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Polskie idee w filozofii. Filozofia polska wobec filozofii w Polsce

Polskie idee w filozofii. Filozofia polska wobec filozofii w Polsce

Author(s): Maciej Woźniczka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

The article presents the approximate condition of the philosophy in Poland. The article consist of three parts. In the first part are discussed preliminary remarks (literature of the problem, institutional determinants, polish philosophical language, the criteria for separating of the Polish philosophy). The main discussed problems in second part are: main trends of the Polish philosophy (socio-political philosophy, polish humanism, the philosophy of natural sciences, philosophy connected with religion and formal logic). In the third part presents the tradition adapting the ideas of the European philosophical culture onto the Polish ground.

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A Renaissance mathematician’s art

A Renaissance mathematician’s art

Author(s): Ryszard Mirek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Piero della Francesca is best known as a painter but he was also a mathematician. His treatise De prospectiva pingendi is a superb example of a union between the fine arts and mathematical sciences of arithmetic and geometry. In this paper, I explain some reasons why his painting is considered as a part of perspective and, therefore, can be identified with a branch of geometry.

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Bartłomieja z Jasła Pochwała logiki

Bartłomieja z Jasła Pochwała logiki

Author(s): Michał Tadeusz NOWORYTA / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Bartholomew of Jasło was a professor at the University of Prague and the University of Kraków, active about the turn of the 14th century. He was mostly interested in logic, methodology, and social changes, as equal access to education for everyone, no matter their status. His first, and only so far edited, work is the so-called First sermon of the restoration of University. Most of the so far discovered works by Bartholomew are sermons, mostly based on Seneca, Boethius, and others, authors not so popular in his day. The paper introduces to the edition of two redactions just such a sermon: his opening lecture to logic (recommendation of logic).

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Niemiecki idealizm: od panlogizmu do ateizmu i irracjonalizmu (Hegel, Heidegger)

Niemiecki idealizm: od panlogizmu do ateizmu i irracjonalizmu (Hegel, Heidegger)

Author(s): Bogusław Paź / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2022

"The main thesis of the article is: the philosophy of German idealism (G. W. F. Hegel), whose main feature was panlogism, found its conclusion in Martin Heidegger’s atheistic and antirationalist philosophy. In the system of Hegel’s philosophy a synthesis between classical metaphysics and natural theology or ontotheology took place. God as the Absolute was the first subject of this ontotheology and at the same time its supreme principle. The historical development of Heglism led to its negation in the materialistic and atheistic philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach. Heidegger’s phenomenological method of philosophy, which focused on the temporal dimension of perception of being, led to the destruction of Hegel’s metaphysics (logic) and Leibniz’s principle of reason. As a result, not only metaphysics was abolished, but also the rationality of their questions, including the question of the existence of God."

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On binary opposition and binarism:  A long-distance dialogue between decolonial critique and the Lotmanian semiotics

On binary opposition and binarism: A long-distance dialogue between decolonial critique and the Lotmanian semiotics

Author(s): Laura Gherlone / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

While addressing the decolonial critique of Eurocentric modernity and the call for alternative cosmo-visions, this article retraces Juri Lotman’s culturological exploration towards the concept of ternarity [тернарность]: the scrutiny of the so-called binarism is what connects – without overlapping – the two perspectives. This long-distance dialogue will be built starting with the key notion of binary opposition, which will be analysed as a decolonial problem (Part I) and as a culturological problem (Part II). The analysis will focus on two central issues that stem from the either-or logic: the “othering mindset”, and the culture–nature dualism.

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Theosemiosis: An essay on consilience and  the perennial philosophy

Theosemiosis: An essay on consilience and the perennial philosophy

Author(s): Matthew L. Kalkman / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Can the divide between science and religion be bridged? The current article will present the case for semiotics – and specifically the process of theo-semiosis – as that platform of connection. In order to present this argument a key issue that must be tackled is whether there is one underlying function within the category of religion that can be extracted and held accountable in its knowledge claims: what has generally been termed the perennial philosophy. This extracted principle must then be capable of conforming to a broader model of consilience that can contain the knowledge captured in both science and religion. A model that can equally explain the work of Aristotle, Bacon, Galilee, and Einstein as it does Moses, Buddha, Jesus and Krishna, both in an ontological and epistemological sense; and thus a modification and extension of Enlightenment principles in such a way that they can capture the western and eastern notions of that light. In this regard, seeing truly is ‘knowing’.

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JĘZYK I FILOZOFIA RELIGII. ANALIZA I DYSKUSJA

JĘZYK I FILOZOFIA RELIGII. ANALIZA I DYSKUSJA

Author(s): Ryszard Kleszcz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The article is a discussion text. In my response to the text dealing with semiotic problems (polysemy, vagueness, contextual dependence), I discuss the objections directed at semiotics as a tool for shaping appropriate language skills, in the context of the postulate of criticism. I accept the author’s opinions about limited possibilities in this regard. In my response to the texts on the philosophy of religion, I defend its status as a legitimate philosophical sub-discipline. Detailed issues in the field of philosophy of religion (including the problem of omnipotence) are also discussed. I defend the nature of the philosophy of religion as a discipline other than theology and not reducible to metaphysics.

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Някои философско-логически аспекти относно изкуствения интелект
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Някои философско-логически аспекти относно изкуствения интелект

Author(s): Doroteya Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2023

The article examines some philosophical and logical aspects that are present in the definitions of the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) and in the different views about its essence and goals. The main focus will be on the place of logic, including non-classical logics, in the context of the mentioned views. The question of the boundaries of AI will be also discussed and it will be proposed to be considered in several different contexts.

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The Stoic Conception of Philosophy as an Art of Living and the Pursuit of Moral Beauty
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The Stoic Conception of Philosophy as an Art of Living and the Pursuit of Moral Beauty

Author(s): Neşe Aksoy / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2023

The Stoics argue that philosophy as an art of living (techne) is not only a theoretical and intellectual pursuit of knowing the rational order and harmony (or logos) of nature/physics/God but it is also a practical activity that aims to transform and shape our lives in accordance with this knowledge. In this sense, the Stoics argue that philosophy is not an abstract subject to be considered but rather a practical matter that has a direct influence on our way of living. Based on this main Stoic conception of philosophy, in this paper, I fundamentally take issue with the general claim about the the Stoic moralism entails that philosophy is solely grounded on the purpose of achieving moral virtue, suggesting that all other elements are excluded from its purview. By arguing that Stoic moralism is not contrasted with the conception of moral beauty, I adopt the view that Stoic moralism is not free from the conception of beauty, such that it encapsulates the idea that beauty is within the virtuous. In light of this, I focus on the conception of philosophy and suggest that, for the Stoics, although the ultimate goal of philosophy is to lead a virtuous life that is grounded on our understanding of the rational order and harmony (or logos) of nature, the philosophical life does also correspond to a moral life, which has the aesthetic aspect of embellishing our lives with beauty, harmony, and order.

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Развитие цивилизации, мировоззрения, философии, рационализма, науки как целостный процесс

Развитие цивилизации, мировоззрения, философии, рационализма, науки как целостный процесс

Author(s): Viacheslav Voitsekhovich / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 2/2023

Civilization gave birth to a new type of worldview and philosophy, and then to rationalism and science. Ancient Greece saw the emergence of the paradigms of Parmenides (existence is fixed and integrated in essence) and Heraclitus (existence is motion in essence), On the basis of the former paradigm, rationalism and science were formed, while the latter was used in philosophy, humanities and art. In the first century, synergy and other theories were combined with dialectics, giving rise to rationalism and the “moving concepts.” The development of mathematics and logic also went underway. This article shows the unity of and the internal relationship between civilization, knowledge, rational thinking and science in the process of their evolution.

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Zagrebačka magla i marčana bura: meteorološki izrazi u pozadini lokalnih identiteta

Zagrebačka magla i marčana bura: meteorološki izrazi u pozadini lokalnih identiteta

Author(s): Daniela Katunar,Jan Defrančeski / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2023

This study investigates the role of meteorological expressions in conceptualizing and contextualizing local identities with special reference to Lovranski list, a local news publication of the municipality of Lovran, Croatia. From a linguistic perspective, meteorological expressions refer to lexical and syntactic means that serve to describe and categorize the domain of meteorological weather and meteorological events (Eriksen et al. 2012; Katunar and Simeon 2023), and they also play a role in the study of linguistic data from the perspective of folk meteorology (cf. Sijerković 1996; Gluhak 2004). From the perspective of ordinary language philosophy (e.g., Wittgenstein 1998, 2007, 2009), meteorological expressions can also be understood as lexical-syntactic means that contain semantic features relevant for understanding the (local) identity of certain communities (e.g., Zagreb fog and March bora).

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Notes on modal semiotics
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Notes on modal semiotics

Author(s): Herman Tamminen / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2023

Tamminen’s prefatory article discusses modal semiotics. Its aim is to describe thinking and behaviour in/of different cultures and their modalities three-dimensionally from an impartial third-person metalevel standpoint. By adopting the structural approach in accordance with Algirdas Greimas’ theory of modalities, the becoming of a base value from its paradigmatic-virtual mode of existence to its consequent syntagmatic-actual existence viz. the axiologization and consequent ideologization of value will be described in the first part of the text. The second part provides a thorough overview of modal methodology as developed by David B. Zilberman, so as to propose their mutual methodological complementarity, and to suggest future pathways as to their reconciliation and further development. The description of modal structures, values, and categories can be used as a “shortcut” in attaining to understand differences in types of thinking and behaviour per (cultural) tradition as a metaphysical frame of reference for (a) the norms, values, and ideas objectified in culture; (b) the temperament, character, and interest observable in phenomenal behaviour; and (c) the significance, signification, and meaning subjectified in consciousness. Academically, Tamminen is devising the construct for modal semiotics, a project of which the paper at hand is also a part of; other texts concerning the same topic include “Body ground ‘red’ – integrating Peirce, Kristeva, and Greimas” and the upcoming “Blood gilded time – reflections on the sublogical bearings between passion, possession, and perish”. His many interests include, but are not restricted to, consciousness, dreaming, the symbol, thinking, culture, the analogous structure and function of the individual and collective intellects, modal semiotics, and the inevitable.

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MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS OF PROMINENT MUSLIM SCHOLARS DURING THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM

MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS OF PROMINENT MUSLIM SCHOLARS DURING THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM

Author(s): Răzvan Dacian Cârciumaru / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2023

The Golden Age of Islam saw unprecedented advances across diverse fields led by eminent Muslim intellectuals and scientists. This paper examines the seminal contributions of thirteen prominent Muslim scholars from the 8th to 15th centuries CE who played pioneering roles in history, geography, mathematics, astronomy, optics, medicine, engineering, and other domains. Their groundbreaking work formed the foundations of modern disciplines while stimulating further growth of knowledge globally.

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The Phenomenology of Mystery in Rudolf Otto’s Metaphysics

The Phenomenology of Mystery in Rudolf Otto’s Metaphysics

Author(s): Marius Cucu,Oana Lența / Language(s): English Issue: 52/2023

The interrogation of the sacred proposed by Rudolf Otto’s metaphysical theology is not so much an answerless question as it is a conceptual open invitation to becoming aware of the phenomenon of meeting sacrality. It is also desired to become aware of the limits of reason in the process of analyzing the phenomenology of the sacred. Thus, the irrational is assumed to have the sense of mystery and knowledge becomes, then, an assumption of that which cannot be known about mystery. Regarded analytically, in the Kantian sense, the mystery and the numinous state it induces, that of mysterum tremendum, is revealed to be situated beyond the formalisms of reason, but also of the conventional ethics, metaphysically undefinable, above the relations of causality or dependency. Its reality, confirmed, at the level of the impact on human conscience, and by the philosophies of empirical pragmatism, could better be postulated by appealing to similar perspectives of the negative theology. For Rudolf Otto, these ascertainments and the appeal to the terminological genesis and evolution of the concept of divine mystery’s typology constitute landmarks which confirm the dimension of the human being’s spiritual life, a dimension which remains, for now, undefinable for the potential of our reason and argumentative logic.

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Jewish Hebrew Studies in the Czech Lands in the Pre-Enlightenment Periods - Part IV. Moshe Shemuel Neumann and his Efforts to Revive Hebrew
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Jewish Hebrew Studies in the Czech Lands in the Pre-Enlightenment Periods - Part IV. Moshe Shemuel Neumann and his Efforts to Revive Hebrew

Author(s): Bedřich Nosek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1995

This article examines the life and work of Moshe Shemuel Neumann, a Jewish scholar and grammarian who lived in the Czech Lands in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Neumann was influenced by the Prague Haskala and the works of Maimonides and Mendelssohn. He wrote two Hebrew textbooks, "Sefer Macagal Yashar" and "Hinnukh Leshon cIvrit", which aimed to revive and modernize the Hebrew language. He also translated and commented on Maimonides' "Millot ha-Higgayon" and wrote a drama, a collection of documents, and other works in Hebrew. The article analyzes Neumann's grammatical approach, which was based on logic and compared Hebrew with other languages.

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HOLISTIČKI I KONCEPTUALNI KARAKTER MENTALNOG U DELU DONALDA DEJVIDSONA

Author(s): Miloš Bogdanovic / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2020

In this paper we will try to confront Quine’s and Davidson’s holistic position through Davidson’s thesis of mental as a non-ontological category. In this regard, since Davidson came to this position through the thesis of mental as a decidedly conceptual category, we will try to show how this approach does not, nevertheless, rule out the possibility of its interpretation in ontological terms. However, in what follows we will draw attention to the fact that mental can be interpreted so that it proves to be immune to ontologization in Quine’s sense. This would be the evidence of different ways, which are not necessarily compatible, to argue for Davidson’s central thesis – the thesis about holistic character of mental – as well as, which is closely related, a certain difference that exists between Davidson’s view of mental as a conceptual category on the one hand, and a holistic category on the other hand.

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NOMINALIZAM DŽOZEFA MELIJE I INDEKSIČKO SHVATANJE BROJEVA

Author(s): Aleksa Čupić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2019

According to the Quine-Putnam indispensability argument, we are committed to all the entities that are indispensable to our best scientific theory. John Melia argues contra Quine-Putnam by claiming that even though such entities as numbers are indispensable to our best science, there is reason to deny their existence. In order to defend Melia’s theory from criticism put forth by Mark Colyvan, who demands that Melia provide a nominalistically acceptable paraphrase of our best scientific theory, supporters of this view have argued for the stronger claim that numbers are not indispensable. They all claim that numbers have an indexing role in the scientific explanation. In this article, I will consider some of the arguments for the indexing theory and point out its inadequacies.

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SEMANTIČKI MENTALIZAM, INTERSUBJEKTIVNOST I METAFIZIKA NORMATIVNOSTI

Author(s): Miloš Šumonja / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2017

The subject of this paper is Kripkensteinˈs critique of mentalistic explanation of linguistic normativity, as well as his intersubjective conception of normativity. The author argues against dominant intepretation of Kripkensteinˈs view on meaning as social metaphysics of normativity, the theory which reduces language rules to community consensus. It is pointed out that Kripkensteinˈs rejection of mentalistic thesis that meaning is some kind of mental state in the head of a speaker results in anti-reductionistic character of intersubjective conception of normativity, which describes how we speak about difference between correct and incorrect uses of language in everyday life, but does not say what that difference is, or what it consists of. Hence, it is concluded that, according to Kripkenstein, community is the only normative tribunal in matters of language, but itˈs not the supreme judge because, rather than passing irrevocable judgments on correctness of individual speech acts, community actually constitutes a framework that enables the normative disputes between its members.

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VITGENŠTAJNOVA KRITIKA FROJDA

Author(s): Filip Čukljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

The aim of this paper is to present the critique that Ludwig Wittgenstein directs to the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, as well as to critically evaluate its successfulness. At the beginning I will review some of the main arguments that Wittgenstein offers against this theory. First I will consider the argument that calls into question the psychoanalytic ontology and according to which there are significant problems in its conceptualization. Then I will deal with the critique which holds that the psychoanalytic method is problematic, primarily because it is allegedly unscientific. After this I will show the third argument that attacks Freud’s assumption according to which phenomena such as dreams must have a certain essence. It will be shown that none of these arguments is entirely successful. Subsequently I will focus on the argument that is, according to some, the main Wittgenstein’s argument and according to which Freud makes a mistake by not distinguishing the concepts of cause and reason. I will claim that psychoanalysis can be defended from this objection likewise. In order to show this, I will refer to the interpretation of Freud’s teachings according to which the so-called subintentional explanations are used in psychoanalysis.

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Inducția metaforică în discursul poetic

Inducția metaforică în discursul poetic

Author(s): Mirela-Ioana Borchin-Dorcescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

The mechanism of metaphorical induction, detailed in Eugen Dorcescu’s studies of metaphor, provides a peremptory argument for the equivalence between the trope of tropes and discourse. The identification of living metaphor with discourse is the fundamental principle that guides the research of this figure by Paul Ricoeur. For us, the possibility of equating the two notions (metaphor and discourse) constitutes a working hypothesis in the approach of spun out metaphors. These broad metaphorical structures will prove that metaphor can generate a special type of discourse, infiltrating its logic, semantics and syntax and increasing its aesthetic value. If we accept that a literary discourse / text is distinguished from all those made up of linguistic signs by its aesthetic value, we will also accept that metaphor, through presence and reverberation, ensures the specificity of such a discourse. Therefore, we will demonstrate that noun metaphor induces verbal / adjective / participle / adverbial metaphors in discourse, establishing a network of interrelated figurative meanings, also increasing / multiplying the syntactic structures necessary for the development of the idea / ideas conveyed, in 25 conditions of progressive compatibility of co-textual, coherent elements. Spinning metaphors, which, according to H. Suhamy, develop, predictably or unpredictably, a guiding theme or even more, go beyond the scope of the sentence and fit, in countless variants, into broad discursive structures. Their analysis in Romanian poetry will allow the illustration of various springs of cumulative metaphorization, which ends up encompassing the entire lyrical discourse. Most frequently, the spun metaphors represent the consequence of some semantic-stylistic inductions, exerted especially on some predicate-verbs which, being themselves metaphors, widen the metaphorical area until the overlap with poetry.

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