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Ibn Sinaova vjerovjesnička filozofija

Author(s): Seyyed Hossein Nasr / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/2020

In this diligently written paper, the author presents the teachings of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) – one of the key figures in Islamic philosophy. At the beginning, he mentions the circumstances in which Ibn Sina was born and the vast opus of his works, whereupon he analyzes being and existence. After that, he discusses the arch of ascend and the arch of descend and also the transcendence of discursive knowledge in order to achieve enlightenment. A discourse about visionary narrations naturally follows. It is noteworthy that, according to the author, the philosophy of Ibn Sina, as well as the whole of Islamic philosophy, is essentially prophetic philosophy and that all its aspects are marked with religious significance in this way or that. The article also briefly reviews the eastern philosophy, which even today attracts the attention of many researchers who want to reconstruct it based on surviving works. In the end, a summarized presentation of Ibn Sina’s rediscovery is provided.

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Analiza Ibn Sinaove teorije o nedokazivosti Božijeg postojanja argumentom (apriornim argumentom)

Author(s): Sejjid Muhammed Entezam / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/2020

Ibn Sina believes that God’s existence cannot be proved with an a priori argument. By an apriori argument he thinks of an argument based on causal argumentation (an argument that flows form a cause to a consequence). After listing the types of arguments and their epistemological values, this paper analyses Ibn Sina’s view on the impossibility of providing an argument for God’s existence and his proofs for that. In the end of this paper, a conclusion is reached that not only is Ibn Sina’s “argument of the truthful” an a priori argument, but so are the arguments that take the creation as a basis for their argumentation and only appear to be a posteriori arguments (an argument that flows from a consequence to a cause), and all that based on the accepted principles in logic. Given that these arguments do not prove God’s existence directly, in relation to their conclusion they are a priori arguments essentially, and in relation to God they are a priori arguments accidently.

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Narracja autobiograficzna i języki dobra

Author(s): David Parker / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

Dobro jest suwerenne, twierdzi Iris Murdoch – w tym sensie, że podejmowanie decyzji etycznych wynika ze „struktur wartości” tworzonych wokół nas w ciągłym procesie uwagi moralnej skupionej na realiach codziennego życia. Ale w jakim stopniu można takie ujęcie dobra traktować poważnie? Starożytni filozofowie, zwłaszcza Platon, uznawali struktury wartości za rzeczywistość metafizyczną nieodłączną od wszechświata, nowożytny sceptycyzm jednak solidnie nadwyrężył to stanowisko.

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Enactment of Legal Rules as a Link to Philosophy and Politics

Author(s): Marek Zirk-Sadowski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The choice of the formula of justice is being made by a law enacting body. In a democratic state parliament, or a political body is the main source of formulae of justice, out of the nature of things dominated by political discourse. Here we touch the most significant problem of enacting fair and just law: considerations on the topic of justice reveal a connection of the choice of the formula of justice with philosophy. The compromise of philosophy co-acting in the twentieth century with totalitarian systems refuted then ultimately a myth about a possibility of direct translation of philosophical categories to political categories. The political practice of a liberal democratic state rejects the idea of metaphysics, which would determine the current purposes of the politics. There is a suggestion that democracy faces philosophy in the order of thinking. In spite of such attitude, the author decides to allow for philosophical establishing of the liberal-democratic state, but also allowing for the simultaneous realizing that it is by itself justified as the most reasonable political practice of the state. The philosophy may justify democracy only accepting in turn itself as a variant of a democratic discourse, although the only one which is able to have some distance to mere assumptions of philosophy, without ceasing in this way it is being a democratic discourse. Such philosophy is actually the hermeneutics of politics.

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Spór o istotę zła. Hannah Arendt w pismach Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego

Author(s): Paweł Panas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2020

The article attempts to trace Hannah Arendt’s presence in Gustaw Herling-Grudziński’s writing. The first time she appears in his texts is as the author of Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil – a book that the writer considered an exceptionally important voice in reflections about the nature of totalitarian systems and in the dispute over the nature of evil both in individual and metaphysical sense. Arendt’s analyses of basic dehumanisation mechanisms were close to him; he is fascinated by the soundness of Arendt’s key thesis on the ‘banality of evil.’ At the same time, Herling-Grudziński disputes with Arendt, indicating certain shortcomings in her thinking, mostly related to cognitive limitations resulting from her proposed take on the key problematics and partial disconsonance between theoretical disquisitions and existential experience. This criticism is limited and eventually Herling-Grudziński himself disputes with Arendt’s main critics. These issues are discussed in the final section of the article.

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Transcendentna teozofija Sadruddina Širazija

Author(s): Mohamed Jafer Zarean / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 87/88/2020

This work aims to briefly explore the foundations of the transcendental theosophy. It is necessary to introduce Sadriduddin Shirazi Mohammad as the founder of this branch. Also, after the short elaboration on the Shirazi’s theosophy, it is crucial to compare his theosophy with the peripatetic one, from one hand, and the enlightened one from the other hand. This comparison will clarify the notion of transcendental theosophy having its own system and sources, which are vastly different from the eclectic philosophy.

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Feng Shui Cosmology and Philosophy in Native Americans’ Worldview

Author(s): Sergii Rudenko,Yaroslav Sobolievskyi,Changming Zhang / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2021

In studying the characteristics of cultures, literature and philosophies of different civilisations, scholars inevitably wish to search for similar and different features inherent in particular societies. When this desire is completely justified, then certain questions remain that require additional reflection. For instance, studying the cosmological and natural-philosophical ideas inherent in Ancient China and among Native Americans, scholars face the difficult task of logically substantiating the possibility of studying these two diametrically opposed cultures together. This article is based on a general overview of cosmological and philosophical views in Ancient China and among Native Americans. The authors reveal an important principle that significantly distinguishes “non-Western” cultures and manifests itself in ethnocentrism and harmonization of the relationship between humans and nature (Feng shui). The article gives a logical basis for research and attempts to answer the question of whether Feng shui practice is a science or a religion. To this end, the legacy of Yang Yunsong, one of the founders of the teachings of Feng shui, a Chinese sage of the Tang era from Guangdong province, was studied. The authors suggest that Yang Yunsong’s cosmology, geomancy, and Feng shui practice have much in common with the worldview of indigenous peoples around the world, particularly the Native Americans.

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Трагедия жизни и мeтaфизика смерти в позднем творчестве Ивана Тургенева

Author(s): Wasilij Georgievich Szczukin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2020

The text of the article contains a series of reflections on the tragic concept of life and metaphysics of death in the works of Ivan Turgenev in the 1870s and early 1880s, which the reader can easily find in most of his works of this period. Life on earth is seen as a great universal tragedy, in which an individual human being is doomed to defeat in the fight against the metaphysical power of nature, with an iron necessity for death and mortal love disease – the most beautiful manifestation of humanity, which is also a death sentence. The precursor of Turgenev’s vision of the world was the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer; regardless of the author of Fathers and children, similar thoughts appear in the works of Charles Baudelaire and Guy de Maupassant. The authors emphasize two main reasons for Turgenev’s global pessimism: firstly, a personal tragedy associated with a deeply and deeply lived love for Paulina Viardot, condemned to failure; and secondly, the powerful influence of Neoplatonism and the pantheistic Romantic philosophy under the sign of Schelling, within which the writer’s views developed during his youth. An analysis of a number of works created in the last years of Turgenev’s life, in which pictures of the transcendent world or longing for it appear more and more frequently, as evidenced by the regularly occurring oneiric motifs and the motif of a meek expectation of death. At the same time, the writer defends the human right to a dignified death, appropriate to the inalienable dignity of every human being.

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Misterij, spiritualizam

Author(s): Zdravko Kordić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 120-121/2021

The mystery of the spirit and the spirit itself (spiritus) of the mysterious has been mentioned throughout the pre-Christian history, and especially Christianity itself is the central axis of the mystery of human mankind. God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit – the triune person is the first indication of something complex, something that can be even more complex than the mystical spirit; God, his brilliance; his omnipotence give us the strength to endure and look at the wounds of our living God Jesus Christ from the Christian point of view. Annunciation; the word is an indescribable mystery to be believed in if you are a Christian, it is not questioned – the service of the Blessed Virgin Mary for humanity to which she gave birth to the living God and by which Christianity is spiritually superior to all other religions shows and indicates the path of evangelization - where the Logos, the Word becomes God, it incarnated and eventually realized. Death, cruel and real, and the improbability of the resurrection for non-Christians - and the Resurrection and the return of Jesus among the disciples caused great enthusiasm. Is there a larger mystery? His journey to the Father, where he prepares place for his disciples and followers in Heaven, and then the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Is there a larger mystery? The incarnation of the Catholic Church as the mystical body of Jesus; holy sacraments. Bread (host) and wine - as body and blood of Christ, the one who does not eat or drink from that tree, shall not have eternal life. Our ordinary mysteries are only a part of that Divine plan and cannot be measured in anything; particularly today; aspiration to the secularization of society and people - where the people embrace the " things they use", but without soul, spirit and spirituality they cannot survive - and what is more mystical than the Holy Spirit!? To conclude, many philosophers, theologians, poets, artists are the ones who praise and laud sacramentally and in their own artistic way - mysteriously and spiritually.

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Being Outside the Decision-Loop: The Impact of Deep Brain Stimulation and Brain-Computer Interfaces on Autonomy

Author(s): Monika Michałowska,Łukasz Kowalczyk,Weronika Marcinkowska,Mikołaj Malicki / Language(s): English Issue: 56/2021

Recent advancements in new neural technologies raise bioethical concerns over personal autonomy, which they potentially threaten to diminish or entirely eliminate. Although caution in the application of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and braincomputer interfaces (BCIs) is explicitly urged in almost every study, the debate features a definitional void as to what notion of autonomy is actually adopted by the authors. The focus on autonomy has dominated the debate to such an extent that other essential values seem to be disappearing from the bioethical horizon, becoming less valued, less important, and less visible. This paper examines the autonomy-problem by probing whether DBS and BCIs indeed threaten personal autonomy. The impact of DBS and BCIs is studied on the examples of several illnesses, whereby the well-being of a person and the importance of informed consent are taken into account to assess the influence of these novel medical technologies on autonomy.

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Rilkeova oporuka. Nihilizam kao Unheimlichkeit. Zapisi uz Devinske elegije

Author(s): Žarko Paić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01+06/2021

Ima li poetski jezik smisao u doba znanstveno–tehničkoga nabačaja bitka i vremena? Nitko na to pitanje nije vjerodostojnije odgovorio od »posljednjeg pjesnika« s kojim se usahla moć modernosti uzdigla do znaka veličajne otmjenosti svijeta u rasapu. Već u prvoj od deset Devinskih elegija Rainer Maria Rilke pogađa u bit onoga što na metafizički neprovidan način spaja ljepotu i užas. Sjetimo se, dakle, pjeva s kojim otpočinje refleksivna analiza onoga što još nazivamo vremenom u značenju duhovnoga bitka kao sveze/odnosa čovjeka i njemu podobnoga svijeta. Rilke pritom ne uzima figuru anđela tek iz simboličke predaje kršćanstva. Mnogo je važnije nešto drugo. Naime, anđeo je ovdje posrednik između razdvojenih svjetova, onostranoga i ovostranoga. Ujedno je i navjestitelj budućega vremena i nositelj skrivenih značenja svjetovnosti svijeta.

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Sunkiomis ir nepagydomomis ligomis sergančių asmenų orumas gyvenimo pabaigoje. Teorinės empirinių tyrimų prielaidos

Author(s): Jolanta Kuznecovienė,Gvidas Urbonas,Eimantas Peičius,Rūta Butkevičienė,Kristina Astromskė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2021

The content of the concept of dignity and its application in empirical health research is widely debated and there is no consensus on the issue. The aim of this article is to provide a theoretical framework for empirical research on the assessment of the dignity of people with severe and incurable diseases at the end of their lives. Although the results of qualitative research in various countries show that the concept of dignity significantly correlates with indicators of autonomy, we argue that even if a relational autonomy approach that, compared with the classic concept of authonomy, is more reliable, still it addresses individual self-determination as a core element. So, the relational autonomy perspective disregards individuals who have lost rational thinking skills. Therefore, in research on the dignity of people with severe and incurable diseases, autonomy can be considered as a necessary but not sufficient component of operationalization of the concept of dignity. In our view, the relational authonomy approach could be supplemented with the care ethic approach. It leads to de-universalization of care needs, takes into account sociocultural context, individual situatedness, etc. We argue that the relational perspective which integrates the care ethic approach enables researchers to reveal multivocality of dignity which must become a central premise of dignity research.

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Jono Solsberiečio Polikratikas arba apie dvariškių pramogas ir filosofų užsiėmimus

Author(s): Johannes (John of Salisbury) Parvus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 107/2021

John of Salisbury, bishop of Chartres Policraticus, essay on the trifles of the courtiers and the footsteps of the philosophers. Revised and prolegomenis, with a critical apparatus, commentary, and bullets provided by C.I. Clemens Webb.Translated from Latin by Professor dr. Gintautas Vyšniauskas, Klaipeda University.

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Atnaujinto pašvęstojo gyvenimo esmė: „Perfectae caritatis“ refleksija

Author(s): Aušra Vasiliauskaitė (Sr. Gabrielė OSB) / Language(s): English Issue: 107/2021

This article emphasizes the essence of the renewal of religious life according to the decree of the Second Vatican Council, “Perfectae Caritatis.” The purpose and Christocentrism of religious life is revealed. Basing itself on observations of famous figures in the religious life, the concept of religious life is analyzed: reading signs of the time, noting the charisma of the founder, using given gifts, following Christ in solitude or in religious families. All of the executors of the renewal of religious life, whose duty is inner revival and external renovation, are named.

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Plotinas ir Proklas apie mąstymo gyvenimą

Author(s): Rasius Makselis / Language(s): English Issue: 108/2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the philosophical notion of the “life of Intellect“ as presented by Plotinus and Proclus – representatives of philosophical tradition of Neoplatonism. Different interpretations of the notion of the “life of Intellect,” presented by prominent scholars of 20th century Piere Hadot and A. H. Armstrong, require wider discussion of the concepts of “life” and “intellect” with clearer emphasis on their connections to such Neoplatonic concepts as “well being”, “contemplation”, “actuality” and others. An analysis of theories of Plotinus and Proclus on the “Life of Intellect” demonstrates that these philosophers developed different approaches in their attempts both to define the connection between notions of Being, Life, and Intellect and to explain the way in which this connection provides metaphysical background for the sensual appearances of life that we observe around us in nature. In most cases, however, their attempts to explain this connection provoke additional difficult questions.

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Jono Solsberiečio „Polikratikas” arba „Apie dvariškių pramogas ir filosofų užsiėmimus”

Author(s): Johannes (John of Salisbury) Parvus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 108/2021

Translated from Ioannis Saresberiensis episcopi Carnotensis Policratici sive De nugis curialium et vestigiis philosophorum libri 8; recognovit et prolegomenis, apparatu critico, commentario, indicibus instruxit Clemens C.I. Webb. 1909. Oxonii E Typographeo Clarendonianohttps://archive.org/details/ioannissaresberi01johnuoft/page/n13/mode/2up. Translated from Latin by Professor dr. Gintautas Vyšniauskas, Klaipeda University.

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Language and Anxiety and Despair in Kierkegaard

Author(s): Jacob Bøggild / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This essay explores the possible relationship between anxiety and despair in Kierkegaard. This means that two works of Kierkegaard are in focus: The Concept of Anxiety (1844) by the alleged pseudonym Vigilius Haufniensis and The Sickness unto Death (1849) by the alleged pseudonym Anti-Climacus – arguably Kierkegaard’s two most anthropological works. My main argument is that language as something fundamentally ambiguous is absolutely central to Kierkegaard’s understanding of the human being and therefore also to his conceptions of anxiety and despair. But as a writer, Kierkegaard is, consequently, facing a problematic which is linked to his use of pseudonyms: If language as something fundamentally ambiguous is the defining aspect of the human being, there is no way of escaping it and therefore, in a sense, no kind of metalanguage one can turn to. I explore how this fact is reflected in the two works in focus and how it affects the relationship between the two pseudonyms. This relationship turns out to be a volatile one in a way which challenges the idea, promoted by Kierkegaard himself, that Anti-Climacus, when compared to a pseudonym like Haufniensis, represents a higher kind of pseudonymity.

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ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПОНЯТИЯ «СТАТУСА ВЕЩЕЙ» В МЕТАФИЗИКЕ И ТЕОЛОГИИ ИЕЗУИТОВ КОНЦА XVI – ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ XVII ВВ.

Author(s): Vitaly Ivanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

This article is a study of a new type of metaphysics that arose within the tradition of scholastic philosophy and theology of the Jesuits by the middle of the 17th century. The article describes the opposition of the traditional and new understanding of scholastic metaphysics on the example of Fr. Suárez and S. Izquierdo. The formation of the ontological concept of "status of things" is identified as one of the key conditions and signs of this transformation of metaphysics. First, the formation of this concept is explored in the scholastic tradition preceding Izquierdo, namely in Fonseca, Suárez, Hurtado de Mendoza and Fabri, as a history of shifts in meaning and of the emergence of new contexts in which the term "status" was used. Second, we describe the systematic context of the doctrine of the status rerum in the universal theory of objects of human thought in Izquierdo's Pharus scientiarum (1659). Thirdly, we explicate the very concept of the status of a thing in the first philosophy of Izquierdo, its necessary connection with the concept of the objective truth of a thing, and also show the special significance of the first "quidditative status of things" as a whole set of objective truths underlying all demonstrative human sciences. Finally, the article points out that one of the essential features of Izquierdo's new metaphysics is the strengthening of the methodological nature of the universal science recorded in his treatise in comparison with the traditional Jesuit prototype in Suárez.

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Смисълът на Ницшевото разбиране за „вечното въз-връщане на същото“ като „преиначаване“ на метафизичното мислене във и отвъд интерпретацията на Хайдегер

Author(s): Nikolay Turlakov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2021

In this essay I make an attempt to clarify the ambiguous meaning of Heidegger’s interpretation of Nietzsche’s philosophy as metaphysics and as the end of metaphysics. My thesis is that the main problem and weakness in Heidegger’s interpretation of Nietzsche’s thought is ignoring the fundamental role and interpretation of Dionysian wisdom in Nietzsche’s conception of Being as will to power and eternal return of the same.

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ZWEI PHASEN IN DER ENTWICKLUNG DER UNTERSUCHUNG HEDWIG CONRAD-MARTIUS‘ ZUM SEIN DES MENSCHEN UND DER LEBEWESEN

Author(s): Simona Bertolini / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2021

Interest in the ontological constitution of living beings (with particular reference to the human being)characterizes the whole development of Hedwig Conrad-Martius’ philosophy. Several works written bythe philosopher over the years deal with both the phenomenological description and the ontologicalfoundation of the difference between plants, animals, and humans. Specifically, the ontological structureof the human being is investigated as a layered structure which presupposes those of plants andanimals while overcoming them in a more complex and spiritual unity, on which human freedom andhuman knowledge depend. Although this topic maintains a crucial role in Conrad-Martius’ thought,the way the philosopher addresses it and the theoretical results of her phenomenological-ontologicalinquiry about it do not remain unchanged. Indeed, the ontological structure at the basis of phenomenaldifferences as well as the metaphysical foundations of this structure change over the decades. This paperaims at distinguishing between two phases, characterized by different ontological categories, throughwhich Conrad-Martius’ anthropology and biological ontology develop. In the first phase, at the beginningof the twenties (precisely in her work Metaphysical Dialogues), the essential differences between plants, animals, and humans are explained with reference to a vital origin preceding the constitution of reality; to describe it Conrad-Martius employs terms such as “abyss” and “under-earthly realm.” In the second phase, exemplified by some writings published in the forties and the fifties, the reference to such a dimension disappears and the eidetic variety within the living world, including human specificity,is exclusively traced back to the finalistic substantiation of essences in the natural beings.

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