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SOCIALINIAI REALYBĖS ŠOU EKSPERIMENTAI

Author(s): Žygintas Pečiulis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2007

In the article, genres of TV reality shows are analysed. During them, temporary societies are being constructed. In social television experiments there may be identified palallels to existing and theoretical models of society. Television modifies the Panopticon concept by J. Bentham with help of new technological means. Reality shows become raw material for creating an artificial society which reminds of Leviathan by T. Hobbes. The historical evolution of television reflects a fight between aristocratic and democratic spaces and the threatening danger of democratic despotism, foretold by A. de Tocqueville. Having opened the door for self-expression of ordinary citizens, television becomes an authority that supplies society with amusements.

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CRIMINALIZATION OF CORRUPTION: PHILOSOPHICAL AND LEGAL FACETS

Author(s): Aleksandras Dobryninas / Language(s): English Issue: 90/2016

The article discusses philosophical, historical and social issues of corruption. The authors analyse the peculiarities of perception of corruption in different paradigms of criminal justice: classical, positivistic, and constructionist, as well as its respective interpretation in terms of vice and sin, wrongful conduct, or conflict between public and private interests. The analysis presented allows to conclude that criminalization of corruption has its own legal logic and reflects existing social cultural context, and due to this reason cannot be considered to be a universal instrument of dealing with conflicts between public duties and private interests.

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Soviet Colonial Modernity and the Everyday in Twenty-First Century Latvian Literature

Author(s): Benedikts Kalnačs / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This paper intends to discuss the case of Latvia in comparison with other European postcolonial situations and to trace the problems which determine the complexity of self-consciousness of the inhabitants of the country from postcolonial and post-Soviet perspective. The focus of this investigation is on the series of novels which deal with twentieth-century history and memory in Latvia. Due to the fact that the chosen texts attempt an evaluation of the Soviet past, an attention is paid to those aspects of representation of the everyday which considerably distinguish contemporary fiction from literary works created during the period of socialist realist dominance. The importance of history and of different everyday practices in forming specific features of national identity is also seen in the context of the attempts of contemporary authors to discover and define themselves as part of today’s global community as they try to position themselves within world literature. In this perspective, the contemporary as well as the historical experience of the Baltic nations testifies to the common roots of European society helping to build bridges between different ethnic and social groups and their members.

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How to Do Things with Rights?

Author(s): Emmanuelle de Champs / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Based on Dan Edelstein’s fascinating theses, Emmanuelle de Champs explores the status of eighteenth-century declarations as performative documents and the ways in which ideas of rights circulated between the French and the English-speaking worlds. She agrees that the impulses of the Declaration of 1789 were elaborated during the Revolution and even during the 19th century, but recalls that their normative status in their own age was questioned. Emmanuelle de Champs explores critiques which grew from the Tory heritage of England, where she includes Jeremy Bentham, Edmund Burke or Samuel Johnson. In the critical responses to the French Declaration, Bentham basically treated rights as fictious entities which should not be backed by any legal sanctions. These thinkers questioned what Dan Edelstein calls the ‘preservation regime of human rights’. Emmanuelle de Champs approvingly follows Edelstein’s attempt to show how the idea was disseminated in France before 1789, but asks whether it would not be better to follow not only the Encyclopédie and Diderot but also the periodical press. She suggests that this was also the channel through which British republican ideas were disseminated in France.

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On Rights without Natural Law

Author(s): Ivo Cerman / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Whereas Dan Edelstein’s interpretation may hold true for France, its general statements may mislead readers into disregarding the significance of systematic natural law for the formulation of human rights. The contemporary American historians of human rights also tend to attribute the main role to feelings, and not to legal theories. For this reason, the contribution first seeks to prove that systematic thinking of natural law theorists was necessary for the conception of the idea of „equal and universal human rights“. The argument goes on to prove that France was an anomaly, lying outside the core area of natural law (i.e. countries where natural law was institutionalized in university chairs). The preservation regime developed by the physiocrats was a part of their physicist way of thinking about human society, not a logical solution to the legal relationship between the citizen and public power. Even other libertarian thinkers in Germany and Italy were actually speaking about economics rather than about real law. The physiocrats found the solution in proper education, not in law. The article surveys how natural law thinkers were trying to solve the dilemma implicit in the relation between individual citizen and public power, and how they regulated the relations between individual citizens. While the relation to public power required logical legal thinkers to make sovereign power unaccountable to anyone, the reciprocal rights at the level of individuals were usually recognized, but sometimes in the form of general legal permissions and not in the form of a list of rights. The British-American tradition of common law often seems to be more liberal, but its chaotic nature actually helped to conceal the existence of slavery and the disadvantaged status of slaves.

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Szemle

Author(s): Hajnalka-Renáta Oláh,János Péter,Csilla Vincze,Botond Bakcsi,András A. Gergely,Károly Veress / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2020

Oláh Hajnalka-Renáta: A fogalmaktól az emberig – a nyelv, a diskurzus cselekvő erejének lehetőségei a múlt feldolgozásában (Trauma, neheztelés, harag ‒ egyéni és szociális tehertételek. Szerk. Ungvári Zrínyi Imre. Pro Philosophia Kiadó, Egyetemi Műhely Kiadó, Kvár 2019.) — Péter János: Mikro- és makrovilágok interdiszciplináris megközelítésben (Mikro- és makrovilágok. Interdiszciplináris párbeszéd 6. Szerk. Borbély Sándor ‒ Bilibók Renáta. Egyetemi Műhely Kiadó ‒ Bolyai Társaság, Kvár 2018.) — Vincze Csilla: Az értelmes élet alappillérei (Többlet. Különkiadvány. Logoterápia és egzisztenciaanalízis. Szerk. Sárkány Péter, Vik János. Logoterápia és Egzisztenciaanalízis Nemzetközi Tudományos Egyesület, Logoterápia Alapítvány, Kvár – Bp. 2018) — Bakcsi Botond: A menekültválság biopolitikai és morálfilozófiai megvilágításban (Menekültválság transzkulturális megközelítésben. Szerk. Lurcza Zsuzsanna. Egyetemi Műhely Kiadó ‒ Bolyai Társaság, Kvár 2020.) — A. Gergely András: Incselkedés az ismeretelmélet esélyeivel, avagy félreértés, megértés, rekontextualizáció (Szilágyi-Gál Mihály: A félreértés esélyei. Filozófiai, politikaelméleti és retorikai írások. Gondolat Kiadó, Bp. 2018.) — Veress Károly: A medialitás eszméjének filozófiai jelentőségéről (Nyírő Miklós: Medialitás, eseményontológia, gyakorlat. Hermeneutikai útkeresések. L’Harmattan Kiadó, Budapest 2020.)

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‘KVINTESENCIJA PRAŠINE’

Author(s): Shahab Yar Khan / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 17/2013

This article deals with the social crisis that has shaken the XXI century and aims to prove that philosophers, such as Iqbal, foretold today’s crisis in the last century. Overall crisis of humanity, whether it is on today’s age or past, has its roots in the concept of injustice. Injustice has two faces, one that is socially imposed and another that the individuals set to themselves. This is a Qur’anic concept that dates back to the ancient times. The ancient philosophers as well as all prophets talked about it and proposed the same solution. From Rumi to Shakespeare and from Shakespeare to Iqbal, this injustice is a common theme and these writers have followed the tradition of ideals to make the world a better place.

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Główne kategorie myśli politycznej Richarda Hookera

Author(s): Piotr Musiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 61/2019

This article outlines the main philosophical and political issues of this late-Tudor Anglican divine. Hooker’s ideas, developed in Of the Laws of Eccclesiastical Polity, provide some atypical answers to typical questions about the state and its connection with the church. The first issue presented is the nature of law and reason: Hooker’s approach bears a strong resemblance to St. Thomas Aquinas’ thought here. We can also observe the naissance of a theory of a “social contract”, as society enters an agreement to nominate a governor over them. Hooker seems to be applying this theory to both the origins of the state and of the church. In describing the role of tradition in law-making, Hooker can be called the pioneer of the Conservative doctrine. We shall indicate the role of the Revelation in Hooker’s outlook and his polemics with the Puritans here. Finally, we will come to Hooker’s criticism of the theory of two powers, his favour of monism and its historical proponents, and to his arguments for the royal supremacy in England.

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Filozoficzne i religijne korzenie narodowego socjalizmu

Author(s): Maciej Strutyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 52/2020

Understanding the sources of national socialism requires exploring religious and philosophical sources of German culture. Such research was carried out by Bogdan Suchodolski and Leon Halban, whose work was included in this book. Their research shows that it is necessary to refer to axiological issues when analyzing contemporary political phenomena.

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“Gandhi after Gandhi”: 2–3 December 2019, Turin. Conference report

Author(s): Jacek Skup / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Mohandas Karamcand Gandhi (1869–1948) is a figure almost synonymous with India. From his activities in British South Africa, transforming the Indian National Congress into an all-India movement with wide popular support, to leading the non-violent struggle for Indian Independence and finally dying by the hands of a disillusioned admirer turned political opponent, he shaped India and has remained a relevant point of reference decades after his death. The year 2019 coincided with his 150 birth anniversary, which not only sparked celebrations in India and abroad, but also inspired the international conference “Gandhi after Gandhi” which took place in Turin on December 2nd and 3rd, 2019.

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The Relation Between Work and Thumos. A Critical Interrogation of the Motivation Behind Knowledge Work Compulsion

Author(s): Benda Hofmeyr / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

In this paper I attempt to come to a critical understanding of an intriguing phenomenon at the heart of a broader question, i.e. what are we today – as knowledge workers – in relation to our present understood as the globalising neoliberal governmentality in which life is reduced to constant work under conditions of comprehensive control? Previous attempts to interrogate the nature of knowledge work and the knowledge worker have led me to conclude that these workers do not work to live, but live to work. An important reason seems to be that the neoliberal knowledge worker works all the time because s/he paradoxically wants to. This presents a paradox since the overinvestment in knowledge work does not appear to generate proportionate gains for the working subject. In my attempt to arrive at some kind of explication for this phenomenon of compulsive work, I critically interrogate Fukuyama’s contention that work has a thumotic origin. To this end I briefly discuss Plato’s conceptualisation of thumos and Hegel’s understanding of the significance of labour.

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Żeby było normalnie. W jaki sposób początek opowieści o trzydziestoleciu literatury najnowszej wyznacza jej koniec

Author(s): Marta Koronkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (18)/2021

In this article, Marta Koronkiewicz discusses the category and concept of normality as central to the literary-critical discourses of the 1990s and the early 2000s. She documents the functions and meanings of this concept while presenting it in a broader socio-political perspective by regarding it as crucial for the transformation of the whole area of Central and Eastern Europe (Alexander Kiossev, Magda Szcześniak, Ivan Krastew–Stephen Holmes). The article focuses on the specificity of the concept itself, which seems to be devoid of concreto content and which denotes a desire or an expectation rather a desired or an expected object. Understood in this way, the category of normality can be used to extinguish discussions and to create false agreements. Koronkiewicz examines the consequence of the popularity of this category for the narrative about the most recent literature. She shows that, in the history of Polish literary criticism after 1989, normality initially took on the function of a general term used to describe the desired literary reality / literary life (oriented mainly on diversity, multiplicity, horizontality), and that around 2000 its meaning changed and it began being used to refer to facts: the marginalization of literature, the lack of a platform for criticism, the commodification of the book.

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Biocentrism and Marxism: Bloch’s Concept of Life and the Spirit of Utopia

Author(s): Cat Moir / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2020

This article argues that Ernst Bloch’s (1885-1977) early philosophical development was profoundly influenced by a biocentric perspective that dominated European culture in the decades around the turn of the twentieth century. Biocentrism covers a range of artistic and intellectual currents united by a commitment to embodied life, the natural world, and the insights of the flourishing biological sciences. Despite the clear filiations between biocentrism and völkisch and fascist ideologies, as this article demonstrates, Bloch combined aspects of biocentrism with a Marxist viewpoint in an attempt to counter his political opponents—even as that meant occasionally moving in the same conceptual territory.

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Reception and Renewal in the Kierkegaard Literature

Author(s): Zoltán Gyenge / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This essay will try to define the beginnings and contemporary events of Hungarian Kierkegaard research, but it must be made clear that we can only examine the most significant works written about Kierkegaard. Before the Second World War, Hungarian culture and intellectual life were closely linked to German intellectual life. Therefore, the reception of Kierkegaard’s philosophy in Hungary can only be discussed regarding the period coming after the publication of his works in German. Moreover, it is an important fact that Kierkegaard became known to European culture through his German reception. It must be said that studies on Kierkegaard before the Second World War were probably deeper and more detailed than they were after the war. The 1980’s and 90’s saw a rebirth of the reception of Kierkegaard, mainly due to political changes going on in Hungary.

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Kierkegaard’s Spatial Politics. Nations and Nationalism, Irony and the Demonic

Author(s): Anne-Christine Habbard / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Kierkegaard is not usually considered a political thinker. However, many of the concepts and themes he develops have distinct political import. In particular, I will show that his thought functions as a counterpoint, and a counterweight, to the nation-state as constructed in European modernity. Indeed, the modern State is founded on a specific notion of space – the national territory –, which in turn has important consequences on the creation of nationhood, and on the relation to foreigners. Kierkegaard allows us to view the fallacious underpinnings of such a construct, thanks to his ingenious use and concept of space, but also to his distinctly ironic stance as an author. His analyses of irony, freedom and anxiety (and in particular, anxiety before the good, the demonic) give us insight into the defects of the nation-state, and some of its worst elements, such as nationalism. Kierkegaard offers us an alternative conception of space.

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The Vulnerability of Animal Life in Derrida’s Philosophy

Author(s): Patrick Llored / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Derrida has been preoccupied by the animal from the beginning to the end of his life. It can be found from the first to the last texts, but its presence is always subjected to new formulations and explications, as if the question of the animal in Derrida’s thinking could never be exhausted: indeed, nothing and nobody can seemingly exhaust it… Our reading takes this inexhaustibility as its starting point in order to examine one of the last concepts reworked by Derrida towards the end of his life, to which his readers have hitherto paid scant attention: the concept of vulnerability. This article probes into the possibility for this concept to allow us to reread in depth Derrida’s relevant texts as a unified body of works, albeit without claiming to exhaust their meaning(s).

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Can we remain rational in the large world? On some unexpected consequences of ecological rationality

Author(s): Marcin Gorazda / Language(s): English Issue: 71/2021

The paper outlines various concepts of rationality, their characteristics and consequences. In the first, most general part, the metaphysical, instrumental and discursive rationality is distinguished. The following part focuses on instrumental rationality and the rational choice theory and ordinal and cardinal utility, expected utility and game theory, respectively. All those concepts are summarised as being the most mathematically elegant and mostly decidable and helpful in the decision-making process. Giving primacy to individual preferences and withholding the judgment on their “objective” value, they are also devoid of double standards. They are, however, strongly normative and weakly coincide with actual agents’ behaviour. Empirical findings on agents’ decision making seem to demonstrate their irrationality, unless we introduce into the analysis different concepts of rationality, namely based on costs efficient heuristics, inclusive fitness and ecological rationality. They are discussed respectively, and although they seem better to explain the set of humans’ seemingly irrational behaviour, they are likely week in predicting that behaviour. They are also losing their normative dimension and thus cease to be helpful in decision making. Applying the particular theory of rationality, either descriptively or normatively, seems to depend strongly on the environment, which can be characterised by its extension from a small to a large world. The more the small world’s features an environment reveals, the more effective is the application of the particular model of rationality. Beyond the small worlds, rule stochasticity, underspecification and misspecification and the only reasonable method are consecutive trials and errors, which eventually may reduce the large world to the small one.

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Социално-икономическата теория на Лудвиг фон Мизес като опит за реабилитация на либерализма

Author(s): Nikolay Alexandrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

This article examines a number of key points in the teachings of the famous representative of the Austrian School of Economics Ludwig von Mises, whose work can be described as an attempt to rehabilitate liberalism, positioned on such basic concepts as “private property”, “individual freedom”, “market economy”, “free enterprise”, etc. The article aims not only to set out the basics of Mises’ socio-economic theory, but also to present its philosophical-anthropological basis in the face of praxeology, through the prism of which the Austrian scientist studies liberalism, socialism, and state interventionism (Keynesian capitalism).

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The East-West Dichotomy in the Globalizing Perspective

Author(s): Igor Piliaiev / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2021

The conceptual opposition of East and West requires further significant interdisciplinary development. While ontologically Confucianism is by no means antagonistic to the values of Western liberal democracy, a convergent alternative between globalist neoliberalism and the Confucian tradition democracy appealing to social harmony and a strong state may be found. Due to strengthening the global role of China and Confucian tradition democracies, especially in the economic, financial, and infrastructural spheres, Confucian approaches and East Asian models of successful modernization have been increasingly influencing the socio-economic policy of some Central and Eastern European states, inducing therein the effective interaction of Confucian, European, and universal values.

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Възход и падение на догматичната естетика. Тодор Павлов срещу Исак Паси

Author(s): Ivan Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

The main idea of the article is that the Marxist-Leninist aesthetics in its extreme and dogmatic variant, shared by academic Todor Pavlov, leads to theoretical disorganization not only in the field of aesthetics but in the general artistic field as well. This happens because the treatment of aesthetics simply as an ideological and political norm system inevitably leads to the disappearance of art as anything other but ideology and politics. The article examines an extremely dangerous dogmatic reduction that does huge harm on the ever-present diversity of art. By means of this reduction dogmatism through its political and ideological concepts is even capable of destroying art. Dogmatism ideologically mystifies art, thus in fact obliterating it.

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