Aksjomatyczne ujęcia genidentyczności według Zdzisława Augustynka. Część I. Porównanie systemów

Author(s): Marek Porwolik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (99)/2017

The existence of objects in time or, generally speaking, the existence of objects that are subject to change can be described using the notion of genidentity (genetic identity). Zdzisław Augustynek devoted a number of works to this issue, and Mariusz Grygianiec offered valuable commentaries. Augustynek tried to specify this notion by means of axiomatic definitions. He presented three sets of specific axioms. They delimit sets of theses, called systems by Augustynek and marked as AS1, AS2, and AS3. Apart from the term genidentity (G), the axioms also contain the following terms: logical identity (I), quasi-simultaneity (R), quasi-collocation (L), and causality (H). They represent binary relations whose field is the set of events S. The axioms also involve symbols of the complements of these relations: genetic difference (G*), logical difference (I*), time separation (R*), space separation (L*), and the complement of H (H*). The results obtained by Augustynek and Grygianiec can be supplemented or even corrected in some places. This fact motivated me to analyze systems AS1, AS2, and AS3 once again. The results are presented in two separate articles: Part I (this paper) and Part II (to be published in Filozofia Nauki 25(4) [100]). The first aim of Part I is to present the set-theoretic approach to the analysis of Augustynek’s systems. Although the specific axioms themselves are expressed in the language of the algebra of sets, their analysis was conducted by Grygianiec in the classical predicate calculus. The set-theoretic approach facilitates the analysis of the sets of specific axioms. Accordingly, I present the specific axioms of systems AS1, AS2, and AS3 in the language of algebra of sets, illustrating them with Venn diagrams for five sets, expressing the specific axioms of the analyzed systems with the use of the theory of components, showing exemplary sets fulfilling those axioms, and formulating preliminary remarks concerning the relationships among systems AS1, AS2, and AS3. The second aim of Part I is to use the presented method to compare the three systems. The most important stages include formulating and justifying theses concerning: (i) the relationships among systems AS1, AS2, and AS3, (ii) supplementary axioms that cause a mutual equivalence of the axioms when added to systems AS1, AS2, and AS3, and (iii) selected relationships that can be identified on the basis of systems AS1, AS2, and AS3. Next, I correct certain conclusions concerning systems AS1, AS2, and AS3 from Augustynek’s and Grygianiec’s works, show a method of creating alternative axioms for systems AS1, AS2, and AS3, and suggest methods for further modifications of axioms of these systems.

Aksjomatyczne ujęcia genidentyczności według Zdzisława Augustynka. Część II. Definicje warunkowe

Author(s): Marek Porwolik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4 (100)/2017

The results obtained by Zdzisław Augustynek and Mariusz Grygianiec can be supplemented or even corrected in some places. This fact motivated me to analyze systems AS1, AS2, and AS3 once again. The results are presented in two articles. The aim of Part I (Porwolik 2017) was to present the set-theoretic approach to the analysis of Augustynek’s systems and to use the presented method to compare the three systems. Part II (this paper) is devoted to conditional definitions describing relations present in the systems. In one of his works, Augustynek posed a number of questions regarding the possibility of formulating conditional definitions of a certain type, which might refer to the notions included in his axioms. He did not answer all of these questions, and my aim is to complete this task. Apart from that, I analyze the problem of reducing Augustynek’s systems to conditional definitions containing the necessary condition and the sufficient conditio of a selected notion from these systems. At the same time, I prove that Augustynek’s systems can be reduced to certain conditional definitions (that they are equivalent to them), including the ones containing two conditions of genidentity: the sufficient condition and the necessary condition. I also argue that in AS2 it is possible, with the use of normal (equivalence) definitions, to define two relations: logical identity (I) and logical difference (I*). For the other relations a definitione of this type does not exist in the analyzed systems.

Aktualność krytyki ekonomii politycznej. Przyczynek do praktycznofilozoficznej dialektyki u Marksa

Author(s): Wolfdietrich Schmied-Kowarzik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2016

Karl Marx is forgotten today as a philosopher, not because he had failed, but because of his critique of political economy, which is not understood based on its practical philosophical core. Critique of political economy is negative theory, which is committed to the task of unveiling the negativity of capitalist normative theory. It is not find justification in itself, but its justification lies exclusively in the preceding her early writings of Marx. At its foundation is not the way to build a solidaristic and ecological economy; the only its importance lies in the practical and philosophical awareness that the normative logic of capital, killing man and nature, we must overcome.

Aktuelnost Fihteovog poimanja transcendentalnog Ja i psihološkog Ja za savremenu filozofiju duha (II deo)

Author(s): Andrija Jurić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2021

The author emphasises the importance of Fichte’s ideas from the Wissenschaftslehre for the contemporary philosophy of mind and the problem of consciousness and self-consciousness. Inspired by Henrich’s work on Fichte’s original insight and by subsequent Frank’s widening of the problem in connection with contemporary analytic theories, I point out some rudimentary intersection of ideas and problems. These problems include, but are not limited to: (1) the difference between I-subject (conceptualised as the always-subject of consciousness) and I-object (that same I-subject taken as an object for itself); (2) the problem of the relation of the I (self-consciousness) and consciousness – how exactly is the I ‘in’ consciousness? This issue is best expressed in the egological and nonegological theories of consciousness. This point will be expanded into (3) differentiation of self-consciousness as sui generis mode of consciousness and consciousness proper, or intentional consciousness that has a (proper) object. The former cannot be explained by the latter on the basis of its immediacy, directedness, and pre-reflectivity – consciousness can’t “have” itself as an object for itself and yet, always be able to recognize itself in its object. The egology of Wissenschaftslehre sees the I as, at the same time, pure, transcendental, and logical, and yet as concrete and individual. This enables self-consciousness to no longer be explained by reflection and object consciousness, but at the same time opens the problem of the nature of that self-relation of consciousness and the original duplicity contained in it. It shall be demonstrated that (self-)consciousness is the condition of possibility of (self-)reflection and not the other way around. I will also argue for the role of immediate and pre-reflective self-awareness in the agency of the subject and as his basis of action in the world – an activity which doesn’t have an immediate relation to the I, or the self (in such a way that the I is aware that ‘it’ did that), should be regarded as a nonconscious activity, not different from sleepwalking. Yet, the Kantian problem of the relation between the pure I and the psychological I (or self) will be left unanswered. The proposed solution will be that the I in itself is self-conscious, but is not conscious – meaning that it ‘is’, yet any explicit consciousness of it renders it as an object. In other words: we can be conscious of an object and at the same time self-conscious (not as a consciousness of self, but as ‘auto-consciousness’). The benefit of this solution is that it still leaves open the possibility to be conscious of oneself as an object and remain self-conscious at the same time. But, the proposed solution is faulty in its own way, because it doesn’t account for the original “duplicity” in self-consciousness, i.e. that the I is and at the same time is for itself. Nevertheless, insights Fichte has made are invaluable for the conceptualization of consciousness and self-consciousness in contemporary theories and should be analyzed, if for nothing else, then to better formulate and explicate those notions.

Aktyviosios mokyklos idėjų atspindys J. Laužiko didaktinėse pažiūrose

Author(s): Stasė Valatkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/1991

Jonas Laužikas (1903-1980) savo darbuose daug dėmesio skyrė užsienio pedagoginei minčiai studijuoti. Jis buvo gerai susipažinęs su XIX a. pab. - XX a. pr. pedagoginėmis srovėmis (darbo, veiklos mokykla, veiksmo, eksperimentinė, asmenybės, pragmatistinė, estetinio auklėjimo, egzistencialistine ir kt. pedagogikos srovėmis), su užsienio pedagogų praktine patirtimi. Ypač daug dėmesio Laužikas skyrė Vokietijos naujosioms mokykloms, kurių ne tik teorijas, bet ir praktinę patirtį buvo itin nuodugniai išstudijavęs ir radęs vertingų dalykų.

Alexander of Aphrodisias on Syllogistic Reasoning

Author(s): Sergei Garin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The article deals with ancient ideas on the nature of syllogistics on the example of Empire's official Peripatetic philosopher, Alexander of Aphrodisias. We interpret Alexander's position on the syllogistic form as a theory of constant function. Alexander offers a conjunctive and purely formal understanding of the nature of syllogistic necessity. This approach to the modal properties of assertoric judgments differs from Theophrastus’ ontological position, who believed that modal characteristics of assertoric premises are determined by looking to the state-of-affairs to which they refer. Also the paper examines Theophrastus’ legacy of hypothetical syllogisms related to Alexander. Stoic and Peripatetic versions are also compared against the background of Alexander's logical amalgamation. The article elucidates late “Peripatetic conservatism” regarding the hypothetical syllogistics. We discuss the syntax of propositional / term relations (ei to A, to B), tackling the problem of grammatical ellipsis.

Alice Returns From Wonderland

Ontological Frameworks for Explanation from Contemporary Quantum Theories

Author(s): Mladen Domazet,Mladen Domazet / Language(s): English

Alice returns from Wonderland discusses scientific explanation and its importance for scientific knowledge. The classical ideal of coherence and completeness of physics was shaken in the early 20th century with the appearance of quantum mechanics, and this opened the floodgates of skepticism about the explanatory potential of science. Through extensive examination of principle and constructive approaches to methodology and explanation in quantum theory, Domazet discusses realist and antirealist approaches to scientific enterprise as a whole. The need for modification of the everyday conceptual framework through modification of some foundational units of the realist material ontology arises. The book argues for the reintroduction of the metaphysical component of science; to base explanations of empirical phenomena on ontological commitments. Despite the unfamiliar phenomena like quantum teleportation, imaginary Alice finds a way to hold on to familiar macroscopic objects, as one of many instances of durable generalized objects subjected not only to spatio-temporal constrictions but also to ontologically primitive fundamental laws of temporal evolution.

ALICJA KUCZYŃSKA’S SOCIAL AESTHETICS

Author(s): Irena Wojnar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The paper examines some rare specific features of Alicja Kuczyńska’s aesthetics. Itis demonstrated that Kuczyńska connects the field of aesthetics to the realm of philosophicalanthropology and social philosophy. Her interdisciplinary approach is based onpostulated bonds between art, society, aesthetics and sociology.

Allocating Hospital Beds in the Pandemic

Author(s): Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek,Peter Singer / Language(s): English Issue: 60/2022

The Covid-19 pandemic put the views of bioethicists on the allocation of scarce health care resources to the test. We consider positions taken by medical organizations and national ethics councils in Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, Germany and Sweden. In several statements from these bodies, the concept of human dignity plays a central role. We argue that the use of this concept does not stand up to ethical scrutiny, and instead defend the view that decisions on the allocation of scarce resources should be guided by the goal of maximizing the net benefits to those affected. We conclude by asking whether the fact that, in some regions, after vaccination became widely available, the scarcity of hospital beds was largely caused by members of the community choosing not to be vaccinated against the virus that causes Covid-19 should play a role in allocating resources to unvaccinated people who subsequently became ill from that virus.

ALTERITÄT, FAKTIZITÄT UND STIFTUNG DER ENDLICHEN FREIHEIT BEI LEVINAS. EIN VERGLEICH MIT FICHTE

Author(s): GIULIO MARCHEGIANI / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

Starting with the emphasis that Levinas puts on the role of otherness in the constitution of subjective dimension, this paper discusses how the articulation of this process and the consequences that derive from it recall specifically Fichtean themes. Although the relation between Levinas and Fichte has not been thoroughly examined in the literature yet, it can nevertheless be shown that themes such as the “call” of the subject from the outside, from the unattainable dimension of an otherness irreducible to any immanence and the factual and finite character of its correlative freedom can be understood by reference to the categories that Fichte develops in his texts on law and morals. The reference to Fichte, who already in his considerations on the Wissenschaftslehre recognizes an external Ansto. as determining the reality of the subject, will allows to elucidate the fundamental structure of Levinas’ thought. Particular attention is paid in Levinas to the belonging of otherness to an immemorial past, which in the impossibility of being traced back to the presence of consciousness finds the guarantee of its radical transcendence. Thus, another temporal (or rather, extra-temporal) dimension is configured which also in Fichte refers to an “exteriority” that cannot be assumed by the subject, but only ascertained a posteriori, hence its factual character. Through an interpretation of the fundamental meaning that the primacy of otherness over sameness has in Levinas and the attempt to reflect this relationship through the reference to similar Fichtean motifs, it becomes clearer that the basic meaning of a radical thought of otherness does not cancel the sameness of subject, but on the contrary allows to found it by connecting it to its constitutive, unavoidable heteronomy.

Alternativat e liberalizmit

Author(s): Dritan Dragusha / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 5/2015

Atëherë kur të gjithë po prisnin fundin e nacionalizmit dhe të ideologjive të ndryshme radikale, vizioneve konservative të ndërtuara mbi premisa lokaliste/tradicionale, paradoksalisht, filloi shfaqja e sërishme e impulseve radikale pothuajse kudo në botë.

ALTERNATYWIZM, DYSJUNKTYWIZM I PLURALIZM DOŚWIADCZENIOWY

Author(s): Paweł Zięba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The claim currently known as “disjunctivism” is usually interpreted in terms of exclusive disjunction. However, it can be also explicated through the lens of alternative denial. The aim of this paper is to show that the latter interpretation is more accurate. Firstly, it reflects the core of disjunctivism more precisely. Secondly, it reduces metaphysical weight of the claim, thereby making it more plausible.

Amor Fati като Дионисиев императив

Author(s): Antoan Asenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2022

Amor fati – love of fate. In the late years of his life, Nietzsche was obsessed with this theme: the need to love one’s destiny and to accept every single event and occurrence in life as a building part of one’s personal essence. He considered amor fati as an imperative and as “the highest state a philosopher can attain”: „that one wants nothing to be different, not forward, not backward, not in all eternity. Not merely bear what is necessary, still less conceal it – but love it.” Dionysian affirmation of life – those are the words Nietzsche uses to describe this highest state. In the same time, throughout his development as a thinker, Nietzsche accentuates the completely accidental character of all being, its initial irrationality, its absence of meaning, its complete purposeless. What are the implications of fate in a philosophy that places chaos and chance at the very heart of existence? This is the main question I try to answer here.

AN ACTIVISTIC AND RELATIONAL AXIOLOGY OF A UNIVERSALISTIC PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE

Author(s): Józef L. Krakowiak / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

My reflection is dedicated to a universalist and personalistic conception of Andrzej Grzegorczyk and his main idea on deriving the sphere of spiritual values from vital ones. I try to interpret Andrzej Grzegorczyk’s ethics in a broad way, that is, as a univer-salistic philosophy of life. I mean by “philosophy of life” the basic aspect of the practi-cal realization of values, that is, social life as an attitude to fate. I use Martin Heidegger’s concept of human handiness, filtered through its use by Grzegorczyk, as a tool of exposing vitality values (generated the organs of the human body) which grow into universal spiritual values.

An Aristotelian Naturalist Perspective on Artificial Nutrition and Hydration

Author(s): Paolo Biondi / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2016

This polemical note looks at the ethical issue of providing artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) to patients with advanced dementia from the perspective of an Aristotelian and naturalist ethics. I argue that this issue may be considered in terms of the Aristotelian notion of eudaimonia, well-being. I present a number of facts about the conditions of human life that contribute to eudaimonia. In addition, I present a number of facts about advanced dementia as well as clarify the goals of medicine. From these facts, I argue that we are not ethically obligated to provide ANH to this class of patients.

An Examination of Superluminal Motion

Author(s): Argun Abrek Canbolat / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

In this work, the debate between Yuri Balashov and Hud Hudson is reviewed in terms of the views put forward by Tim Maudlin. It seems that Maudlin’s view can shed light on the debate and may ensure new discussions and perspectives. Hudson, posing an interesting thought experiment, says that superluminal motion is possible whereas Balashov argues to the contrary. If we take into account what Tim Maudlin suggests in the first chapter of his book The Metaphysics within Physics, namely, that “laws of nature ought to be accepted as ontologically primitive,” we can interpret Balashov-Hudson debate from a new perspective. It can be said that Balashov would be taking a step forward if we were to take into account Maudlin perspective.

ANALELE UNIVERSITĂȚII DIN CRAIOVA. SERIA FILOSOFIE

Frequency: 2 issues / Country: Romania

<p>The journal appeared in 1976 with the title Annals of the University of Craiova. Philosophy, Sociology, History, and it held this title until 1994. Between 1995 -1996 it was called Annals of the University of Craiova, Philosophy - Sociology Series. Between 1997-1998 it was called Annals of the University of Craiova, Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology and Pedagogy Series. Between 1999-2005 it was called Annals of the University of Craiova, Philosophy, Sociology, Political Science Series. Since 2005 it is called Annals of the University of Craiova Philosophy Series. The journal is edited by the Department of Philosophy of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Craiova and it is printed at the Universitaria Publishing House, Craiova. The journal is biannual (the first issue appears in June, the second in December), and it publishes articles written in Romanian, English, French, German, Spanish, Italian. The journal publishes philosophical articles. It cultivates the traditional lines of philosophical research (history of philosophy, ontology and metaphysics, social and moral-political philosophy, ethics, aesthetics and philosophy of art, logic, theory of knowledge, epistemology, philosophy of science, philosophy of history, philosophy of culture, philosophy of religion, philosophy of language, philosophical anthropology) but is also open to newer trends (applied ethics, philosophy of communication, philosophy of mind and cognitive sciences, argumentation theory, critical thinking, gender studies, philosophy of imaginary, philosophy of education, philosophy of economics, philosophy of law, applied philosophy, theory of social responsibility). In the pages of the journal publish authors from Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary,India, Italy, Japan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, USA. The journal is indexed in SCOPUS, Philosopher&rsquo;s Index, European Reference Index for the Humanities (ERIH Plus, Philosophy), Regesta Imperii - Akademie der Wissenschaften und der literatur Mainz, ICI World of Journal, EBSCO and Central and Eastern European Online Library - CEEOL.</p>

ANALIZA PORÓWNAWCZA ANTYESENCJALISTYCZNEJ I INSTYTUCJONALNEJ TEORII SZTUKI

Author(s): Jędrzej Janicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2018

The aim of this article is to assess critically and compare Morris Weitz’s anti-essentialist theory of art to George Dickie’s institutional one. The comparison is based on a so-called Auschwitz incydent. The article shows both differences and similarities in described theories. The scope of interest is limited to the XXth Century art, since works from this period question traditionally understood meaning of art. In the article are also briefly mentioned other concepts of art (e.g. Clive Bell’s) and the idea of artworld proposed by Arthur C. Danto, which served later as basis for other theories. The article shows that the two described theories are rather complementary than contradictory to each other.

Antyutopia i utopia. Granice w powieści "Mięso" Martina Harníčka

Author(s): Aleksandra Paluch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2014

The novel “Meat” by Martin Harníček is thought provoking. It calls the reader to reflections on consumption which has been reduced to the factor determining our survival. Anti-utopian surrounding called “a city” does not consist of many elements. It is rather a picture of self-destruction. The only thing its citizens want is to survive. It can be ensured by the title “meat”. Limits in the novel are related to topography which divides good from evil. What is more, they are based on human psychic. There is a certain dependence on rules, orders and prohibitions, beliefs, and also instincts that were inculcated in an individual. The main character of the novel keeps crossing the limits and, as a result, he must bear responsibility for that.

Anxiety and Kierkegaard’s Angest

Author(s): Adrian Arsinevici / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This is a translator’s inquiry into what one may call the untranslatability, or near-untranslatability, of a Kierkegaardian concept. The article consists of five sections. Section I (Translating Angest) presents my personal reasons for embarking on this article. Since Kierkegaard employs Angest both colloquially and as a concept, Section II (Colloquial Angst) is a brief presentation of the general definition and uses of this word in everyday Danish, and Section III (Kierkgaard’s Angest) is an analysis and panoramic view of Angest as concept, based on quotations extracted mainly from Begrebet Angest. Section IV (German Angst, English ‘anxiety’, Danish Angest) is a short semi-historical presentation of some previous attempts to find and establish a suitable equivalent for Angest. Section V (The Conceptual Inheritance of Søren Kierkegaard) reiterates the idea that Angest, as a Kierkegaardian, Nordic concept, is not suitable for rendering into another language because too many of its connotations and original meanings would be lost in translation.