the period and to investigate whether the fiscal sociology approaches are effective in the implementation of tax policies. For this purpose, tax policies of the period have been tried to be evaluated on the basis of fiscal sociology theories and even though it is tried to be made arrangements considering the social structure in the period, the desired purpose could not be achieved due to the financial and economic conditions of the period.

1988 NUMARALI KAYSERİ MÜSLİM NÜFUS DEFTERİNE GÖRE XIX. YÜZYILIN ORTALARINA DOĞRU KAYSERİ ŞEHRİNİN İKTİSADİ YAPISI

Author(s): Muhammed Köse,İbrahim Kurtcebe Akkuş / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2019

The very first census started to be made during Mahmud II period. The recordings which started in 1831 completed in nearly all parts over the country when it was in 1844. In these registers which had made military-aimed, just male recordings were made. Besides, in the population register there are some important details such as the governmental, social and economic situation of the region. Hence, in most of the book, beside the father of the family, the occupational state of some other residents who profess any other job are indicated. The 1988 numbered and 29 Z. 1246 dated Kayseri population register, which is the main source of this study, is a detailed book consisted of 139 pages. The mentioned population register talks about 85 quarters in Kayseri city centre in which Muslims live. In the recordings, in which the male population of Muslims living in Kayseri city centre in 1831 is recorded, some important information is included such as people’s names, physical appearances, titles, nicknames, jobs and migration situations. The register, which recorded nearly all the jobs which the fathers of the families profess, is remarkably important. Professing jobs such as masjid attendant, herald, coffeehouse keeper, labourer, carrier, saltpetrer, merchant, farmer, grocer, smith and a lot more professions alongside administrative (like mukhtar), religious (like imam, muezzin, mudarris) and military jobs (like reserves, regulars, corporals) demonstrates the diversity and liveliness of the commercial, economic and social life in Kayseri. In this study we will show this diversity and richness of jobs in Kayseri under the light of the 1831 dated, 1988 numbered population register of Muslims in Kayseri.

40 lat od reform Deng Xiaopinga: wyzwania i perspektywy chińskiej gospodarki

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2018

Po czterech dekadach stopniowego otwierania chińskiej gospodarki na świat i na początku drugiej kadencji Xi Jinpinga władze ChRL ogłaszają pogłębione reformy, w tym zwiększanie dostępu do rynku dla zagranicznych podmiotów. Pomimo umocnienia władzy Xi należy się spodziewać dalszego wybiórczego wprowadzania zmian, uzależnionego od siły chińskich przedsiębiorstw w konkretnych branżach i ich potrzeb rozwojowych. Zapowiedzi reform stwarzają okazję dla UE do wywarcia presji na polepszenie sytuacji firm z państw unijnych działających w ChRL.

40 Years Since Deng Xiaoping’s Reforms: The Chinese Economy’s Challenges and Prospects

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2018

After four decades of gradually opening the Chinese economy to the world and at the beginning of the Xi Jinping’s second term in office, China’s authorities are announcing deep reforms, including increasing market access for foreign entities. Despite strengthening Xi’s power, one should expect a further, selective opening of the market depending on the strength of Chinese enterprises in specific industries and their development needs. The announcements of the reforms provide an opportunity for the EU to put pressure on improving the situation of companies from Union countries operating in China.

A „keresztény földre” telepedett románok tizedfizetése

Az elmélettől a gyakorlatig

Author(s): Géza Hegyi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2020

The Transylvanian Romanians, although they lived on the territory of the predominantly Catholic Hungarian Kingdom, were the followers of the Orthodox rite, and therefore did not pay the tithe during the 13–14th centuries. However, the voivodes of Transylvania decreed in 1408 on the request of the diocesan, that the Romanian communities which had moved to “Christian lands” (terrae Christianorum, i.e. settlements formerly inhabited by Catholics) should pay the tithe, for getting a compensation for the lost incomes of the Church. In this study, I examine the implementation of this regulation, introducing into the discussion several new sources. In the first decades, there are no data indicating any attempt to put into practice the decree from 1408. Out of those 36 former Catholic parishes, which got a Romanian population between 1337 and 1461, only three can be found on the list of tithe-paying settlements from 1589. Due to the often repeated royal decrees regarding this matter, the idea of the tithe payable by the Romanians settled on terrae Christianorum really became part of the Transylvanian legislature at the end of the 15th century, when its implementation can be considered more successful, too. Out of the 23 parishes which got depopulated and then repopulated between 1461–1599, 15 kept on paying the tithe even with a Romanian population. This success, however, was confined mainly to the territory of Fehér (Alba) county because as a result of the Ottoman attacks this territory became the typical scene of population change in formerly Catholic villages, and because the Catholic Church could effectively assert its power and implement the decree here, in the neighborhood of the episcopal center, primarily on its own estates. In other regions alternative solutions were found (e.g. by redirecting the fiftieth, i.e. the traditional tax paid by Romanians, to the Church), however in many cases the landlord and his Romanian serfs found a way together to sabotage the collection of the tithe.

A century of Polish economic policy

Author(s): Wojciech Morawski / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2018

The economic policy of Polish governments changed but can be broadly divided into two groups. The first encompassed periods when Polish policy belonged to a widelyde defined world mainstream. The second - those when Polish governments attempted alternatives to the mainstream, looking for various ways of "taking a shortcut". In general, the first group helped economic development, the second hindered it, isolating the country from the world economy. The first group included the entire interwar period, when autarchic tendencies were mainstream, as well as the years 1944-1947 and 1989-2015.

A hálózatok diadala

Author(s): Fred Turner / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 23/2018

In the mid-1990s, as the Internet swung into public view, talk of revolution filled the air. The Internet was about to flatten organizations, globalize society, decentralize control, and help harmonize people. But only thirty years earlier, computers had been the tools and emblems of the same unfeeling industrial-era social machine whose collapse they now seemed ready to bring about. How did the cultural meaning of information technology shift so drastically? This article traces the history of an extraordinarily influential group of San Francisco Bay area journalists and entrepreneurs: Stewart Brand and the Whole Earth network. For this wing of the counterculture, the technological and intellectual output of American research culture held enormous appeal. To a generation that had grown up in a world beset by massive armies and by the threat of nuclear holocaust, the cybernetic notion of the globe as a single, interlinked pattern of information was deeply comforting. But instead of building a brave new world, their tactics have become important features of an increasingly networked mode of living, working, and deploying social and cultural power.

A Struggle for Survival: The Polish Agricultural Sector from Communism to EU Accession

Author(s): Silvia Borzutzky,Emmanuel Kranidis / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/2005

This article discusses the evolution of the Polish agricultural sector, its struggle for survival since 1945, and the effects of this struggle on the Polish economy. The article provides insights and conclusions about the flaws of the communist economic system and central planning policies, the successes and problems of the Polish transition to a free market system, the effects of EU policies on the agricultural sector, and the depth of the relationships between the agricultural sector and the national economy. The article concludes with a discussion of the impact of the Poland-EU Association Agreement and the effect of preaccession policies on the agricultural sector. The analysis indicates that EU accession has not solved the structural problems of the Polish agricultural sector such as overemployment, farm size, and lack of capital. However, EU accession provides the potential for a better future if a stable economic environment is created and if foreign capital is attracted.

ACTA TURCICA FRANJEVAČKOG SAMOSTANA VISOVAC KOD ŠIBENIKA

Author(s): Fehim Nametak / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 44-45/1996

In this paper the wealth of the Turkish Archives of the Franciscan Monastery Visovac near Šibenik has been presented with a few documents. The documents contain mainly the material of interest for the study of life in that monastery, which has been active for 550 years, but some of them have broader significance since they contain the material for the study of political, economic and cultural history of Dalmatian hinterland, the Klis Sanjak as a whole and the links of these areas with Bosnia.

Activitatea organizației județene de partid Bacău în înfăptuirea actului revoluționar al naționalizării socialiste a principalelor mijloace de producție din 11 iunie 1948

Author(s): Constantin Stan I. / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: VII/1975

Articolul prezintă activitatea organizației județene de partid Bacău legată de naționalizare.

Address Unknown: Reshaping the Jewish Living Space and Social Mobility in the Slovak State (1939–1945)

Author(s): Michala Lônčíková / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Social mobility is a relatively common phenomenon in society; however, in the period of the Slovak State (1939–1945) it was predominantly caused by the economic and social engineering of the single ruling Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party. Anti-Semitism was made one of the main pillars of the internal state policy. Systematic pauperisation of the Jewish community gradually affected each perspective of everyday life of Jews in Slovakia, including the limitation of Jewish people’s living space. This practice led to involuntary moving out from houses and flats in designated urban zones. Subsequently, this process culminated in the Aryanization of the housing formerly owned by Jews. The main aim of this contribution is to analyse spatial and social consequences of the reshaping of the Jewish housing opportunities with special interest in the entangled social mobilities of both Jews and Gentiles, which will be mainly exemplified through selected cases from the Banská Bystrica district.

Agriculture (in Yugoslavia)

Author(s): D. Beatrice McCown / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

At the end of the First World War, when the Yugoslavs were finally united, one of the most serious problems facing the newly formed state was that of land tenure and agrarian reform. Almost 80 per cent of the population was engaged in agriculture, for industry had been only slightly developed in the sections formerly under foreign domination. Moreover, every degree of land reform or its total absence could be found. In the former Kingdom of Serbia, feudalism had been abolished when freedom from the Ottoman Empire was attained in 1833. Estates of Turkish landlords were confiscated without indemnity, and former Serbian serfs became peasant farmers in their own right. When additional territory was conquered from the Turks in 1878, confiscation of estates again took place, although this time the Turkish landowners were compensated for their loss.

Agriculture of The Republic of Turkey (1923–1941) in the Light of Yugoslav Sources

Author(s): Vladan Virijević / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2020

Signing the Agreement on the Establishment of Friendly Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Turkey and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (the Kingdom of Yugoslavia since 1929) on November 28, 1925, provided bases for mutual economic connecting. Concerning the fact that economies of both countries had dominantly agrarian character, they were often rivals to one another in the world markets. Because of that, Yugoslav government aimed at gathering data on the development and modernization of Turkish agriculture by means of its diplomatic representative bodies. In this paper, on the basis of unpublished archival sources, newspapers articles and relevant literature, the following issues will be presented: the state and characteristics of the Turkish agrarian issues during Ataturks’s era: the capacity of agricultural production (agriculture, cattle breeding), measures and efforts for its improvement (introducing new kinds and breeds, land-improvement and irrigation projects, the use of modern agro-technical measures, preventing cattle infectious diseases, agrarian reforms, etc.), and the export of agrarian products.