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Попър и йерархичната каузалност като матрица на интелигентността

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The paper discusses three major points:1. Concerning the matrix of intelligence, as a solution to the problem, Popper proposes a Darwinian model based on a hierarchical idea of causality (downward causality);2. Underlying hierarchical causality are systemic properties, whether they be holistic or reductionist;3. Intelligence is a hierarchical causality imposed by an external agent – i.e., whenever an external agent is able to impose its system characteristics upon the object of its impact

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Stary i nowy reżim w badaniach rękopisów

Author(s): Nathalie Ferrand / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2019

The article attempts to outline the history of French genetic research upon 18th-century manuscript collections. Contrary to the stereotypical view of the 18th century as a period when manuscripts were allegedly destroyed in order to hide evidence of the painstaking execution of the final version of a work, this epoch did leave us manuscripts, frequently full of corrections, which suggest that the Enlightenment thought and literature kept searching and experimenting. The Enlightenment philosophical and political concepts had undergone many stages before they adopted the shape we are familiar with. Thanks to the existence of their preliminary, draft versions, enlightenment novels, theatrical plays and poems provide an opportunity to observe the whole process of creation. The fascinating workshop of enlightenment drafts and subsequent versions of written works shows an area of literary and philosophical work marked by aesthetic and ideological conflicts, which shook the authors in their process of artistic creation.

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Informator, rozmówca, wspólnik. Obrazy relacji Antropologa z Innym

Author(s): Tarzycjusz Buliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The goal of this paper is a presentation of images of relationships between an anthropologist and the Other based on the three main paradigms (realistic, interpretative, processual) defining epistemology and methodology of anthropological fieldwork. In the first, the Other is understood as an informant – a person with whom the anthropologist has a privileged cognitive and moral position. In the second, the Other is presented as an interlocutor who gains an equal moral position, though not epistemological. In the third one, both are presented as entities with exactly the same epistemological and moral status, which metaphorically reflects the figure of the Other as an accomplice. In the end, I describe situation from my fieldworks among the E’ñepá Indians from Venezuelan Amazonia, as an example of processual changes in my image of the relationship between Anthropologist and Other.

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Why can information not be defined as being purely epistemic?

Author(s): Roman Krzanowski / Language(s): English Issue: 68/2020

The concept of information can be viewed from two perspectives, namely epistemic and ontological. In the epistemic view, information is associated with meaning, semantics, and knowledge, while in the ontological view, it is understood as structures and forms of objects. Information is most often perceived as epistemic information, yet a closer look at epistemic information reveals that this concept does not account for ontological information. This paper poses the following question: Should we select epistemic or ontological information as our primary concept of information, or should we acknowledge that both kinds of information are required for a full comprehension? The discussion here is supported by references to modern research in physics, computing, cosmology, and information sciences.

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Przedmioty wirtualne – składnik naszego świata

Author(s): Paweł Polak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 68/2020

Recenzja książki: Bondecka-Krzykowska I., Brzeziński K.M., Bulińska-Stangrecka H., i in., Przedmioty wirtualne, red. P. Stacewicz, B. Skowron, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warszawa 2019, ss. 135.

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Interpretive Scholarship in Contemporary International Relations

Author(s): Xymena Kurowska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Interpretive International Relations (IR) has become a robust and diverse research programme, consolidating across various subfields of the discipline. However, this is a recent phenomenon. While early classical realists and English School scholars clearly drew on interpretive thought, these contributions did not coalesce into a well defined and specifically interpretive research agenda. The ‘interpretive turn’ in social sciences and humanities in the 1970s and epistemological pluralisation of political science and IR in the 1990s slowly made space for interpretive theory and research. This paper reconstructs, first, what makes interpretive IR distinct, and, second, what it means to engage in interpretive inquiry in this field, conceptually and substantively. It discusses in particular the implications of the monist ontological position that interpretivists tend to occupy and the conditions of knowledge production within the hermeneutical circle. These reject the possibility of transcending the context and bring to bear the researcher’s involvement in knowledge production as inevitable but generative. The paper also explicates the still poorly understood concept of ‘intersubjectivity’ as being defining for the interpretivist sensibility and one which directly contests positivist ideals. Interpretive IR scholarship serves as a veritable showcase for interpretive research practice, and points to the growing significance and volume of such scholarship.

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Filozofija, znanje i društvo znanja

Author(s): Mišo Kulić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2020

The knowledgeable societies is a phrase that signifies the goal of modern capitalist society as one that is fundamentally seen as the necessity of mastering technological knowledge and its development in the creation of economic benefit. The knowledgeable society is thus exclusively a technological-economic concept, in fact a technological-market concept that equates society and the market, because it assumes that knowledge is not only a means of producing goods, but that by itself is only a commodity ("knowledge transfer") where its value establishes the market. Thus, in the last decades, the only knowledge that can be accepted as knowledge, has become only and exclusively technological-information knowledge that enables the largest and fastest turnover of capital on the market. Thus, the knowledgeable society is not a society that sets the ideal of all knowledge, as one might think from this attractive phrase, but a society of exclusively technological, commercially usable knowledge. Therefore, the knowledgeable society is just a neoliberal phrase which, insisting that the only technological knowledge is knowledge, actually wants to build a society according to the principles of technology. That is why the issue is no longer about the idea of society, but only about technologically, market-networked obedient and automated individuals who perform their informative and communicative tasks.

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Dijalektika i angažman ili kako se zauzeti za dobar život?

Author(s): Želimir Vukašinović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2020

Starting from Plato's understanding of dialectics, this paper examines the nature, purpose and meaning of human practice. This examination tends to point out an importance of the relation between true knowledge and human engagement. It indicates that a neglection of dependence between practice and knowledge causes a fatal dominance of common belief and revanchism in history. The collapse of dialectics is, implicitly, re-examined as the central event of the beyond-metaphysical reality of the region. True knowledge, therefore, is understood here as the foundation of human dwelling which, through the reality of historical existence, reaches a desired peace: a good life. Finally, this point justifies philosophy as a life well lived.

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THE ENLIGHTENMENT EPISTEMOLOGY AND ITS WARNING AGAINST THE INSTRUMENTALISATION OF SCIENCE

Author(s): Ana Bazac / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The paper is written in order to demonstrate the lack of soundness of the present counter-Enlightenment attacks against reason and science. The characterisation of Enlightenment cannot only refer to the logical consequences of the universally manifested reason –(the wishful thoughts about) the humans‘ education and educability and thus the changing the world for the better –without substantiating them. Kant has substantiated the Enlightenment epistemology that supports even today the human endeavour to live in a better world. As the purpose of the analysis is the epistemological way of comprehension –i.e. the rational all the way, coherent to the end, thus the scientific questioning of the premises of every theory –the paper thus features only a selection from among the coryphaei of the Enlightenment movement. It starts from Kant‘s ―Copernican revolution‖ –a metaphor used by him that may rightfully be employed in order to evaluate his philosophy –which, in the view expressed here, consists in the interdependence of the constructivist epistemology and the categorical imperative ethics. Actually, and this is the thesis promoted here, this epistemology and this ethics constitute a continuous and unique structure and just this unitary epistemological-ethical structure, called here even the Enlightenment epistemology, is the basis of the Enlightenment perspective and theory of comprehension. But this perspective and comprehension form a methodological pattern for the approach of the world and for the reason to be of the human knowledge. Thus, the paper is not a simple reminder of an old page of the history of philosophy. And neither should the history of philosophy be thought of as an evolution of ideas, where there would exist just a simple transmission and taking over of the relay from one paramount theory to another and where at one time or another the respective preponderant theory would exist alone. The Enlightenment pattern was not the only one when it appeared, and so much less today. The epistemological analysis of some contemporary facts emphasizes the contradictory views expressed within the Enlightenment and counter-Enlightenment manners. There are presented Enlightenment type arguments and anti-Enlightenment arguments, put face to face. Thus, the paper shows that the Enlightenment perspective and understanding defeat the counter-Enlightenment attacks and they outline a methodological framework for the current interpretation of science and technology.

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Методологічні засади експертної діяльності в Україні

Author(s): Svitlana Shman / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2020

The purpose of the article. To reveal the methodological principles of the functioning of the examination in the field of culture and art, to systematize and analyze the various branches of these studies. Clarification of the purpose and content of the concept of "examination of cultural values", taking into account the specifics of its tasks and methods of such research. The problems of the development of domestic expert activity in the field of culture and art are highlighted. Methodology. In order to achieve the goal, analytical, historical, epistemological-axiological and method of theoretical generalization were used to specify the problem of expert activity. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is the need to formulate the main methodological foundations for the study of works of art as a component of preservation and study of material and spiritual heritage; trace the purpose, tasks, and functions of expert studies of works of art; understanding of the principles and methods of studying cultural values, while conducting art criticism, judicial, commodity research, and state expertise. Conclusions. State, legal, commodity research of works of art, bringing together different experts, gives rise to a special reality, fixed by the concept of "expert activity". The methodological principles of expertise in the field of culture and the arts are considered as a general expert system, where the formulation of the purpose of the research and the specification of the tasks determine the principles and methods of work of the expert with similar objects of research. Nowadays, experts in various fields and fields of activity are actively involved in the study of cultural values, which led to the emergence and formation of a powerful national school of culture expertise. In order to understand the place of expertise in the system of protection and popularization of cultural property, it is necessary to clarify and systematize existing basic concepts concerning cultural objects.

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IBN ‘ARABIJEVA SPOZNAJNA TEORIJA

Author(s): Rešid Hafizović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 42-43/1995

The text entitled as above analyses essential distinctions of Ibn ‘Arabi’s epistemology with a particular emphasis on its mystic consideration. The essence of his epistemology was put forward in accordance with the rules of metaphysical preference for the sources of cognition and cognitive process that a spiritual traveler has to go through on his way towards the Truth. Ibn ‘Arabi bases his theory of cognition first of all on those sources of cognition that elude the epistemological field at a historical level, but he does not neglect the latest sources of cognition either, from whose perspective derived is that ascending cognitive evolution of human genius that tries to observe the whole Truth in the perspective of the historical level too. This means that Ibn ‘Arabi, when perceiving the Truth, exposes himself equally to metacosmic Grace and cosmo-historical Wisdom. After defining the essential sources of Ibn ‘ Arabi’s epistemology, the author classified the basic patterns of cognition that the spiritual traveler (Sâlik) reaches in an ascending-cognitive order, starting from the knowledge taken from the world (al- ‘Ilm), via theosophical wisdom which is specifıcally Sophia divina or Sophia perennis (al-Hikma al-Lâduniyyâ), finding peace in the pure wisdom of the Divine Spirit, which is (the wisdom) fundamental glory, living gnosis of the Divine Essence (al-Ma ‘rifa). With each new spiritual phase, the spiritual traveler (Sâlik) acquires a new profile of his spiritual feature that is identical to the internal nature of the acquired cognitive form.

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Post Post-Truth: Epistemologies of Disintegration and the Praxeology of Truth

Author(s): Bernhard Kleeberg / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2019

Our truth culture has changed. Yet we are not living in a post-truth era but in a truth era – an observation of the ongoing debates shows a proliferation of invocations of truth. This paper argues that in order to grasp this transition, we should not refer to classical truth theories or common oppositions such as knowledge and belief, objectivity and subjectivity. Instead, we should focus on concrete practices in concrete situations: on “doing truth.” This paper introduces the concept of a “praxeology of truth,” which sets out to analyse truth by means of two parameters: “truth scenes” and “truth figures.” In suggesting that to ask about truth is to pose the question of power, it follows Michel Foucault, but it regards the invocation of truth as a technique of identity politics and truth as a social operator.

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Intuition: A Heart-based Epistemology

Author(s): Tina Lindhard / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

COVID 19 is just one more problem we humans have to face today. Crises, such as global warming, species extinction, climate change, and the extended use of anxiolytics and antidepressants by all sections of the population including youngsters, are telling us we are out of sync with Nature, and with our Self. Here, I suggest we need to change the focus of our attention from outside to inside, and from the overextended use of logical thinking mind associated with the brain to the feeling-mind linked with the heart. I associate the thinking mind with the male principle and the feeling heart-mind with the female principle. This change can bring about the necessary next step in our evolution by providing us with a way to connect with the deeper Self or Essence to obtain Higher Guidance. This epistemological way of knowing is based on intuition, and heart-based esoteric traditions throughout the ages have known about it. However, to find solutions to the multiple problems we are facing today, many more people need to learn how to tap into their heart-mind. In this article, I explore and expand on these ideas from different angles, including the scientific.

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Jezik boli – između epistemološke asimetrije i biološki zadane društvenosti

Author(s): Cecilija Jurčić Katunar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/159/2020

Since pain, as a phenomenon, is accessible only to the person who experiences it (which represents an obstacle to the objective categorization in the linguistic medium), when patients want to make it available to their interlocutors, they describe it with very detailed and elaborate metaphorical scenarios, most often those relating to a form of body damage. Using such embodied metonymic and metaphorical definitions, they provide an adequate imaginative simulation of their subjective experience for their recipients. The paper presents an overview of philosophical insights on the phenomenology of pain as well as a review of contemporary neuroscience research on a social dimension of pain, but also the results of cognitive linguistic analysis of pain vocabulary based on descriptors from the McGill Questionnaire as well as on the corpus of authentic doctor-patient dialogues.

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Ljudska priroda i kontekst napretka

Author(s): Jelena Đurić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/158/2020

I intend to show in what way the meaning of the concept of human nature emerges from the worldview that, taken within the context of modernization, leads to the devaluation of the meaning of human. Hence the need to re-conceptualize human nature emerges in such a way that the concept of human nature is necessary intertwined with the global processes and onto-epistemo-ethical aspects of the general worldview that designate the (self)understanding of contemporary culture. The aporetic structure of thinking poses a barrier to this goal. Its context of modern progress is based on the separation of nature and culture. The separation establishes an (im)possibility of answering the question whether the culture, as an expression of human nature, is a part of nature or the nature is, as a product of human comprehension, a part of culture. Instead of the posthuman strive to resolve this dilemma by abolishing the concept of human, which resolves neither ecological nor other types of crisis, the concept of human nature needs to be redefined.

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Волята за мислене. Ролята на волевата част от душата в познавателния процес

Author(s): Simeon Mladenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 26/2020

The current paper is part of a broader research, which is dedicated to tracing a possible influence of medieval will theories in the development of epistemology. According to our hypothesis, the emphasis on the freedom and autonomy of the will by some Franciscan authors has led to introducing new topics into the epistemological field. In the current text, we try to trace a couple of novelties that authors like Peter John Olivi, John Duns Scotus or William of Ockham introduced. Topics as freedom of judgment, comparing notions and propositions, perfecting knowledge or choosing the object of knowledge are all areas of the epistemology, which were discussed in the context of the will’s participation in acquiring knowledge. We try to show how similar ideas were already present by earlier medieval authors like Augustine but received their specific terminology and more detailed treatment in the High Medieval Period.

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Invasive Weeds in Parmenides’s Garden

Author(s): Olga Ramírez Calle / Language(s): English Issue: 60/2020

The paper attempts to conciliate the important distinction between what-is, or exists, and what-is-not, thereby supporting Russell’s existential analysis, with some Meinongian insights. For this purpose, it surveys the varied inhabitants of the realm of ‘non-being’ and tries to clarify their diverse statuses. The position that results makes it possible to rescue them back in surprising but non-threatening form, leaving our ontology safe from contradiction.

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MEDIATIONAL FIELDS AND DYNAMIC SITUATED SENSES

Author(s): Carlos Mario Márquez Sosa / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the notions of mediational fields and dynamic situated senses as a way to identify the structure of experiences, thoughts and their relations. To reach this purpose I draw some lessons from the debate between Dreyfus and McDowell about the structure of experience, from Cussins’s conception of mediational contents, and from Evans’s account of singular senses. I notice firstly that McDowell’s answer to Dreyfus consists in developing a practical and demonstrative notion of the products of our conceptual capacities. A conception that entails that human experience is not entirely characterised in terms of an abstract specification of truth-conditions. McDowell and Cussins endorse Evans’s conception of singular senses. A specification that takes into account the dynamic and situated abilities involved in making reference. Whereas the first argues in favour of a conceptual conception of experience, the second one argues in favour of a nonconceptual conception. I introduce the notions of mediational fields and dynamic situated senses to argue that both converge in conceiving the contents of experience as mediational and not reducible to an abstract specification of truth-conditions. My proposal is to define a bidimensional space orthogonal to the conceptual/ nonconceptual, experience/thought, know-how/know-that dichotomies. Cognitive contents are ways to disclose the world both as mediational fields and as referential structures. The degree in which those elements are presented determine different varieties of cognition. I use the previous notions to develop the sketch of an account of singular, objective and contextual ways of cognition, and to argue that it is better to begin an enquiry about cognition with notions that do not presuppose a distinction between practical and intellectual capacities.

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RETHINKING KNOWLEDGE-THAT AND KNOWLEDGE-HOW: PERFORMANCE, INFORMATION AND FEEDBACK

Author(s): Juan Felipe Miranda Medina / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

This work approaches the distinction between knowledge-how and knowledge-that in terms of two complementary concepts: performance and information. In order to do so, I formulate Ryle’s argument of infinite regress in terms of performance in order to show that Stanley and Williamson’s counterargument has no real object: both reject the view that the exercise of knowledge-that necessarily requires the previous consideration of propositions. Next, using the concept of feedback, I argue that Stanley and Williamson’s positive account of knowledge-how in terms of knowledge-that corresponds to the output of the comparison between an intention of action and the perceived outcome of performance. Then, I expound other theories of mind and cognition in which feedback and prediction play a fundamental role in order to explain other ways in which information intervenes in performance—i.e., information is construed as knowledge-that available at subject level that guides performance. Finally, I present some reflections on the impact of the concept of knowledge-how, and possible routes to continue our enquiry on the nature of knowledge.

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Osnovne teze koncepta narcističkog iskrivljenja

Author(s): Maja Milić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 33/2020

This paper offers the basic theses behind the concept of narcissistic distortion, which can take place in two directions – the paper explains subject formation and experience in so-called concave and convex narcissistic mirroring. The theory proposed in this paper largely relies on Lacan's mirror stage, and on his contribution to subject's development of self-consciousness through constitutive-imaginary dimensions of subjectivity. In cases of inserted concave or convex distortion, the subject locates themselves in the place of the Other, by identifying themselves with their own distorted mirror image in the Other. These distortions influence subject formation in a very concrete manner, carrying over the predisposition for certain instabilities in latter mirroring. The paper is illustrated with a case study aimed at easier understanding of the approach offered in it. It also provides a critical reflection on the possibility of plane mirror formation, as well as a detailed designation of convex distortion and four positions of concave narcissistic distortion.

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