Przyczynek do dyskusji o rządach Petra Poroszenki
Resume of the ukrainian internal and international policy under Petro Poroshenko made by main specialist on Ukraine at the Polish Institute of International Affairs
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Resume of the ukrainian internal and international policy under Petro Poroshenko made by main specialist on Ukraine at the Polish Institute of International Affairs
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Poland needs state institutions and "long duree" rather than geniuses and symbols
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The activity of public authorities, as well as the improvement of legislation on public authorities in general, are topics that are in the concerns of the legislator of the world's states. The principle of legality is undoubtedly the starting point in presenting the theme that I proposed. It will be analyzed in close connection with morality, having as a pretext the recent adoption in France of two normative acts aimed at increasing the public's confidence in the political life. Finally, we will present our conclusions on the subject under consideration, after an incursion and in the Romanian legislation, in close connection with it.
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A notary is a public official who has duties and authorities related to making an authentic deed, in this case, the making of an act and the dissolution of a limited liability company. A limited liability company is a type of business entity consisting of shares. The establishment of a Limited Liability Company must meet the requirements specified in the laws and regulations. The Company’s organs must exist within the Company, including the Company’s organs, the General Meeting of Shareholders, the Board of Directors and the Board of Commissioners. Then regarding the dissolution of the company, the dissolution of the Company must be followed by liquidation. Meanwhile, liquidation is carried out by the liquidator or curator either based on the decision of the General Meeting of Shareholders or a court decision. This study aims to analyze the powers and responsibilities of a Notary concerning the liquidation process of a Limited Liability Company in Indonesia. The research method used is normative, using secondary data obtained from library research, including primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources. The authority of a notary is to make a deed of the minutes of the first and second General Meeting of Shareholders and draw up a deed of dissolution of a limited liability company. The responsibilities of a notary in the liquidation of a limited liability company are regarding the responsibility for the deed he made and the civil, administrative, and criminal responsibilities. There are three processes. The first is the General Meeting Shareholders regarding the approval of the dissolution and the appointment of a liquidator. Second, namely the General Meeting of Shareholders agenda of approval of the liquidator’s report and the granting of release and discharge of the liquidator’s responsibilities. Finally, namely the making of a deed of dissolution of the company by a Notary.
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For management education in the public sector, skills are needed in many fields. As a result, subjects such as economics and law have gained a more central position. In this study, we will investigate what attitudes students at college in Norway have to the two disciplines of management and organisational theory, and economics. We will use factor analysis and personality traits in the analysis. Students find economics almost as important as management subjects in relation to their careers, but they consider economics harder to understand and less pleasing to learn. Students’ attitudes also depend on gender and personal characteristics.
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A large variety of organizational culture are evident in the public sector during the strategy implementation process. The Competing Values Model was used to investigate organizational culture and its influence on strategy implementation to understand this better. This study found that a culture that facilitates strategy implementation in the public sector includes character traits such as being flexible, discrete, external focus, and differentiate In contrast, the hierarchal culture that includes characters requiring top-down control and formal rules for decision-making hinders strategy implementation.
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The article presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the professional training process for public administration personnel in three European Union Member States: France, Ireland, and Romania. In the first part, the study presents and analyses the common elements, but also the differences, starting from the legislation in force, reports, and other sets of official documents. In the second part of the study, a sociological survey was carried out in a central public institution in Romania - the National Institute of Administration (INA), based on a questionnaire, with the aim of analyzing the professional training process and its impact on the career development of public administration staff.
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In today's fast-paced world, performance measurement is not just an option, it is a necessity. It is the only way to track progress, identify areas for improvement, and drive meaningful change. Our research objective is to conduct an analysis of organizational performance in the public and private sectors, using all four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework. This examination will encompass financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth perspectives. Therefore, we used a quantitative research method and administered a questionnaire to assess organizational performance in both the public and private sectors in all development regions of Romania. The data collected from the 233 respondents were tested to assess the distribution of the variables of interest, and a first element of research interest was to identify the differences between the public and private sectors in terms of organizational performance using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. The results of the research suggest that, overall, employees in private sector organizations value to a greater extent the recording of organizational performance viewed from all four perspectives of the BSC at the level of the organization from which they come, compared to those in public sector organizations.
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In Ukraine, there are currently no scientific works devoted to the basic principles of citizen participation in public administration, its legislative support and adjustment of the work of its mechanisms, as well as the tools of such participation. Even less researched is the area related to the online participation of citizens in the management of state affairs. In the conditions of martial law and post-war reconstruction of the country, the study of international standards and foreign experience in ensuring the effectiveness of public participation in public administration, borrowing proven successful experience, taking into account the specifics of the legal system of our country and the peculiarities of the field of public administration, which in the long term should ensure the development of democracy in our country. With this in mind, the purpose of the article is primarily to analyze the experience of experts from the world’s leading countries in ensuring citizen participation in public administration, to determine the advantages and disadvantages of various models of setting up government-public communications, as well as to outline the prospects for the development of public participation in administration in Ukraine. The work uses general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge. The purpose and tasks of the research include analysis and synthesis of information, comparison of foreign approaches to understanding public participation and its mechanisms, description of international standards in this area, as well as formulation of author’s conclusions and recommendations for theoretical and practical use. The theoretical and practical aspects of ensuring the effectiveness of citizen participation in public administration, existing international standards in this area, foreign approaches and practices, and promising directions for the development of participatory democracy in Ukraine are analyzed. The obtained results can be applied to improve the national legislation on the participation of citizens in the management of state affairs and the implementation of legal provisions on effective public influence on public administration.
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The adoption of the Law of Ukraine No. 2073-IX «On Administrative Procedure» dated February 17, 2022 laid the foundation for the further development of a modern European state. The mentioned Law introduces universal rules of interaction between citizens, businesses and the state. Taking into account the European integration course of Ukraine, various types of administrative procedures require improvement, among which the procedure for granting work permits for foreigners requires special attention, taking into account the positive experience of legal regulation of administrative relations to ensure the right to work for foreigners in European countries. General scientific and special methods of cognition are used to conduct research, formulate specific conclusions and proposals. Dialectical and logical analysis became the main general scientific methods. With the help of the system-structural method, the scientific legal literature was elaborated. The methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction helped to formulate the conclusions. The comparativist method was used during the study of the domestic and international regulatory framework and the analysis of the positive experience of European countries regarding the legal regulation of administrative relations to ensure the right to work, which could be useful for Ukraine. The administrative procedure for granting a work permit for foreigners in the Czech Republic attracts special attention, therefore, consideration of the legal regulation of this procedure and its stages in the specified country is the goal of our study. The article analyzes the issue of the administrative procedure for issuing a work permit for foreigners. The legal regulation, the stages of the administrative procedure of granting a work permit in the Czech Republic are analyzed. The requirements for obtaining a work permit for foreigners in the Czech Republic are summarized. It is determined that a work permit for foreigners in the Czech Republic can be issued only on the condition that the foreigner is legally staying in the country and is issued a corresponding residence permit. It is determined that a work permit for foreigners in the Czech Republic can be issued only on the condition that the foreigner is legally staying in the country and is issued a corresponding residence permit. It is emphasized that the legal regulation of relations in the field of employment of foreigners in the Czech Republic is regulated by the law, which establishes the legal status of foreigners in this country, a number of other laws, the norms of which in one way or another affect the regulation of this status, and a number of by-laws developed by the relevant ministries and departments entrusted with the functions of directly granting residence and work permits to foreign citizens.
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The intensification of cross-border interactions, the progress achieved in the process of European integration and the expansion of the EU to the east raises the issue of cross-border cooperation in a political-geopolitical context. The issue of cross-border cooperation in general goes beyond geographical, economic and legal approaches. If we intend to treat the phenomenon from a specific point of view, we will find ambiguities and uncertainties regarding the role and functioning of some institutions in the process of cross-border cooperation and partnerships. Therefore, the full analysis of the cross-border cooperation process cannot be done only if we also evaluate the effects produced by the institutions in the local governance sector and their political dimension. The principle of partnership applied in Cohesion policy, offered the opportunity to the participants in the cooperation process to weaken the traditional relations between the actors. Certain actors, who are legally subordinated in the programming phase, become partners in the implementation phase. The process of cross-border cooperation, beyond the general cohesion policy, not only reshapes the legal-administrative relations in a certain national state and especially at local level, but also manages to transpose it on a cross-border basis. The study aims to realize an inventory of the contributions and achievements of some institutions from the local governance apparatus in Bihor County in the process of cross-border cooperation in the development period 2014-2020.
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The aim of the article is to characterize technocratism as a pathology of political organizations. “Political or-ganization” is treated here as an organization within which a political process takes place and/or which tries to infl uence such as process. Th e presented argument concerns the macro scale, that is, the dimension of the political relationship in which the governing process takes place, but also the micro scale, that is, the subjects seeking power, or infl uencing power relations. Th e author not only analyzes the essence and distinguishing features of political technocratism, but also points to methods of protecting society against it.
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The breakdown of political structures is a process developing from the saddle point to the revolution or implosion of a political system. Th e decay process is determined on the one hand by the strength of the in-fl uence of stabilizing factors (attractors) and, on the other hand — by the repellers. In Poland, under Edward Gierek, the saddle point was achieved in 1974–1976, and then the process of disintegration began. Th e most important moments of revealing the repellers were: social protests against price increases in June 1976, “the winter of the century” in 1978/1979, the papal pilgrimage in 1979, parliamentary elections in March 1980, and the July 1980 strikes. Th e August and September 1980 agreements ended the process of disintegration of the monistic political system in Poland.
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The dispute over the division of powers and the burden of competence presumption between the European Union and its Member States has been going on practically from the very beginning of the integration process and has become an immanent part of the political system of the EU and of the decision-making process functioning within its framework. One of the most important steps to clarify this issue was the introduction of the principle of subsidiarity, which clearly indicated the mode in which institutions of the EU could exercise specific powers when shaping public policies. Another step was the inclusion of national parliaments in the process of safeguarding compliance with this principle, which was related to the ongoing debate on the reduction of the so-called “democratic deficit”, that occurs during public policy-making processes in the EU. From a purely theoretical point of view, one could conclude that the inclusion of national parliaments in the creation of public policies at such an important stage should be equivalent to offering them vast opportunities to influence the decision-making process within the framework of the political system in the EU. Moreover, after Poland’s accession to the EU, our national parliament has become a legitimate user and beneficiary of these regulations. It is thus fully justified to ask the question about the actual efficacy of the existing solutions and the possible direction in which national parliaments will evolve in the process of integration.
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This paper aims to rediscuss the issue of political parties acting as claimants in administrative litigation lawsuits conducted according to Law no. 554/2004. It analyses the provisions of Law no. 554/2004 which define the injured person and the private legitimate interest, as well as the provisions of articles 1 and 2 of Law no. 14/2003, which regulates the scope and functions of political parties, thus invoking doctrinal approaches and relevant case law. It underlines the fact that, through Law no. 554/2004, the lawmaker has maintained the subjective litigation as a general rule and allowed for objective litigation cases as a matter of exception: the Prefect, as the issuing authority of the disputed act, the Public Ministry, the National Agency of Civil Servants. It argues that there are no legal provisions to the effect of allowing political parties – as legal persons of public law – to bring an objective litigation case to court so as to protect public legitimate interests, as the provisions of article 1 para. (8) of Law no. 554/2004 require.
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In the second half of the nineteenth century, many European countries introduced public administration systems based on territorial self-government in a form similar to that of today. In the Polish territories under partitions, the creation of such a self-governance system was practically impossible. Immediately after Poland regained independence, legislative work was undertaken in the so-called Second Republic of Poland to introduce a uniform and mod- ern concept of local government units. These works, due to political changes, lasted almost two decades. A similar situation Poland faced after the political transformations of 1989. The false-front and wholly subordinated to the central regime territorial self-government had to be completely rebuilt, which took almost a decade. The article presents the process of creating local government structures of the Second and the Third Republic of Poland in terms of legislation. A comparative analysis of the described legal regulations and the pace of their introduction (along with limitations and conditions) made it possible to assess and compare the processes of change in these two periods of Polish history. On this basis, conclusions were drawn about the similarities, differences and achieved goals.
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The national analysis on how DGASPCs (General Directorates of Social Assistance and Child Protection) facilitate the self-representation process of children under state care is animportant and necessary endeavour in the context of child protection. In this regard, theattention given to the accurate representation of children within protective institutions is a key aspect in ensuring their harmonious development. It is important for children’s representation to be formalised, allowing for transparency and accessibility to all those who wish to be involved. Additionally, special attention must be given to developing independent living skills and preparing children for adulthood. This way, children can develop critical thinking abilities and express their opinions, enabling their involvement in decision-making processes.
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After the 9/11 attacks, the United States led the War on Terror in order to strengthen counter-terrorism measures. The main objective of this article is to highlight the treatment of the war prisoners, or unlawful combatants – defined by Donald Rumsfeld, the head of the United States Secretary of Defence at that time – while they were imprisoned at Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp. The Bush Administration managed to use the enhanced interrogation techniques on the so-called unlawful combatants, in order to obtain information, claiming that those prisoners were not protected by the Geneva Convention.
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The achievement of short-term energy savings through changes in user consumption behaviour is one of the main directions addressed by the REPowerEU program. This paper investigates the perspective of increasing energy efficiency at the level of domestic consumers in Romania by adopting energy efficiency smart solutions (EESS). The research is based on the extended technology adoption model and analyses the behaviour of Romanian consumers regarding the intention to use EESS solutions, in relation to three main influencing factors (awareness, environmental protection considerations, and public policy) moderated by demographic factors. To validate the research hypotheses, a survey was organised between January and March 2023, and structural equation modelling was used to highlight the effects of the determining factors on adoption intention. The research results suggest that all the predictors considered positively influence the behavioral intention to use EESS, with public policy having the greatest effect, followed by awareness. The results obtained suggest that the behaviour of household energy consumers towards adopting EESS is different depending on their age and average income. Additionally, through the IMPA model, a series of managerial interventions are formulated, mainly targeted at the authorities, in order to align Romanian public policies with the objectives of the REPowerEU program, in the context of promoting voluntary measures geared to the lifestyle and behaviour of household consumers by adopting EESS solutions. The limits of the research mainly refer to the lower familiarity acquired as a result of experience in use, in the context of the still early stage of development of the analysed technologies, but also to the exclusion from the analysis of some constructs of the extended model of technology acceptance, such as hedonic motivation or social influences, which would have allowed a more precise understanding of consumer attitudes.
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During last years, even because of pandemic situation caused by covid-19 virus, in Albania most of governmental public services for citizens, businesses and other customers were offered in an electronic way by creating a national database (e-Albania), offering more than 2200 services. As this electronic system was newly implemented, time after time it was attacked from hackers in different sectors of services, causing the interruption of service for hours, downloading all the confidential information and publishing them. After several partial attacks, in July 2022 came the general attack of the whole system, which black out the system and services for several days. Cyber actors - identifying as “HomeLand Justice” - launched a destructive cyber-attack against e-Albania which rendered websites and services unavailable. An investigation indicates cyber actors acquired initial access to the victim’s network approximately 14 months before launching the destructive cyber-attack, which included a ransomware-style file encryptor and disk wiping malware. The actors maintained continuous network access for approximately a year, periodically accessing and exfiltrating e-mail content. From late July to mid-August 2022, social media accounts associated with HomeLand Justice demonstrated a repeated pattern of advertising Albanian Government information for release, posting a poll asking respondents to select the government information to be released by HomeLand Justice, and then releasing that information - either in a .zip file or a video of a screen recording with the documents shown. This cyber-attack creates social problems, economical loss and influenced negatively in the reputation of e-Albania and damage as well strategically the country and development of this sector in the future. Methodology: We have monitored the system and the attack, and we continue to do this. We analyze and synthesis the data collected, to come to conclusions and recommendations needed for the future. All the data which we have used are open for public, and mostly are primary data. The research method combines both quantitative and qualitative methods, but it is closer with qualitative method, as far as there in not enough data for using e pure quantitative analysis. We have used mostly the descriptive method. Results/Findings: Improving essentially the cyber infrastructure to avoid in the future such attacks with high social, economic and strategical cost. Conclusions: In the institution there was not a team for Cyber Security Monitoring the system, so called SOC (Security Operation Center), who controls in the real time all the logins. It was missing as well so called “Identifying Behavior”. There was not e separation of active directory, in physic machines and virtual machines, they were altogether. As the administrator had Full Right Privilege, the hacker doesn’t need to create a Privilege Escalation Vertical, so he easily took all the right of Admin. Originality and Practical Implications: The paper is original; it has not been previously published and it is not under consideration by any other publisher. The originality of the method stands in the fact that it is the first case in the world in information age, that a country (a whole electronic system, e-Albania), face a such complex, well organized and hard cyber-attack, which collapse the system for several days. All the data are authentic ones.
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