"Boga hvaliti, puk sabirati, mrtve oplakivati"

Katoličko zvono sa sahat-kule u Foči u sjeveroistočnoj Hercegovini*

Author(s): Ante Škegro / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2016

From all the lands that they ran over with the hooves of their horses, the Ottomans took not merely slaves, but everything they possibly could. Particular targets for their conquering and looting raids were Christian institutions and churches, where they plundered everything they could carry, even including bells from bell towers. Regardless of the reliefs of Christ on the Cross, the Virgin Mary, saints, and inscriptions that often decorated them, they placed them in their clock towers, if they did not melt them down for cannons and ammunition. First they removed the clapper, instead using metal hammers to strike the outside surface of the bell and mark time, in this manner calling the Islamic faithful to prayer.

"Celotno posojilo Mestne hranilnice ljubljanske je šlo v žepe akcionarjev in po drugih napačnih potih." Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska in propad industrijske delniške družbe Karel Pollak

Author(s): Mitja Sunčič / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2009

Ljubljana City Savings Bank and the Decline of Karel Pollak Industrial Joint-stock Company This year it is the 120'h anniversary of the establishment of Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska (Ljubljana City Savings Bank). On the basis of the archives of this monetary institution, the author of the following contribution explores the previously unknown event, never mentioned before in the historical overviews published to date, of the crediting of the major leather industry joint-stock company Karel Pollak in the period between both World Wars. The discussion focuses on the dynamics of the business relationships between the creditor and borrower with the emphasis on the increasingly tense relations in the time when the Karel Pollak company found itself in financial trouble. In the middle of 1920s the Ljubljana City Savings Bank granted a mortgage credit to the family joint-stock leather industry company Pollak in the amount of 25 million dinars, which was extremely generous for the circumstances of that time. The issue was not problematic until the Great Depression, which affected the Pollak leather company severely. A two-year conflict ensued between the City Savings Bank and this company, during which the owners of the company resorted to many dirty and unethical business moves. The dispute concluded with the bankruptcy of the Pollak joint-stock company and the takeover of its factories, carried out by the City Savings Bank. However, the consequences of the granting of this credit did not only affect the Pollak family - the Ljubljana City Savings Bank also suffered considerable financial losses.

"Die Grafschaft Glatz. Neue Studien zu Geschichte und Literatur. Hrsg. von Jan Pacholski und Matthias Weber

Author(s): Lutz Vogel / Language(s): German / Issue: 4/2019

Review of: Lutz Vogel - "Die Grafschaft Glatz. Neue Studien zu Geschichte und Literatur. Hrsg. von Jan Pacholski und Matthias Weber. (Schlesische Grenzgänger, Bd. 9.) Leipziger Universitätsverlag. Leipzig 2018. 234 S. ISBN 978-3-96023-173-8. (€ 32,–.)

"Riževi standard proti mesnemu standardu" (Elementi stereotipa o japonskem gospodarstvu pri Slovencih pred drugo svetovno vojno)

Author(s): Žarko Lazarević / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2000

The stereotype image of the Japanese economy created by the Slovenian press before the Second World War was not based on its own experience, but was assumed from the western European press. This is understandable, given the very small trade exchange between the two countries at the time. This stereotype included elements, such as social and foreign-exchange dumping, a patriarchal system, a better organised and more efficient economy, and unfair competition.

"Terzijarija". Tajna sistematskog obogaćivanja bokeljskih pomoraca

Author(s): Pavao Butorac / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 04+05/1934

Бокељски трговци држали су се, као и млетачки, начeла слободне трговине. Само што ово начела несамо да није било у сукобу са захтјевима трговачке солидарности, неrо ју је учвршћивало, будући да се ју у праксу проводило управ зато да се онемогуће насиља гусара уопће, а Турака у арбанашкоме приморју понапосе.

"Zelené kádry" jako radikální alternativa pro venkov na západním Slovensku a ve středovýchodní Evropě 1917 - 1920

Author(s): Jakub Beneš / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2015

This article explores the phenomenon of the ‘Green Cadres' at the end of the First World War in Austria-Hungary, with a focus on events in western Slovakia 1918-1920. The Green Cadres were bands of army deserters and radicalized peasants who hid in the forests and mountains of the monarchy during the last year of the war and then violently attempted to topple the social-political order in many localities as the state collapsed. The article suggests that they represented both the last major episode of peasant unrest in the region and a radical new attempt by the rural common people to influence the character of national and social politics in the interwar period. The nationalist dimension of this loose social movement appears to have been particularly strong in western Slovakia and may indicate some affiliation with the leaders of Slovak Catholic populism. On the other hand, the inability of nationalist elites to coopt the Green Cadres was in part responsible for their marginalization in narratives of Czechoslovak liberation as well as in contemporary historiography. On the basis of sources in Slovak, Czech, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and German, this study argues that the Slovak case of the Green Cadres fits into a broader transnational phenomenon, which sheds new light on the history of East Central Europe in the twentieth century.

40 lat od reform Deng Xiaopinga: wyzwania i perspektywy chińskiej gospodarki

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2018

Po czterech dekadach stopniowego otwierania chińskiej gospodarki na świat i na początku drugiej kadencji Xi Jinpinga władze ChRL ogłaszają pogłębione reformy, w tym zwiększanie dostępu do rynku dla zagranicznych podmiotów. Pomimo umocnienia władzy Xi należy się spodziewać dalszego wybiórczego wprowadzania zmian, uzależnionego od siły chińskich przedsiębiorstw w konkretnych branżach i ich potrzeb rozwojowych. Zapowiedzi reform stwarzają okazję dla UE do wywarcia presji na polepszenie sytuacji firm z państw unijnych działających w ChRL.

40 Years Since Deng Xiaoping’s Reforms: The Chinese Economy’s Challenges and Prospects

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2018

After four decades of gradually opening the Chinese economy to the world and at the beginning of the Xi Jinping’s second term in office, China’s authorities are announcing deep reforms, including increasing market access for foreign entities. Despite strengthening Xi’s power, one should expect a further, selective opening of the market depending on the strength of Chinese enterprises in specific industries and their development needs. The announcements of the reforms provide an opportunity for the EU to put pressure on improving the situation of companies from Union countries operating in China.

A hálózatok diadala

Author(s): Fred Turner / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 23/2018

In the mid-1990s, as the Internet swung into public view, talk of revolution filled the air. The Internet was about to flatten organizations, globalize society, decentralize control, and help harmonize people. But only thirty years earlier, computers had been the tools and emblems of the same unfeeling industrial-era social machine whose collapse they now seemed ready to bring about. How did the cultural meaning of information technology shift so drastically? This article traces the history of an extraordinarily influential group of San Francisco Bay area journalists and entrepreneurs: Stewart Brand and the Whole Earth network. For this wing of the counterculture, the technological and intellectual output of American research culture held enormous appeal. To a generation that had grown up in a world beset by massive armies and by the threat of nuclear holocaust, the cybernetic notion of the globe as a single, interlinked pattern of information was deeply comforting. But instead of building a brave new world, their tactics have become important features of an increasingly networked mode of living, working, and deploying social and cultural power.

Activitatea organizației județene de partid Bacău în înfăptuirea actului revoluționar al naționalizării socialiste a principalelor mijloace de producție din 11 iunie 1948

Author(s): Constantin Stan I. / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: VII/1975

Articolul prezintă activitatea organizației județene de partid Bacău legată de naționalizare.

Amfore romane aflate în colecția Muzeului școlar al Liceului Teoretic „Ion Neculce” din Târgu Frumos (jud. Iași)

Author(s): Ştefan Honcu,Sergiu-Constantin Enea,Dumitru Boghian / Language(s): English,Romanian / Issue: 1/2017

The authors of this article take into discussion the discoveries of roman amphorae from Buznea, Giurgești, Oboroceni and Războieni, Iași county. From typological point o view in this place were identified 4 types of amphorae as follows: types Šelov C and D, Zeest 75 type and type Late Roman Amphorae 2, last two types are attested for the first time in the eastern part of Romania.

AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY HOARD DISCOVERED AT OLTINA, CĂLĂRAŞI COUNTY

Author(s): Dan Pîrvulescu,Marian Neagu / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

The authors publish a hoard comprised of 62 eighteenth century coins discovered in the village of Oltina, Unirea commune, Călăraşi County, part of the Lower Danube Museum’s collections. The coins were minted in the Republic of Ragusa and in the Ottoman Empire between 1755 and 1798. The most recent coin, establishing the hoard’s end date, was issued in the name of Sultan Selim III in his ninth year of reign (1797/1798). The hoard was most probably hidden during Osman Pazvantoğlu’s raiding expeditions into Wallachia around the year 1800. Aspects regarding the diffusion of Ragusian coinage in Wallachia at the end of the medieval age and the beginning of the modern one are discussed.

Analýza historiografie dejín robotníctva v slovenskom štáte (1939 – 1945) v období do roku 1989

Author(s): Adam Šumichrast / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 02/2019

The paper analyses the historiography of the „history of workers“ in the period of Slovak state (1939 – 1945) until the year 1989. In addition to the general analysis, the aim is to answer the question how far (if at all) may the „history of workers“ be identified with the labor history in historiography before 1989? Secondarily, the study provides a brief description of the thematic publications examined to find out what specific area and themes were elaborated in historiography before 1989 and how particular research trends were developed.

Anatol Schmied-Kowarzik, Unteilbar und untrennbar? Die Verhandlungen zwischen Cisleithanien und Ungarn zum gescheiterten Wirtschaftsausgleich 1897

Author(s): Uwe Müller / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/2014

Review of: Anatol Schmied-Kowarzik: Unteilbar und untrennbar? Die Verhandlungen zwischen Cisleithanien und Ungarn zum gescheiterten Wirtschaftsausgleich 1897. Studien-Verl. Innsbruck u.a. 2010. 402 S. ISBN 978-3-7065-4764-2. (€ 49,90.). Reviewed by Uwe Müller.

Augusteische Sigillaten in Budaörs. Italischer Import in der vorrömischen Zeit im pannonischen Raum

Author(s): Dénes Gabler / Language(s): German / Issue: 1-3/2005

Die frühesten mit Hilfe der Sigillaten zu belegenden Handelsbeziehungen zwischen Italien und der einheimischen Bevölkerung des Donau-Tals reichen in die frühaugusteische Zeit zurück. Möglichkeiten zur Herausbildung dieser Beziehungen schufen die Zerstörung der Macht der Japodier und danach der Pannonier sowie die Inbesitznahme der Ausgangspunkte der wichtigen Handelsrouten. Dennoch ist das sporadische Vorkommen der als Evidenz vorweisbaren Funde ein überzeugendes Argument, dass die Bedingungen dafür selbst dann noch nicht ganz reif waren, als Rom die Ausdehnung seiner Grenzen in Illyricum und den Sieg über die Pannonier bereits offiziell deklarierte.

Austrian Salt in Pozsony in the Mid-Fifteenth Century

Author(s): István Draskóczy / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

In this essay, I explore how the city of Pozsony (Preßburg, today Bratislava, Slovakia), which lies in the valley of the Danube River on what was once the most important trade route connecting the Kingdom of Hungary with Western Europe, managed to acquire Austrian salt, an import that, in general, was forbidden by the rulers. The city facilitated this not only by obtaining a number of privileges, but also by farming the tax collected in the city on foreign trade, the so-called “thirtieth” (tricesima). In practice, however, this could only be done in varying ways. In the course of my research, it also became clear that Pozsony needed Austrian salt for a variety of reasons. The city was distant from the salt mines, so the Transylvanian salt that was brought to the borderlands in the west was already very expensive. In many cases, however, none of the salt that was produced in the country even made it to Pozsony because of the complications posed by transportation, the deficiencies of the fiscal system, and fluctuations in production. The Austrian salt mines, in contrast, were relatively nearby, the cooked salt that was produced at these mines was essentially consistent in its quality, and it was also less expensive. In this essay, I also examine how the quantities of salt that were imported from Austria changed in various periods and how the city marketed excess salt in other parts of the country. Naturally, the people of Pozsony were not able to sell the salt in the entire territory of Hungary. My analysis indicates that the market for this salt was limited to the County of Pozsony itself, part of Nyitra County, the part of Komárom County to the north of the Danube River, and parts of Győr and Moson Counties.

Az aradi káptalan jegyzőkönyvtöredéke (1504-1518)

Author(s): Emőke Gálfi / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2011

Beginning with the end of the twelfth century, the most important cathedral and collegiate chapters had undertaken the task of compiling charters and diplomas concerning private legal transactions. During the middle ages the collegiate chapter from Arad was an important “place of authentication” in the southern part of the Hungarian kingdom. This institution was destroyed by the Turkish army in 1552.The archives of the chapter, which preserved the copies of diplomas issued usually in the form of volumes (protocolla), had been transported to Transylvania between 1556 and 1563 and were lodged in the archives of the cathedral chapter in Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia). Here, it was the task of the requisitors (“letter searchers”) of the secularized chapter to guard the remained registres from Arad. János Laskay, a humanist requisitor from Gyulafehérvár, wrote a preface to one of these volumes in 1580. This text and a few fragments from the register are the only remains of these archives. The volume begins with an introductory study about the life and activity of János Laskay and the charter-issuing activity of the place of authentication from Arad. The introduction is followed by the transcribed latin preface written by Laskay, which focuses on the role of the places of authentication as archives. The volume continues with the Hungarian abstracts (regesta) of the charters preserved in the medieval register and a list of the canons from this period. The Hungarian regesta contains among the juridical transaction all the important historical data, all the names (denomination of places and persons) and other details which could be useful for farther historical research.The index includes every personal name and all the toponyms, but it is also a register of subjects.

Bánáti vásárok egykor és ma

Author(s): Léda Silling / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2018

The history of village fairs in the Banat region of Vojvodina can be highlighted using historical documents of settlements in the Banat counties. The Trade and Donation Regulations in the counties of Temes and Torontal are the first documents to testify about the fairs taking place in these regions. Among the more significant fairs is the one in Nagybecskerek, but the most famous is certainly the village fair in Debeljača. Even today this fair has had a great influence on the whole region. The development of agriculture, trade and freight transport changed the image of the old fairs. Nevertheless, the role of the fair in Debeljača is undoubtedly very significant. The integral picture and structure of Vojvodina's fairs can be seen at any of these fairgrounds. In terms of supply an demand these village fairs have a power to attract the population from the surrounding settlements. A range of agricultural tools, craft products, domestic animals, honey products, clothing, vegetables and furniture expects buyers who in large numbers visit the fair in Debeljača even on rainy days. The fair days in this settlement have a tradition of several hundred years, and they are held on the last Friday in March, the first Friday in June, the last Friday in August, the first Friday in November, or more precisely, they are held on all previous traditional fair days.

Banskobystrický štvorlístok zlatníkov 19. storočia. Život a dielo Juraja Sodomku, Karola Miškovského, Alojza Herritza a Františka Franciscyho

Author(s): Filip Glocko / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 23/2020

George Sodomka, Charles Miškovský, Louis Herritz and Francis Franciscy – foursome talented goldsmiths working in goldsmith’s guild during the 19th century in Banská Bystrica – are undoubtedly a proof of the viability and highly valued production of goldsmith's products even in the so-called "declining" century for goldsmith's craft and craft in general. All four of them actively educated a new generation of goldsmiths and were leading figures in the goldsmith's guild of Banská Bystrica.

Bavarian Cloth Seals in Hungary

Author(s): Maxim Mordovin / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

The import of cloth was one of the most important sectors of international trade throughout the European Middle Ages and early modern period. Its history and impact on medieval economies have been studied by scholars for quite a long time, creating the impression that there are no new sources waiting to be found. Improved methods of archaeological excavations, however, have produced data significant to the international trade connections. This data was hidden in small leaden seals that were attached to the textile fabrics indicating their quality and origin. In this paper, I examine the cloth seals originating from Bavaria that have been found so far in the Carpathian Basin and compare the information provided by them with that already known from the available written sources. This comparison leads to several important conclusions. Perhaps most importantly, the dating range of the known cloth seals can be convincingly limited within the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries for all the nineteen known textile production centers. Also, the cloth marked by these seals indicates that some serious changes arose in textile consumption at the end of the Middle Ages. In this study, I identify some new places of origin not mentioned in the written sources and trace their distribution in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary.