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Računarska i informacijsko-teorijska istraživanja u filozofiji danas su vrlo plodna i sveprisutna. Obnavljaju se stara filozofska pitanja, postavljaju novi problemi, doprino si rekonceptualizaci ji naših svjetonazora, pa već imamo mnoge vrlo zanimljive i značajne rezultate. Za novo područje predloženi su razni nazivi.
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In the article it is argued that the conviction that verbally expressed language (as commonly employed by humans) is necessary for thinking is not justified. Animals have been found to employ various communication systems (languages) and, though these are different from human language, they testify to consciousness and thought. Recent research among autistic people has indicated that they frequently think in images rather than words, and it is suggested that this was the original feature of human thinking and may also be the basis of animal thinking.
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As previously (ΣΧΟΛΗ 9.2 [2015] 241–252) the article deals with the Stoic category to lekton and G. Frege’s category of Sinn. I explicate some formal features of these categories, which demonstrate the similarity of the Stoic and the Fregean logical theories. In particular, I demonstrate that the concept of “complete lekton” (axiōma) in the Stoic doctrine has the same structure as the concept of thought (Gedanke) in Frege’s semantic theory. However, the formal structural similarity between to lekton and Sinn does not presupposes the ontological similarities in these theories.
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In a short note, the author outlines a series of Hans Kelsen’s studies dedicated to Ancient political thought, esp. his The Philosophy of Aristotle and Hellenic-Macedonian Policy. He believes that these relatively neglected minor studies of the famous philosopher of law could still be of interest to contemporary classicists and historians of philosophy.
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The present paper examines in detail the predicative nouns of smell and of sound in contemporary Russian. It more specifically focuses on the structures ‘Noun of smell or odor + specifiers (“noun” in the genitive)’. The predicates mentioned are divided into groups according to the semantic nature of the specifiers: concrete noun, abstract noun, place name. They express the cause of the smell or sound. The features of each subset are described emphasizing the similarities and differences existing between the sounds on the one hand and the smells on the other.
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The paper outlines the problem of knowledge in Russian Neo-Kantianism in the broad sense of the term. It presents briefly views held in this respect by Russian thinkers who are considered representative of the so-called academic and non-academic Neo-Kantianism. The author also refers to the ideas of the “Russian Marburger” Nicolai Hartmann in the context of Vasily Seseman’s views. It turns out that the views of the Russian philosophers frequently show interesting similarities to the ideas of German Neo-Kantians. Such is the case with the thesis of the indissolubility of science and knowledge, proclaimed by Boris Jakowienko and Bruno Bauch, Semyon Frank’s and Heinrich Rickert’s theory of judgments, as well as the views of Alexander Vvedensky and Johannes Volkelt concerning the possibility of metaphysics. The article proves that the themes present in the concepts of “late” German Neo-Kantians earlier prevailed in Russian philosophy, where ontologism took a leading position. The author also discusses the impact of phenomenology on the revival of ontology in Neo-Kantianism.
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Although the connections between Frege’s and Russell’s investigations are commonly known (Hylton 2010), there are some topics in their letters which do not seem to have been analysed until now: 1. Paradoxes formulated by Russell on the basis of Frege’s rules: a) „»ξ can never take the place of a proper name« is a false proposition when ξ is a proposition”; b) “A function never takes the place of a subject.” A solution of this problem was based on the reference/sense theory and on the distinction between the first- and second-level names (Frege). 2. The inconsistency in Frege’s system may be avoided by the introduction of: a) a new kind of objects called quasi-objects (Frege); b) logical types (Frege and Russell); c) mathematics without classes (Russell); d) some restrictions on the domain of function (Frege). 3. Since the inconsistency is connected with a class, what is class? In one of the letters, Frege compared a class to a chair composed of atoms. This approach seems to be similar to the collective understanding of a set (Stanisław Leśniewski). 4. Russell doubted that the difference between sense and reference of expressions was essential. Hence, Frege found some additional reasons to distinguish between them: semiotic, epistemological, from identity, and from mathematical practice. This discussion can be seen as a next step in developing the theory of descriptions by Bertrand Russell.
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Gdje vlada razasutost metafizičkoga tereta istine bitka, tamo cvate estetsko iskustvo Stvari. Nigdje kao u suvremenoj umjetnosti gotovo da ne postoji kompromis između ozakonjene institucije njezina djelovanja–u–svijetu i zbiljskoga svijeta o tome da promjena učvršćuje stabilnost, kaos podaruje legitimnost poretku, a entropija ga čuva od propasti. Imamo jezik kojim više ne objašnjavamo što jest smisao bitka. Umjesto toga, služi nam kao alat za razotkrivanje mnoštva značenja. Ona nisu ukorijenjena u onome što se pokazuje kao stvar sama. Jednostavno, proizlaze iz »forme života«. U nju upisujemo znakove i tragove, šifre i kodove.
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Human speech begins and ends within text. Human act begins and ends within speech. Thus text is not just a multifaceted model of the world, but it is also a model and a project of our own behaviour. The philosophical educational text bears the unique responsibility to introduce and internalise through itself the Logos of the youth. In addition, it must lead and introduce them to their own individual horizons. This is why this strenuous construction of the bridge between the predetermined indication and the horizon-based interpretations of the text is yet another methodical experiment – to achieve a state of synergy between the framed technological process and open improvization.
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The paper gives a bold outline of the interwar Bulgarian psychoanalytical interpretation of literature. The author of this study strives to fill in the shortages and gaps made by the researchers until now and concentrates on the contribution of some forgotten or little-known names. The research results maintain that these Bulgarian psychoanalysts share the common striving to use the doctrine equally as science and as hermeneutics.
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This article is dedicated to the anger and how it can every single person trapped by an this negative emotion to deal with it. The author reveals the the sinister side of the anger as an emotion which destroys the personal relationships, leads to aggressive behaviors and even violence can lead to cardiovascular diseases and serious and dramatic consequences such as emotional and personal stress and distress, depression, guilt, embarrassment, feelings of loss of control and lack of confidence in communicating with others. Here are some myths, а wide variety of methods and techniques for dealing with anger, based on the principles of the rational emotive Behavior Therapy in psychology.
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This article discuss the relationship between stoicism, scepticism and unhappy consciousness in Hegel’s “Phenomenology of Spirit” and George Byron’s play “Cain”. The Byron’s biblical hero Cain, a son of Adam and Eve, raises a number of philosophical questions and like Hegel’s concept of scepticism, revolt against the established heavenly norms and laws. Through the knowledge that comes from Lucifer and like Hegel’s unhappy consciousness, Cain reaches the self-consciousness for himself.
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The science of logic has occupied an important role in Islamic history. Especially when al-Gazali 505-1111 has come and claimed that who learned Islamic sciences, without learning the Logic we cannot trust in his knowledge. From this time The science of logic has been flourished and quietly began to include in many sciences even Tefsir and Fiqh. After that, Al-razzi 606/1210 has established a big school in Islamic philosophy in general and in logic in particular. al-Khonaji 646/1248 one of his important students. Who moved from Iran to Egypt and became Qadi al-Qudat (Chief Islamic justice). He has improved The science of logic by his books; like Keshf al-Asrar. In the sixth/twelfth one of his books has been spread in Muslim world and became the first step for who wanted to learn Logic. Beside that we have a lot of scholars has made commentaries on this book. In this article we focused on (Metn al-Jumal) by al-Konaji with his spreading in the Sixth. Seventh h.centuries.
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In the light of the statements of the Magisterium, the presence of the Catholic Church in the world of economy seems obvious and necessary. However, this article focuses on the need to define (1) the type of economy referred to in the Church documents, (2) the type of the presence of the Church in economy as defined in these documents and (3) the kind of necessity mentioned in the abovementioned records. It is in these three dimensions that the author depicts the outline of the attitude presented by the Church with regard to the basic economic issues (interventionism, social market economics, subsidiarity and solidarity in economics, the logic of unselfishness and gift). The conclusion of the text is that the ultimate reason for the presence of Catholic Church in economy is its social mission aimed at creating a society of relations, where the fundamental principle is social friendship (amicitia socialis).
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The main thesis of the paper states that Catholic theology and Evangelical theology use different languages. The differences stem from the philosophical dispute about universals. The following positions emerged in the debate: radical realism (universalia ante rem), moderate realism (universsalia in re) and nominalism (notitia intuitiva et notitia abstractiva). The language of Catholic theology is a language of moderate realism, while the language of Evangelical theology is a language of nominalism. The linguistic differences result in a different understanding of important theological statements. The paper uses an analysis of selected fragments from a Catholic and an Evangelical catechism as a basis for the demonstration of the way the following issues are understood: (1) knowledge of God, (2) the concept of original sin, (3) the nature of the Church, (4) the origin of sacraments, (5) life in the world to come.
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One way to secure the autonomy of special sciences like psychology is to block reductive strategies by assuming that higher-order properties in psychology are multiply realizable. Multiple realizability would then secure both metaphysical irreducibility and dependency by exploring the variety of ways in which higher-order phenomena can be realized in different systems. Originally, a promising way to understand this variability was in terms of the possible realization role played by property disjunction. However, the non-project- ability of disjunctive predicates into explanatory generalizations undermines the multiple realizability strategy mainly because a condition for these generalizations to have scientific weight is that they be based on the existence of natural kinds. Traditionally, disjunctive properties have no reference to kinds. In this paper I explore the character of disjunctive properties as cases of homeostatic property clusters sufficient to be classified as genuine natural kinds, and the consequences for the question of the autonomy of the special sciences.
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Here I offer a critical evaluation of modalism about essential properties. To that effect, I begin by rehearsing Fine’s now infamous counterexamples to pure modalism. I then consider two recent defenses of it, offered by Livingstone-Banks and Cowling, respectively. I argue that both defenses fail. Next I consider the most plausible variety of impure modalism – sparse modalism – which has recently been defended by Wildman and de Melo. Skiles has argued that sparse modalism fails too. I argue that Skiles’s counterexamples misfire; nonetheless, his conclusion that, like pure modalism, sparse modalism is too broad, is on the right track. And so, I offer an original objection – the sparse modal propria counterexample – to show that this is so. I conclude by considering ways the modalist might once again modify her account to circumvent this new objection and improve the account’s extensional adequacy.
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Some remarks in the Eudemian Ethics and the Nicho- machean Ethics indicate that the voluntariness of actions is significantly related to compulsion and ignorance. According to a plausible interpretation, these remarks suggest that if an agent performs an action under compulsion or due to ignorance of some relevant facts, then she does so involuntarily. An objection to this interpretation with regard to compulsion is that an agent can voluntarily do what she is compelled to do. With regard to ignorance, one might object that it is necessary to clarify the proper range of relevant facts when considering whether an action performed out of ignorance is involuntary. In this paper, I develop two principles that align with the view that compulsion and ignorance are sufficient conditions for involuntary actions, while accommodating potential counterexamples and complications.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the understanding of selected names of social values by five-year-old children, such as friendship, responsibility, honesty, respect and tolerance. The research material was obtained through conversations (free, directed) with children who had turned five years old. Also tools of cognitive semantics (cognitive definition) were implemented. The results indicate that five-year-old participants in preschool education mostly recognize the given values, and their conceptualization and reconstruction of meanings are based on analogies that reflect concretized social interactions. Axiological phenomena are usually not internalized and are perceived in terms of concretized object, persons, or interaction qualities, which is typical of the transitional period between the preconventional and conventional stages. Children explain the world from a subjective point of view, focused on their own needs and benefits, although quite often, they refer to duties and the need to follow rules.
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