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This book explores the many aspects of transition and its role in the change from authoritarian regimes to new democracies, while highlighting all of their difficulties and challenges.
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The current analysis depicts the major trends in and risks to the development of civil society in Bulgaria. Three groups of risks are identified related to the establishment of public-private partnerships, the capture of civil society by politicians at local and national level, and the nature of commercial activities performed by non-profit organizations. The suggested legislative changes and measures target state and municipal structures related to non-profit organizations. In addition, this paper outlines measures aimed at self-regulation and greater transparency in the "third sector".
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Wiktor Woroszylski followed a path characteristic for many Polish intellectuals in the second half of the 20th century: from entanglement in communism to active opposition to it. He was not only a witness but also a participant of many events of key significance for the post-war history who also influenced them.It is a chronicle of a non-conformist group, written down at a time when keeping such records required great courage, and, at the same time, an expressive portrait of that group, strengthened internally by friendship and mutual loyalty, which has finally become a timeless example of freedom.Crowds, people released from jail, the whole group, one can hardly work out, probably more than one hundred people, press, talks about what has happened, and euphoria again. I was not imaginative enough to realize what happened; I treated the whole work of the Workers’ Defence Committee, etc., in the past years more as a way to save our souls and perhaps create some islands of internal freedom but I did not take into account the prospects of social victory on such a scale.
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Three months which changed Ukraine written down through the testimonies of individuals: recordings, diaries, memoirs, blogs or Facebook entries. The multitude of experiences makes up a universal story of the phenomenon of Ukrainian breakthrough which started with a peaceful rally in defence of pro-European orientation of the country and ended with the revolution in Kiev and the overthrow of a criminal president. It was the time when the Ukrainians started speaking with a full voice about their right to free choice, about honesty, truth, and dignity, and finally took to the streets in their defence at any cost.
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Three months which changed Ukraine written down through the testimonies of individuals: recordings, diaries, memoirs, blogs or Facebook entries. The multitude of experiences makes up a universal story of the phenomenon of Ukrainian breakthrough which started with a peaceful rally in defence of pro-European orientation of the country and ended with the revolution in Kiev and the overthrow of a criminal president. It was the time when the Ukrainians started speaking with a full voice about their right to free choice, about honesty, truth, and dignity, and finally took to the streets in their defence at any cost.
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Borba za prava LGBT osoba na teritoriju Europe starija je od stotinu i pedeset godina, ako kao referentnu polaznu točku pravno-zagovaračkih aktivnosti uzmemo nastojanja pojedinaca, kao što su Karl Heinrich Ulrichs i Karl Maria Kertbeny, za dekriminalizacijom homoseksualnosti sredinom 19. stoljeća. Nešto kasnije, 1897. godine njemački seksolog Magnus Hirschfield uputio je tadašnjem pruskom parlamentu peticiju za dekriminalizacijom homoseksualnosti koja je prikupila oko 6.000 potpisa. Homoseksualnost je u kazneno-pravnoj teoriji i praksi od samih početaka bila tretirana kao kazneno djelo i tek je kroz prosvjetiteljski pokret i reformu kaznenih zakona predviđena kazna za homoseksualnost od smrtne kazne prešla u kaznu zatvora. Ovdje treba istaknuti i pojedine teoretičare prava, kao što je Jeremy Bentham, koji su još u 18. stoljeću objašnjavali potrebu za pravnim postavkama koje će dokinuti bilo kakvo kažnjavanje homoseksualnosti, a na koje smo čekali stoljećima, dok u pojedinim zemljama svijeta na njih još uvijek čekamo. Uloga prava u LGBT pokretu za emancipaciju i ravnopravnost LGBT osoba bila je, i još uvijek je, od velike važnosti. Posebno mjesto u toj borbi zauzima međunarodni sustav zaštite ljudskih prava. U okviru tog sustava izrazito važno mjesto ima Europski sud za ljudska prava, najučinkovitiji međunarodni mehanizam zaštite ljudskih prava. Njegova je praksa u posljednjih tridesetak godina nametnula važne standarde, ne samo u odnosu na dekriminalizaciju homoseksualnosti i ukidanje različitih dobi pristanka na seksualne odnose za homoseksualne osobe u odnosu na heteroseksualne odnose, već i u uspostavi zaštite LGBT osoba od nasilja i uznemiravanja te uživanju socijalnih prava.
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This paper critically examines the policy implications of the ongoing Canada-Czech Republic visa dispute for the founding principles of the EU’s immigration and asylum policies, notably those of reciprocity and solidarity. It addresses the main challenges posed by the unilateral reintroduction of visa requirements for nationals of the Czech Republic for the EU’s common visa policy, and for the fundamental rights of European citizens who belong to vulnerable and excluded groups, i.e. Roma, in search of international protection. The new Commission proposal on avisa safe guard clause for suspending visa liberalisation will be also critically examined in this context. The paper argues that the EU-Canada visa controversy reveals several pitfalls for the successful pursuit of EU foreign policy in Justice and Home Affairs, as well as for the legitimacy of Europe’s immigration and asylum policies. It concludes with a set of policy recommendations for improving EU-Canada cooperation in the fields of migration and asylum that aim to facilitate the legitimacy, solidarity and fundamental rights compliance of current and future cooperation frameworks.
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This paper deals with loss of citizenship of the European Union (EU) due to the loss of nationality of an EU member state. Only the nationals of a member state possess European citizenship; the loss of nationality of a member state thus also implies the loss of European citizenship. Member states are in principle autonomous in nationality matters, which means that their rules on loss of nationality, and loss of EU citizenship, differ considerably. But member states must respect international law and the general principles of European law when dealing with loss of nationality. This report aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic comparative analysis of existing regulations and procedures in EU member states with regard to the involuntary loss of nationality.
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‘Civic integration’ programmes and tests for third-country nationals (TCNs) have increasingly become part of member states’ legislation implementing EC immigration law and the EU Framework on Integration. The civic dimension of integration consists of various programmes and tests requiring TCNs to demonstrate that they know and respect the receiving society’s history, institutions and values. This paper assesses the tensions inherent in the relationship between civic integration programmes and the principles of legal certainty, proportionality and non-discrimination. This paper compares national immigration legislation in four member states – Denmark, France, Germany and the Netherlands. It studies the personal and material scope of civic integration provisions as well as the political justifications promulgated by their governments for introducing these kinds of policies. This comparison enables us to identify the common deficits of these member states’ policies. We argue that by providing a supranational venue for the transferring and legitimising certain national policies that use civic integration to restrict immigration, the legitimacy and coherency of the EU immigration policy is profoundly affected by the same deficits.
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The Stockholm Programme and the European Commission’s Action Plan implementing it have positioned the freedom, security and justice of ‘European citizens’ at the heart of the EU’s political agenda for the next five years. Yet, who are the ‘citizens’ about whom the Council and the European Commission are so interested? At first sight it would appear as if only those individuals holding the nationality of a member state would fall within this category. This paper challenges this assumption,however, and argues that as a consequence of litigation by individuals before EU courts and of the growing importance given to the act of mobility in citizenship and immigration law, the personal scope of the freedoms accorded to European citizenship already covers certain categories of third country nationals (TCNs). Through an examination of selected landmark rulings of the Court of Justice in Luxembourg, the paper demonstrates how the requirement of being a national of an EU member state is progressively becoming less important when defining the boundaries of the European citizenry.
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Biometrics are a feature of communication technologies (ICTs). Their disproportionate use andthe lax and arbitrary way in which they are defined and implemented endangers values, norms and practices central to accepted conceptions in the EU27 of transparency, data protection and data privacy. Concern over the indiscriminate and growing use of biometrics for increasingly mundane and imprecise purposes results in a breach of the earlier intention to ensure their proportionate deployment based on the principle of necessity. Deviation from this is now justified by reference to loose arguments about the alleged ‘certainty’ that biometric identifiers bring to cutting risk, and so enhancing ‘security’, however that is defined.
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In February 2011, the European Commission published a proposal for a new Directive on theuse of passenger name record (PNR) data for the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of terrorist offences and serious crimes. This proposal replaces an earlier draft of 2007 for a Framework Decision on the use of PNR data for law enforcement purposes. The new proposal does not seem to allay the earlier concerns of important stake holders with regard to the 2007 proposal. Its content contradicts not only important principles of data protection as described by the Commission in November 2010, but also the principle of proportionality underlying EU law.
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This working paper analyses the flow of Roma migrants, in particular asylum-seekers, from the Czech Republic and Hungary to Canada in 1996–2010. Although the fate of the Roma is at the centre of events, statistics on asylum applications along with an interpretation of the history of migration issues, from the perspectives of both international relations and EU policy, illustrate the classical debate on state sovereignty versus universal or at least European solidarity. They reflect the debate on the binding human rights of fragile groups versus security preconditions and prejudices. This amalgam of migration, visa and asylum policies has affected the lives of Roma and their efforts to achieve equal treatment, integration and citizenship in their country of residence as well as their homeland.
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Popis pružatelja psihosocijalnih usluga je nastao sa ciljem informiranja civilnih žrtava rata o dostupnosti organizacija i ustanova koje nude psihosocijalnu pomoć i rehabilitacijske tretmane na području Republike Hrvatske. On je produkt sastanaka i suradnje sa različitim organizacijama i institucijama koje u svojem djelovanju pružaju psihosocijalnu podršku. Spomenuti sastanci sa pružateljima su održani u Vukovaru, Sisku, Zadru i Dubrovniku dok je trening za određeni broj pružatelja bio održan u Osijeku. Popis čine organizacije civilnog društva i državne institucije na području svih županija. Popis sadrži nama dostupne podatke, nije potpun te je podložan promjenama i nadopunama.
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The Citizens' Initiative and BIRN Serbia have been following the implementation of various types of budget support for non-governmental organizations for years, and these findings, as well as proposals for improving the situation and eliminating irregularities, are being promoted within the broader coalition OKO (Open about tenders), of which Transparency Serbia is a member. One of the types of financing that has not been sufficiently illuminated so far are public tenders for the allocation of funds collected by the state based on the postponement of criminal prosecution ("opportunity"). Given the expertise possessed by Transparency Serbia, the main subject of this analysis was public procurement, i.e. procurement carried out by the winners of the public competition for the allocation of funds collected on the basis of the postponement of criminal prosecution. To the extent that it is necessary, the analysis also deals with other issues, such as the legal framework for the implementation of the competition, the transparency of the procedure and the supervision of the execution of the contract.
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