Институционализирането на позицията на лекаря хигиенист в България от Освобождението до Втората световна война

Author(s): Veronika Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 44/2/2015

This paper presents the research results of a part from my dissertation „Health, Disease and Hygiene: Towards Social Construction of the Citizen Body in the Interwar Period”. In the dissertation, I conducted a study of institutionalization of hygiene through law. The focus of the article is the difficult process of institutionalizing hygienist-doctors in Bulgaria from 1878 to 1939. The final form of institutionalization is shaped by the biopolitical project of the interwar period.

Kierkegaardův rytíř víry a jeho obraz v románech počátku 20. století

Author(s): Andrea Raušerová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2020

Kierkegaard’s Fear and Trembling analyses the biblical figure of Abraham, who was supposed to sacrifice his son Isaac, an act he calls “a knight of faith’ s conduct”. As other authors add, there are different aspects of behaviour – order, decision, jump, sacrifice and silence. We have borrowed the concept and applied it to two novels: Troje paměti Víta Choráze (The Three Memoirs of Vít Choráz) by Julius Zeyer and Hécate by Pierre Jean Jouve. Both transform this concept but show this knight of faith according to the abovementioned attributes as well.

Skúsenosť lásky a jej diskurz: Marionova fenomenológia a mystika

Author(s): Martin Vašek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2020

The aim of this article is to approach the proximity of Jean-Luc Marion’s phenomenology to mysticism. Marion’s transcendence to mysticism can be seen in two directions: in the interpretation of Dionysius the Areopagite’s work, and in the understanding of saturated phenomena. Marion claims that Dionysius the Areopagite indicates a new pragmatic function of language, targeting God who overcomes all the names. The discourse of hymn and praise of God does not lie in predicting attributes (positive or negative). It is not a masked prediction, but it is outside the dual framework of true and false. Marion also believes that man, as an image of God, is not equal to his icon. His reflections can be understood and interpreted in such a way that two incomprehensible and loving beings come together in the encounter of God and man. Here we can see the first condition, assumption and the very possibility of mysticism as such. The intersections of phenomenology and literature are obvious, but phenomenology still remains both an invitation and a challenge for literary theory.

Philosophy of Medicine

Author(s): Julia Vasseva-Dikova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Heidegger’s Political Anthropology

Author(s): Harald Seubert / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2024

The article is an in-depth review of the origin and development of Martin Heidegger's philosophical ideas with a main emphasis on his political anthropology. The basic concepts of Heidegger's philosophical system, as well as the social and political conditions of their formation and change, are examined in detail. In the text, lines are devoted both to the influence of Heidegger's philosophy and to the evaluations of it by the philosopher's contemporaries and later researchers. The idea that the story of Heidegger's life cannot be separated from his thinking is successfully defended, especially since his political ideas or delusions have a concrete origin in the social and conceptual processes of Europe in the middle of the 20th century.

Пътеводител във философската грамотност

Author(s): Liliya Sazonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2024

Екзистенциализмът в ранното творчество на Асен Игнатов

Author(s): Georgi Belogashev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The article explores Ignatov’s scientific interest in humanism, the place of the individual in the social structure, the various consequences of this position, dogmatism, anti-dogmatism, and other issues related to socio-historical reality.

The Unpolitical Foundation of Political Realism

Author(s): Denis Kirov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

This article aims at exploring political realism and, in particular, examining the way in which the fundamental definition of international relations theory is formulated. The main thesis is that the way in which the concept of realism is structured conflicts with the inherent meaning of the proposition of ‘political realism’ because it ignores the essence of the concept of the ‘political’. This conflict is expressed in defining realism entirely in terms of and within the conceptual field of ethics. Realism thus becomes not an essentially political theory but a moral-normative one, which takes away its explanatory potential. The only way to overcome this theoretical obstacle is through changing the presuppositions of realism with those belonging to political reality.

The Success of Philosophy by Umberto Galimberti

Author(s): Nora Goleshevska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

Nietzsche's Labyrinth(s)

Author(s): Yvanka Raynova / Language(s): English,German Issue: 1/2024

Editorial for the Special Issue on Nietzsche by Yvanka B. Raynova

The Courage to Be and Types of Anxiety in the Theological Metaphysics of Paul Tillich

Author(s): Marius Cucu,Oana Lența / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The metaphysical theology proposed by Paul Tillich offers the perspective of a constant connection between the human existential journey and the problem of Non-Being. Centered on the idea of Being, both metaphysics and theology seem to place the issue of Nothingness, of Emptiness, in the background. In reality, the dialectic between Being and Non-Being constitutes the central dynamic for the entire evolution of existence and, likewise, of human thought. Confrontation with Non-Being becomes one of the most important sources of reflection and fundamental ontic experiences. From Non-Being arises anxiety, manifesting in multiple forms that appear equally devastating to our consciousness. A natural question would be: how did those in the past overcome anxiety, and how can we do so today? Paul Tillich believes we are mistaken. Anxiety cannot truly be overcome; instead, it can and must be assimilated—otherwise, convulsive despair could overwhelm the consciousness.

Международный Научный Семинар «Трансцендентальный Поворот В Современной Философии — 9: Метафизика, Эпистемология, Теория Сознания, Когнитивистика И Искусственный Интеллект, Теология»

Author(s): ANNA SHIYAN / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2024

This text provides an overview of the International Scientific Workshop (Conference) “Transcendental Turn in Contemporary Philosophy — 9: metaphysics, epistemology, theory of consciousness, cognitive science and artificial intelligence, theology”, held in Moscow on April 11–13, 2024, at the sites of the State Academic University of the Humanities and the Russian State University for the Humanities. The review examines both the reports on Kant’s transcendental metaphysics, made at the session “How metaphysics (as a science) is possible: on the way to transcendental metaphysics”, dedicated to the 300thanniversary of I. Kant, and reports on phenomenological problems, which were heard at the sessions “The Transcendental subject: Plato, Kant, Husserl”, “Transcendentalism and Phenomenology — 1:consciousness and cognition”, “Transcendentalism and phenomenology — 2: consciousness and reality” ,“How is transcendental theology possible?” and “Transcendentalism, cognitive science and the problems of AI”. The author analyses the reports of the seminar participants, grouping them around topics and problems, to certain extents covered in these reports: the project of Kant’s transcendental metaphysics, the peculiarities of the phenomenological approach to consciousness, the status and understanding of reality in phenomenology, the concept of a transcendental subject in a historical and philosophical perspective, etc. This approach makes it possible to present the current field of work of modern transcendentalists and phenomenologists and identify areas of future possible research.

Descartes’ Order of Discovery and AI

Author(s): Fu-Shoun Mao / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

The Cartesian order of discovery, as a rubric for a system of human understanding, was an early realization of Enlightenment principles in epistemology. It remains influential to this day and can be recognized in the development of AI technologies, most visibly in machine learning and the model of the knowledge-based agent. Descartes’ calcul géométrique, a forerunner to analytic geometry, is foundational to the machine learning algorithms that power autonomous learning agents. And, in a manner after the Cartesian deduction, the knowledge-based agent constructs its worldview from the axioms of its knowledge base via logical and discursive operations. Beyond methodology, the logic of Cartesian order obtains a distinctive ontology, as in the belief in artificial general intelligence. This rationale for AGI veers toward the kind of ontological argument that would be familiar to Descartes, with the human subject replaced by the computer and the supremely perfect being personified in AGI.

Относно (не)възможността да се сведе семантическото до психологическо – проектът на Стивън Шифър

Author(s): Denitsa Zhelyazkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

Stephen Schiffer is a professor of philosophy at New York University. His field of study includes Philosophy of language, Epistemology and Philosophy of consciousness. He wrote several important works: Meaning (1972), Intention-Based Semantics (1982), Remnants of Meaning (1987), and The Things We Mean (2003). Schiffer established himself in philosophical circles as a direct follower of Paul Grice, who developed and largely radicalized his philosophical work. In this paper, I focus on the starting premises of Schiffer's theory, on the so-called "intention-based semantics", whose main motive is to reduce the semantic to the psychological. Since the main motive of Schiffer's theory is implicit in Grice's works, I first undertake to make it apparent through an analysis of Grice's primary texts. Then, quite generally, I derive some important consequences for analytic philosophy from Grice's assumptions. Finally, I discuss the possibility of reducing the semantic to the psychological, by revising Schiffer's theory.

Онтология Non Finito

Author(s): Vassil Vidinsky / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The article addresses key ontological issues related to the book“What is Ontology? Counter Definitions” (2023) by Dimitar Vatsov and BoyanManchev. The analysis is divided into five parts: (1) The first part outlines thebroader philosophical context and the contemporary Bulgarian intellectualmilieu. (2) The second part examines the discourse on what exists, how ontologyis conducted, whether it can be normative, and critically assesses whether thisdiscipline can be considered subjective. (3) The third part is brief, highlightingthe limitations of using definitions and axioms in philosophy. (4) The fourth partexplores specific case studies: existence as a quality, actuality as presentism, therole of contingency, the resistance and mutation of bodies, and concludes with thecentral theme of natural language and its relationship to existence. (5) The final section highlights several strengths of the book and calls for broader discussion within the philosophical community.

The Limits of Philological Reading – Some Observations on the Internal Limits in The Humanities

Author(s): Ivan Popov / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The article deals with the problem of the boundaries in contemporary humanities – if “everything is a text” and the process of assimilation and interpretation of new meanings is fundamentally open and infinite, then do we have any grounds to distinguish between different kinds of understanding of the cultural phenomena surrounding us? The central thesis of the article is that precisely those claims that are theoretical in nature should be read and discussed in a way that is alien to the philological perspective. However, this is not necessarily a problem – the internal heterogeneity of humanitarian thinking may be an advantage considering the point of development reached in the “camp” of the natural sciences.

Синтетично-диеретичната аргументативна грешка: логика и логос в Аристотеловите трактати Реторика и за Софистическите опровержения

Author(s): Gerasim Petrinski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The present study focuses on the so-called ‘fallacy of combination and division’ or ‘synthetic-dieretic fallacy,’ as discussed by Aristotle in his treatises‘Rhetoric’ and ‘On Sophistical Refutations.’ Despite significant scholarly interestin these manipulative maneuvers over the last two decades, there is no agreementregarding the notable discrepancies observed in the two works regarding defini-tions and the examples the philosopher employs to illustrate them. The thesis to bedefended is that these are not two entirely different phenomena but rather two dis-tinct approaches applied by Aristotle to refute the paradoxes used in the Megarianschool of philosophy to seemingly disprove the concept of the static (εἶναι) natureof being and ‘prove’ their idea of an eternally changing dynamic world (γίγνεσθαι).A new approach will be proposed towards the specific argumentative fallacies and linguistic means underlying the logic-linguistic phenomena described by Aristotle.

Pride, Reason and Salvation. Reflections on the Meaning of Thomas More’s Utopia

Author(s): Svetoslav Malinov / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The aim of this paper is to recover the original intention of Thomas More in creating the fictional island depicted in his book Utopia. Drawing on Erasmus’ 1519 letter, the author suggests beginning with Book II and analysing it separately from Book I. This approach allows for an exploration of the tension between its eutopian and dystopian aspects. The claim that through its unique institutions (notably the abolition of private property) Utopia has successfully eliminated pride, deemed the root of all social evils, is scrutinized and revised. While Utopians are neither perfect nor sinless, their religious evolution offers more grounds for optimism than disappointment.

Прекосявайки с Хегел зоните на късносъветската (анти)утопия

Author(s): Vladimir Sabourin / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

During the late Soviet era, science fiction was one of the first zones of its ideological cosmos, registering the exhaustion of the communist utopia precisely within the literary genre aimed at its representation. In this articleI consider the history of the “editing to death” of the Strugatsky brothers’ shortnovel Roadside Picnic as a representative case of the anti-utopian “uneasiness incivilization” of late actually existing socialism. Simultaneously with the censorshiptaming of the uneasiness, the Strugatsky’s science fiction dystopia underwent aradical interpretation in Andrei Tarkovsky’s film adaptation Stalker as a Hegelian“good music with text”. In comparison to the censored edition, which is barely a timid emendation, ultimately yearning modestly for a good life during the most consumeristic and moderately repressive years of Soviet power, Tarkovsky’ s aesthetically singular re-reading is truly a “Zone” of editing to death.

Pasja poszukiwania sensu życia w ujęciu Barbary Skargi

Author(s): Wacław Branicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 69/2025

The main research question is: what factors allowed Barbara Skarga to maintain a sense of life during her ten-year captivity in a Soviet camp, as well as after returning to her homeland. The method of existential and ethical analysis was used. The reconstruction of her experience and philosophy of life was made on the basis of her letters, autobiographical memories, interviews and essays. Attention was paid to those factors that were important for sustaining and deepening the meaning of one’s life. The most important factors that make it possible to experience the meaning of one’s life are a high level of self-awareness, the ability to constructively experience ontic solitude, the experience of oneself as a unique individuality, the ability to maintain moral agency, the experience of moral values as objectively existing, the experience of gratitude for the gift of being, the practice of unselfish thinking, the awakening of the desire to understand other people, and the experience of goodness as an ideal reality made present in the physical world.