Još o neopozitivizmu kod nas
article from iussue 1/1938 of the journal »ŽIVOT. ČASOPIS ZAPOPULARIZACIJU NAUKE«, there pp. 37 to 51
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article from iussue 1/1938 of the journal »ŽIVOT. ČASOPIS ZAPOPULARIZACIJU NAUKE«, there pp. 37 to 51
More...Normativna etika Ričarda M. Hera
According to Hare’s device, an adequate association of two mutually akin but independent theoretical disciplines – metaethics (universal prescriptivism) and normative ethics (utilitarianism) – enables the formation of the complete and coherent moral system. The main subject of this book is reception and critical analysis of Hare’s constructivism; but much more attention is dedicated to the substantive aspect of his doctrine, where idea of all-encompassing ethical theory is fully developed and crystallized. In Hare’s opinion, the fact that something like this is possible is approved by detailed inquiry of the structure of so-called “moral thinking”, which, although in theory divided into three plateaus or levels, in practice can operate as unique faculty. The first part of the book considers Hare’s metaethical doctrine, i.e. metaethical level of moral thinking. This part especially analyzes semantic and logical properties of the moral words and judgments, which Hare grasps and marks off as elements that constitute specific ethical theory in narrow sense under the name of “universal prescriptivism”. Thence, it contrasts the theory with the most prominent types of rival metaethical conceptions; this is a way of showing its supremacy over them. The second part analyzes Hare’s multiple ways of connecting his metaethical with his normative doctrine, which is in formal sense determined as “Kantian utilitarianism”, and in substantive sense as “preference-utilitarianism”. Critical references to both dimensions of utilitarian doctrine aim at indication on scopes and limits of Hare’s ambitious redefinition of the doctrine. In addition, this part accessorily affirms a proposal about certain more rigorous terminological delimitation of different kinds of normativity. Further on it discusses about so-called “necessary ingredients” of moral reasoning, where special attention is being paid on element of “sympathetic imagination”, which Hare grasps in his developed theory not only as a normative demand but also as a logical thesis. Finally, it considers kinds of preferences that can or cannot be recognized (with help of established set of criteria) as morally relevant. The third (the last) part displays so-called “two-level theory” of normative moral thinking (“intuitive” level and “critical” level), including goals that are intended by its establishing. Given Hare’s holism, the metaethical level, considered as fundamental or the “third” level, has notable effect on process of normative reasoning, especially if it is taken as one of the determinant of the critical moral thinking. Upon examining the (utilitarian) character of the theory, its plausibility is verified in the light of its application to one specific theoretical realm – the realm of philosophy of moral upbringing and education.
More...Adorno i filozofija subjekta
This book seeks to reconstruct Adorno’s understanding of the subject and probe the status, meaning and scope of this concept within his philosophy. In the first part, after the introduction, the concept is broken into its essential component meanings; furthermore, some adverse consequences are indicated that, in Adorno’s view, have been brought by the concept’s hypertrophy, in thought as well as in its practical applications. The next section of the book is a sort of necessary intermediate step: in it, the central role is played by the concept of identity which in Adorno’s nomenclature, along with the subject, marks the destiny of Western thought and action. The central and most extensive part of the text is devoted to thematizing the subject – and/or identity-character of traditional philosophy, and the ensuing „fatal strategies“. The next chapter examines the possibilities for overcoming or escaping this destiny of Western thought through the concepts of ‘non-identical’and ‘not being a subject’, i.e. through the emancipatory potential of traditional philosophy and metaphysics in light of their Adornian recomposition. The concluding parts of the book attempts to assess contemporary relevance – or lack thereof – of Adorno’s philosophy in the context of current controversies. A positioning of its significance enables, in the conclusion, to explicate those provocative moments of Adorno’s theory that, rather than growing obsolete, precisely determine in a substantial sense some recent disputes.
More...A Theory of Philosophical Explanation
In his latest book Pivčević argues that the scope and limits of rational explanation are set by a number of fundamental categories and principles which are all mutually complementary and interdependent. This lattice of basic categories and principles not only helps make sense of what we experience but conveys how the world is actually made up. In developing this thesis Pivčević is at the same time outlining some of the key features that mark out specifically philosophical explanation as opposed to other types of explanation such as those commonly found in the natural sciences and in naturalistic theology. Reasons for belief can be all sorts, but when do such reasons amount to a rational explanation? The thesis advanced in this book is that the scope and the limits of rational explanation are fixed by a number of fundamental ideas and principles which are all mutually complementary and interdependent, and provide an insight into how the world is actually made up. It is a logical requirement of rational explanation that such ideas, and the principles that go with them, should form a self-supporting analytical system. One such idea and a vital component of the system is the idea of self. This runs counter to what might be described as a ‘naturalistic’ approach to explanation. A naturalistic explanation, essentially, is based on the assumption that the world is fashioned by factors that exist independently of the conditions under which they may feature as objects of belief, rational or otherwise. The ideas in terms of which we make sense of what we experience are treated, accordingly, as ‘emergent’ phenomena and products of human evolution. This feature of naturalistic explanations does not necessarily detract from their capacity to serve as useful prognostic tools. Nevertheless such pragmatic utility as they may have cannot hide their philosophical limitations.
More...Ontological Frameworks for Explanation from Contemporary Quantum Theories
Alice returns from Wonderland discusses scientific explanation and its importance for scientific knowledge. The classical ideal of coherence and completeness of physics was shaken in the early 20th century with the appearance of quantum mechanics, and this opened the floodgates of skepticism about the explanatory potential of science. Through extensive examination of principle and constructive approaches to methodology and explanation in quantum theory, Domazet discusses realist and antirealist approaches to scientific enterprise as a whole. The need for modification of the everyday conceptual framework through modification of some foundational units of the realist material ontology arises. The book argues for the reintroduction of the metaphysical component of science; to base explanations of empirical phenomena on ontological commitments. Despite the unfamiliar phenomena like quantum teleportation, imaginary Alice finds a way to hold on to familiar macroscopic objects, as one of many instances of durable generalized objects subjected not only to spatio-temporal constrictions but also to ontologically primitive fundamental laws of temporal evolution.
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Instead of a short abstract, please refer to the PDF-files of the introduction to the book, its table of content and the sample-PDF. We hope you will get through these files a more comprehensive impression about the book than would be provided by just a few lines of an abstract/summary.
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Much more information is available about Ibn Sina and his life than about any other Muslim philosopher. This is primarily due to the biography written by his loyal disciple Abu ‘Ubayd Jozjani (died 1046), and the first part of which is actually autobiographical, i.e. it was written by Ibn Sina himself. This writing will later be known as "Sargozasht" or "Sira" (both words, the first in Persian, the second in Arabic denoting a biography or biography). The oldest text of this biography available today is the book "Tatimah siwan al hikmah", the book of Zahiruddin Abu Hasan 'Ali ibn Zayd Beyhaki, which includes some recent information about Ibn Sinau. In addition to this, we have two other accounts of Ibn Sina's life, one in the book Uyun al Inba by Abu Usaybi, and the other in Ibn Qafti's history Tarikh al hikmah. However, the data we find in these two sources differ from each other, although both authors refer to Jozgani's tradition. In addition, Ibn Khalqan in his "Wafiyat al Aajan" brings certain information, which he seems to have taken from Beyheki, and which we do not find in Abu Usaybi and Ibn Qafti. Many years ago, Ahmed Fuad Ahvani found a text of Ibn Sina's biography on the margins of a manuscript copy of Shahrazuri's work "Nuzhetu-l-Arvah". According to Ahvani, these margins were written by Ahmed Kashi in 1353. In 1952, on the occasion of the thousandth anniversary of Ibn Sinai's birth in Cairo, Ahvani published a work entitled "Nukatun fi ahvali Sheikh al Reis Ibn Sina" (Sketches from the Life of the Great Teacher Ibn Sinai), as part of the collection "Zikr Ibn Sinaa". William E. Gohlman published a critical edition of this manuscript in 1974, based on several versions of it, with an English translation, entitled »The life of Ibn Sina«.
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The cultural approach is based on the belief that - despite even the most dramatic contradictions between strict and disciplined theory and the hardly perceived detachment and disparity of human habitation - philosophy is nothing but the life itself in the logos. To reconstruct the past philosophical system means not only to correctly restore the logical scheme of the respective doctrine, but above all, to manifest its living flesh, its beyond logical element.
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At every moment of time, a single context becomes real. Therefore, every moment splits the class of all contexts into two parts, the realized ones until that moment and the contexts that are not yet realized. The first part represents the past at a certain moment. A proposition is necessarily true at a given moment if it is a consequence of the past. From this definition of necessity it follows that the modal values of propositions depend on time, namely, the modal value of a proposition can be different at two given moments. For instance, there are propositions so that they are possibly true at a moment and become impossibly true later.
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The collection of papers Philosophy as a Life Journey was published in honour of Jan Zouhar, a distinguished professor, an expert in the history of Czech philosophy and an organizer of university life. The volume begins with an interview in which Professor Zouhar outlines his philosophical creed. The core of the collection comprises six personal contributions (Laudationes) and sixteen original scientific works that focus on a wide range of issues related to philosophy, history, literature, language, ethnography and culture. The final part of the volume (Appendices) contains a brief curriculum vitae of Professor Zouhar and a selection of his works and photographs followed by a list of volume contributors.
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W pracy podajemy nowe wyniki dotyczące "uwypuklania" wielomianów rzeczywistych, a w szczególności uogólniamy niektóre z rezultatów z pracy K. Kurdyka, S. Spodzieja, „Convexifying positive polynomials and sums of squares approximation”, SIAM J. Optim. 25 (2015), no. 4, 2512-2536. Pokazujemy też pewne zastosowania uzyskanych wyników w optymalizacji.
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Using some commutative algebra we prove Max Noether’s Theorem, the Jacobi Formula and B´ezout’s Theorem for systems of polynomial equations defining transversal hypersurfaces without common points at infinity.
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The purpose of this work is an introduction and overview of geometric and numeric properties of algebraic cycles in smooth projective varieties. We recall or propose several problems, which we consider worth to study. We are mainly interested in, but do not restrict our story to, codimension 2 cycles in projective spaces. These are points in P^2, curves in P^3, surfaces in P^4 and so on.
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The jump of the Milnor number of an isolated singularity f₀ is the minimal non-zero difference between the Milnor numbers of f₀ and one of its deformations fs. We estimate the jump using the Enriques diagram of f₀.
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The field of didactics of mathematics, natural sciences and vocational education is an important area of education and training. Its importance is growing over time and, given the results of measuring different areas of pupil literacy, it can be assumed that it will not be otherwise in the future. The International Conference on Didactics, organized by the Pedagogical Faculty of Masaryk University, DTI University and The Unity of Czech Mathematicians and Physicists branch office Brno, is an important platform for sharing and developing the area of common interests of experts. The conference proceedings provide an overview of both the theoretical and practical problems in education, focusing on didactics of the above mentioned fields of study, and sharing good practice.
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The monography summarizes mathematical preliteracy of pre-school children in the context of their complex personal development. The research part of the article focuses on outcomes of research aimed at finding out how kindergarten teachers and prospective teachers of Pre-school teacher training programme reflect the mathematical aspects of their education and the development of mathematical preliteracy of children as an important area of their professional activities.
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The book presents developmental outcomes from an EU Erasmus+ project involving eight partner universities in seven countries in Europe. Its focus is the development of mathematics teaching and learning at university level to enhance the learning of mathematics by university students. Its theoretical focus is inquiry-based teaching and learning. It bases all activity on a three-layer model of inquiry: (1) Inquiry in mathematics and in the learning of mathematics in lecture, tutorial, seminar or workshop, involving students and teachers; (2) Inquiry in mathematics teaching involving teachers exploring and developing their own practices in teaching mathematics; (3) Inquiry as a research process, analysing data from layers (1) and (2) to advance knowledge inthe field. As required by the Erasmus+ programme, it defines Intellectual Outputs (IOs) that will develop in the project. PLATINUM has six IOs: The Inquiry-based developmental model; Inquiry communities in mathematics learning and teaching; Design of mathematics tasks and teaching units; Inquiry-based professional development activity; Modelling as an inquiry process; Evalutation of inquiry activity with students. The project has developed Inquiry Communities, in each of the partner groups, in which mathematicians and educators work together in supportive collegial ways to promote inquiry processes in mathematics learning and teaching. Through involving students in inquiry activities, PLATINUM aims to encourage students` own in-depth engagement with mathematics, so that they develop conceptual understandings which go beyond memorisation and the use of procedures. Indeed the eight partners together have formed an inquiry community, working together to achieve PLATINUM goals within the specific environments of their own institutions and cultures. Together we learn from what we are able to achieve with respect to both common goals and diverse environments, bringing a richness of experience and learning to this important area of education. Inquiry communities enable participants to address the tensions and issues that emerge in developmental processes and to recognise the critical nature of the developmental process. Through engaging in inquiry-based development, partners are enabled and motivated to design activities for their peers, and for newcomers to university teaching of mathematics, to encourage their participation in new forms of teaching, design of teaching, and activities for students. Such professional development design is an important outcome of PLATINUM. One important area of inquiry-based activity is that of “modelling” in mathematics. Partners have worked together across the project to investigate the nature of modelling activities and their use with students. Overall, the project evaluates its activity in these various parts to gain insights to the sucess of inquiry based teaching, learning and development as well as the issues and tensions that are faced in putting into practice its aims and goals.
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Verse 27 of Surat al-Shoora clarifies the criteria by which the blessings and opportunities in the life of this world are distributed among the servants, and thus helps the minds to correctly grasp the message emphasized in verse 26, that Allah gives more of His bounty to His servants who believe and do good deeds. If Allah had given all people the blessings and resources such as intelligence, health, talent, etc. abundantly and equally in this world, there would be no unity, stability and order on earth. People would not be concerned about developing their skills, there would be no regular working life, no search for a balance and system (for example, the science of economics) for the sake of employment and the sharing of material opportunities, and as a result, civilizations and states would not have been established. When we interpret the message of verse 41 of Surat al-Rûm in a general framework within the framework of the economic problems of today's world, we come to the fact that the cause of the economic problem (mischief) is man and the capitalist economic system that makes man think about what he needs and not what he should think about the distribution of the blessings (justice in distribution). Therefore, if an economic understanding centered on prosperity and felah, that is, the economic principles of Islam, takes its place in people's lives, there will be no trace of these problems.
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