"Boga hvaliti, puk sabirati, mrtve oplakivati"

Katoličko zvono sa sahat-kule u Foči u sjeveroistočnoj Hercegovini*

Author(s): Ante Škegro / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2016

From all the lands that they ran over with the hooves of their horses, the Ottomans took not merely slaves, but everything they possibly could. Particular targets for their conquering and looting raids were Christian institutions and churches, where they plundered everything they could carry, even including bells from bell towers. Regardless of the reliefs of Christ on the Cross, the Virgin Mary, saints, and inscriptions that often decorated them, they placed them in their clock towers, if they did not melt them down for cannons and ammunition. First they removed the clapper, instead using metal hammers to strike the outside surface of the bell and mark time, in this manner calling the Islamic faithful to prayer.

"Celotno posojilo Mestne hranilnice ljubljanske je šlo v žepe akcionarjev in po drugih napačnih potih." Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska in propad industrijske delniške družbe Karel Pollak

Author(s): Mitja Sunčič / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2009

Ljubljana City Savings Bank and the Decline of Karel Pollak Industrial Joint-stock Company This year it is the 120'h anniversary of the establishment of Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska (Ljubljana City Savings Bank). On the basis of the archives of this monetary institution, the author of the following contribution explores the previously unknown event, never mentioned before in the historical overviews published to date, of the crediting of the major leather industry joint-stock company Karel Pollak in the period between both World Wars. The discussion focuses on the dynamics of the business relationships between the creditor and borrower with the emphasis on the increasingly tense relations in the time when the Karel Pollak company found itself in financial trouble. In the middle of 1920s the Ljubljana City Savings Bank granted a mortgage credit to the family joint-stock leather industry company Pollak in the amount of 25 million dinars, which was extremely generous for the circumstances of that time. The issue was not problematic until the Great Depression, which affected the Pollak leather company severely. A two-year conflict ensued between the City Savings Bank and this company, during which the owners of the company resorted to many dirty and unethical business moves. The dispute concluded with the bankruptcy of the Pollak joint-stock company and the takeover of its factories, carried out by the City Savings Bank. However, the consequences of the granting of this credit did not only affect the Pollak family - the Ljubljana City Savings Bank also suffered considerable financial losses.

"Riževi standard proti mesnemu standardu" (Elementi stereotipa o japonskem gospodarstvu pri Slovencih pred drugo svetovno vojno)

Author(s): Žarko Lazarević / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2000

The stereotype image of the Japanese economy created by the Slovenian press before the Second World War was not based on its own experience, but was assumed from the western European press. This is understandable, given the very small trade exchange between the two countries at the time. This stereotype included elements, such as social and foreign-exchange dumping, a patriarchal system, a better organised and more efficient economy, and unfair competition.

"Terzijarija". Tajna sistematskog obogaćivanja bokeljskih pomoraca

Author(s): Pavao Butorac / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 04+05/1934

Бокељски трговци држали су се, као и млетачки, начeла слободне трговине. Само што ово начела несамо да није било у сукобу са захтјевима трговачке солидарности, неrо ју је учвршћивало, будући да се ју у праксу проводило управ зато да се онемогуће насиља гусара уопће, а Турака у арбанашкоме приморју понапосе.

"Zelené kádry" jako radikální alternativa pro venkov na západním Slovensku a ve středovýchodní Evropě 1917 - 1920

Author(s): Jakub Beneš / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2015

This article explores the phenomenon of the ‘Green Cadres' at the end of the First World War in Austria-Hungary, with a focus on events in western Slovakia 1918-1920. The Green Cadres were bands of army deserters and radicalized peasants who hid in the forests and mountains of the monarchy during the last year of the war and then violently attempted to topple the social-political order in many localities as the state collapsed. The article suggests that they represented both the last major episode of peasant unrest in the region and a radical new attempt by the rural common people to influence the character of national and social politics in the interwar period. The nationalist dimension of this loose social movement appears to have been particularly strong in western Slovakia and may indicate some affiliation with the leaders of Slovak Catholic populism. On the other hand, the inability of nationalist elites to coopt the Green Cadres was in part responsible for their marginalization in narratives of Czechoslovak liberation as well as in contemporary historiography. On the basis of sources in Slovak, Czech, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and German, this study argues that the Slovak case of the Green Cadres fits into a broader transnational phenomenon, which sheds new light on the history of East Central Europe in the twentieth century.

100 години Народно читалище „Братя Миладинови" в Петрич

Author(s): Stoyan Germanov,Vangelia Treneva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2014

Centenary activities of Community Centre "Miladinovi Brothers" are filled with significant educational and cultural events known at home and abroad.

13th International Congress of Thracology Ancient Thrace: Myth and Reality, Kazanlak, 2-7 September 2017

Author(s): Miroslav Izdimirski,Ruja Popova / Language(s): English / Issue: 23-24/2017

150 години от рождението на академик, възрожденец Ефрем Каранов

Author(s): Zheko Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2003

155 de ani de la înființarea „Școlii de Ponți și Șosele, Mine și Arhitectură” din București

Author(s): George M. Croitoru / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2019

After the union of Moldova and Wallachia in 1859, during the reign of Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859-1866) bases of the new modern Romanian state were created, including by inaugurating new institutions and adopting several laws and regulations according to the French model. One of these institutions is the School of Bridges and Roads, Mines and Architecture from Bucharest, founded in 1864, October 1st. The school regulations were elaborated by the engineer Constantin Aninoşanu (1831-1880) and the first director was the architect Alexandru Costinescu (1814-1872), both being members of the Technical Council of the Ministry of Public Works. It was the first technical high school within the new modern and unified Romanian state. Through its rigorous organization, significant value of the teachers and the high level of teaching, the School of Bridges and Roads, Mines and Architecture represents an important stage in the evolution and future development of the Romanian higher technical education.

16. ve 18. Yüzyıllarda Osmanlı Yönetiminde Nahçıvan Sancağı

Author(s): Sadık Müfit Bilge / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 0/2017

Nahcivan, a border region that witnessed bloody battles during the centuries of the Ottoman-Safavid rivalry, became a part of the Ottoman administrative structure twice in the period covered 1588-1603 and 1724- 1735. In the Ottoman provincial administration, it was a sanjak (district) of the Revan eyalet (province). After the annexation of Nahcivan to the Ottoman realm, the province was called the “Revan and Nahcivan province” between 1588 and 1603. The sanjak of Nahcivan consisted of seven subdistricts (nahiye) and the city of Nahcivan that had twelve quarters (mahalle). The subdistricts were Gökçe, Mevâzi-i Hatun, Dereşahbûz, Arslanlu, Karabağ, Dereçam, and Bazarçayı. The economic life in the Nahcivan sanjak was based on agriculture and animal husbandry. The revenues from the sanjak – direct incomes of some of the villages and the salt mines and the taxes that were collected from council tax (ihtisab), dyeing place (boyahâne), candle mill (şemhâne), market dues (bâc-ı bazar), custom dues (tamgâ-i siyah), and poll-tax (cizye) - were all transferred to the imperial treasury as the revenues (hass) of the sultan. Besides, some of the villages were granted to the janissaries that were stationed in the garrisons of the Revan and Nahcivan fortresses in the form of timar and zeamet in an exchange of their regular salaries (ulufe).

1833 SİVAS NÜFUS DEFTERLERİ KAYITLARINA GÖRE KALİFİYE İŞGÜCÜ GÖÇÜ VE BUNLARIN MESLEKİ, YAŞ ve GİDİLEN YER ÖZELLİKLERİ

Author(s): Üyesi Sezgin Zabun / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 39/2018

The source of this work is the 2400 population book of Sivas. In this book, information such as occupations, ages, which groups pay taxes, housing property, rent, who is going to work, whether or not they went to work, and so on. We can have information about the economic situation from which revenue group the people give the Cizye tax and whether it is the property of the house. Moving from the places where the workers went to work, it is possible to get an idea about the centers of attraction, employment-generating zones that have been labor-migrating. The records taken from the Ottoman archives of the Prime Ministry were read and classified.

1834/1250 TARİHLİ NÜFUS DEFTERLERİNE GÖRE KÜTAHYA SANCAĞINDA REAYA NÜFUS

Author(s): Lokman Aydin / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 19/2019

In 1826, upon the abolition of the Janissaries, the census was carried out in order to meet the military needs of the state and to determine its financial status and started to be recorded in the population books of Muslim and non-Muslim men. The first general population census was completed in 1831 in the Ottoman territory in this sense, and later the records were updated in the form of population surveys. When the population books kept together with the counts started to be sent to the center, organizational structures related to the subject started to be formed in Istanbul and in the provinces. Kütahya was the center of the Anatolian Beylerbeylik since the second half of the 15th century and the center of Hüdavendigar province since 1841. In the Prime Ministry's Ottoman Archives, Hüdavendigar State, Kütahya Sanjak, Kütahya Kazası Reaya Population Book and the book registered with NFS.d./1622 are the most important sources for the determination of non-Muslim population living in various parts of Kütahya accident in 1834. Based on this book, an examination and evaluation of the non-Muslim population living in Kütahya was carried out in this study.

1844 ve 1846 TARİHLİ ÇANKIRI CİZYE DEFTERLERİNE GÖRE ÇANKIRI’DA GAYRİMÜSLİMLER

Author(s): Burak Kocaoğlu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 4/2018

The Ottoman State gave embezzlement status to these people in order to determine the legal status of non-Muslims. The state of embezzlement is considered by the state as a trust of God and the life, property and honor security of these individuals are taken under the responsibility of the state. They were also exempted from military service by Muslims. In the Ottoman Empire, which is an important representative of the tradition of the Turkish-Islamic State, the Non- Muslim men paying taxes constitute one of the important income sources of the state. The state has regularly registered Non-Muslims who are taxpayers in their books to protect this income source and prevent possible loss of income. These books are a very important source of the socio-economic status of non-Muslims living in the Ottoman State. Taxpayers in books There are a lot of information about personal information of Non-Muslims, as well as the physical characteristics of the taxpayers and their economic status. We will try to show the situation of the Non-Muslims who lived in Çankırı (Center) after the briefing of the short-term tax and book books in this study, based on the books of 1844 and 1846.

1886: Experimentarea şi brevetarea sistemelor de propulsie reactivă concepute şi realizate de Alexandru Ciurcu

Author(s): Nicolae Florin ZĂGĂNESCU,Constantin Marcian GHEORGHE / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2018

Alexandru Ciurcu was born at 29thJanuary 1854 inTransylvania (then in Austria-Hungary) where his Romanian parents took refuge after the 1848 revolution. Between 1876 and 1885, working as journalist in Bucharest, he invented a „jet cylinder”: a prototype of the future propulsion system he will make later in Paris with his friend Just Buisson. Ciurcu and Buisson tested the system on a boat, navigating upstream Seine River on 13thAugust 1886; so, 131 years ago, they tested the first manned vehicle ever powered by jet propulsion!On 12th October 1886, they received a French Patent for “Reactive propulsion system”.Before contract signing with French Civil Navigation Ministry, they made a last test on 16th December 1886; unfortunately, a pressurised container exploded, killing Buisson and anassistant. Ciurcu, wounded, survived. He later resumed testing the system on a railroad trolley; successfully, but not enough to develop an airship propulsion system.

1893 Şikago Dünya Fuari’nda Osmanli Hipodromu Ve Şirket-İ Hamidiye

Author(s): Ahmet Şamil Gürler / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 65/2011

The topic of Ottoman hippodrome which was a part of Ottoman exposition in the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair is tried to be researched in this article. The Company which organised the Ottoman hippodrome was established by Maronite entrepreneurs from Syria and was supported officially by Sultan Abdulhamid II and Ottoman government. Although the shows, performed by Arabian horses in the Ottoman hippodrome attracted a great attention, the company went bankrupt because of organisation faults and financial problems.

19. YÜZYIL OSMANLI DIŞ POLİTİKASI ÜZERİNDE İNGİLİZ TESİRİ

Author(s): Zekeriya Işık / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2011

In 19th century, the Ottoman Empire was under a heavy Western influence in all respect which also includes the foreign policy. In this century, the political, militaristic and economic campaigns of the major European Powers, in particular, were influential on the Ottomans to adopt the European organizational and ceremonial patterns, and thus the Ottomans were influenced by the Europeans, primarily by the Great Britain. In this study, it is aimed to explain the foundations of the Classical Ottoman foreign policies, the changes in the traditional Ottoman foreign policies in relation to the developing and expanding New World and finally the policies of the Empire which had to move toward international expansion to survive in the If century. On the other hand, we emphasize the effects on Empire's domestic and foreign policies particularly when Germany built its union, the current political and economical balance started to change in late century. In this most difficult period of state If century British political colonialism activities firstly commenced with India but then involved the Balkans, the Caucasus and Middle East and this long-running British policy kept on affecting on Ottoman State and its foreign policy.

1968 - четрдесет година после

Author(s): / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 2008

1968 – Forty Years Later represents a collection of historiographical works of 26 authors from different countries (Serbia, Russia, Czech, Croatia, Bulgaria, and Germany) about the international relations and the foreign-relation temptations of Yugoslavia and also about the domestic circumstances in Yugoslavia during the years 1967-1969. The first part of the book is dealing with topics like: 1968 as the turning-point for Eastern Europe, „Prague Spring“ after the increase of Soviet pressure on Czechoslovakia (July 1968), „Prague Spring“ and the attitudes of the Hungarian leadership, its influence in Bulgaria, the phenomenon of the Czechoslovak opposition after the defeat of the „Prague Spring“ in 1969-1972, the year 1968 as a point of departure of the new Yugoslav foreign policy orientation, Yugoslav reactions to the crisis in the Middle East and dictatorship in Greece, Yugoslav-Soviet, Yugoslav-Romanian and Yugoslav-Italian relations in the days of the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia relations with the Federal Republic of Germany in 1960s, Yugoslav economic emigration in West Germany and the visit of the crew of Apollo 11 to Yugoslavia in 1969. The second part of the book is consisted from the works about Yugoslavia's activities in domestic and foreign policy after the intervention of the Warsaw Pact in Czecholsovakia in 1968, Yugoslav People’s Army’s ordeals in 1960s, the echo of the global student revolt of 1968 in Yugoslav youth and student press, student demonstrations in Belgrade and Yugoslavia in 1968, the case of Krunoslav Draganovic as one aspect of Yugoslav − Vatican relations, liberalization of Yugoslav theatre, and „rebellious“1968 in Istria. Most works are based on the new historical researches and they, after forty years, try to give a new answer and point of view on the issues connected with the happenings in 1968. The book contains also Chronology of the important events in 1968 and Bibliography of the selected Works on 1968.

1980 Sonrası Ülkemiz Ekonomisinde Yaşanan Krizlerin İktisadi Yapıya Etkisi

Author(s): Zübeyir TURAN / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2018

Financial crisis is defined as sharp fluctuations of prices and quantities, occurring in financial markets reflecting as drastic economic problems with payments defaults in the banking sector, which in no way is impendent from each other. Crisis in one sector contaminates other sectors within small time intervals, which initially seems to be in periods. Many financial crises have occurred in the world since the 1970s. Although, a turning point like 1990‟s affected most countries leading to economic instability. Like in the past, most developing countries are not similar in terms of their socio-economic structure, on the other hand financial crises witnessed show several similarities. These financial crises, enlarged with the panic observed in the international investment markets, complemented with speculative attacks has diverged the financial capital flow among countries. Unemployment figures of the world have risen at the point of crisis in the end of 2008. As a result of the contraction in the foreign trade due to the crisis, the Gross Domestic Product of our country has been declining in great proportions. The effect of the crises on our country's economy has been examined in the study.

2006-2009 Doğal Gaz Krizleri Sürecinde Türkiye’nin ‘Güvenilir Güzergâh’ Tezinin Enerji Güvenliği Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Şeref Çetinkaya,Ahmet Öztürk / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 63/2019

The fact that energy has been an important area of the international system in recent years is directly related to its ability to affect the stability of the national economies. It is a fact that the problems to be experienced in the economy carry a serious risk to both national security and social welfare. As a result of these characteristics, the energy issue has been one of the reasons of the tensions between the European Union and Russia since the beginning of 2000s. Especially the natural gas-based crises between Russia and Ukraine directly affected the European countries and brought the issue of energy security back to the agenda. These developments in the Black Sea are closely related to Turkey. In the process of Russia-Ukraine natural gas crises in 2006 and 2009, Turkey built energy diplomacy on the fact that Ukraine could not provide enough energy security and that it could be the best alternative to this situation. This study aims how Turkey played a role on these tensions between Russia and the EU.

2008 Krizinin Bulaşma Etkisi: Bir Finansal Kriz Göstergesi Olarak Hisse Senedi Fiyat Endeksi Üzerine Bir Analiz

Author(s): Ceren Kocabaş / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: Special/2016

Contagion can be expressed as the spillover of any shock across countries, and a change in market sensibility. In this study, in addition to the expression of the notion of contagion within the literature, there will be an analysis of the 2008 crisis using monthly data of the variable of stock price indices from January 2004 to December 2013 using the MA(1)-GARCH(1,1)-M method. According to the results obtained, it was observed that there was an increase in stock price volatility in the crisis period, and it was determined that most countries in different parts of the world were affected by the crisis which arose in the American mortgage market, and that the contagion occurred because of the financial channel.