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Transcendental Constitution of World and Ego Observations on Heidegger’s Perception of Kant

Author(s): Harald Seubert / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Immediately after his ultimately fragmented main work “Being and Time” (1927), Heidegger had a phase of intensive engagement with Kant, especially his main work “Critique of Pure Reason” (1781). Kant’s topos of the “metaphysics of metaphysics” thus plays a central role. This figure of thought is of central importance not only for the interpretation of Kant, but also for the history of modern philosophy after Kant and after idealist philosophy.

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Theory of Cognition and Practical Interest in Kant: on the Distinction Between Appearance and Thing in Itslef

Author(s): Aliki Lavranu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article examines the significance of the distinction between phenomena and things in themselves for the foundation of Kantian practical reason. It holds that this distinction acquires its full meaning and the entire gamut of its validity only in the sphere of practical reason. In this way, it attempts to show that the Kantian epistemological distinctions and the fundamental steps in the construction of the Critique of Pure Reason are at the same time strategies to support practical reason, thus driven by an emphatically “practical interest”.

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Between Dialectics and Criticism: Kant’s Philosophical Development

Author(s): Ivo Minkov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article presents a unique interpretation of Kant’s philosophical development by exploring the relationship between dialectics and criticism. The conceptual analysis of peculiar propositions in some of the philosopher’s early writings reveals essential dialectical insights that lead to critical thinking. The text interprets Kant’s critical methodology from a historical-philosophical and hermeneutical perspective, highlighting its transcendental form of development. Kant’s philosophical development is characterized by the transcendental evolution, which confirms and expands upon the methodological thesis of a necessary transition from the pre-critical dialectics to the philosophical critique.

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Kant’s Importance for European Philosophy. The Perspective of Hermeneutic Philosophy

Author(s): Andrzej Przyłębski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article is a short presentation and critical evaluation of the main aspects of Kant’s theoretical and practical philosophy. It focuses on ontological consequences of the so-called Copernican turn that places man in a self-created, phenomenal world, cutting off any hope for his contact with the transcendent reality, independent of man’s cognition. The only escape from this danger of the subjectification of reality is, unjustly criticized, Kant’s acknowledgment of Ding an sich. In the area of practical philosophy, Kant’s ethics of categorical imperative, of good will and the fact of freedom, is an interesting but indefensible project of formal and autonomic ethics that, unfortunately, due to its elitist conclusions cannot fulfil the task of teaching morality. In the light of development in cultural anthropology and hermeneutical philosophy of life, Kant’s position needs to be significantly updated.

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RECEPTIMI I JEAN-PAUL SARTRE-IT NË MAQEDONINË E VERIUT: NJË TAKIM KULTUROR DHE NDARJE INTELEKTUALE

Author(s): Dëfrim Saliu,Shejnaze Ajdini-Murtezi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 22-23/2024

Jean-Paul Sartre, as a leading representative of French existentialism, began to be read and analyzed by literary critics and scholars in the Republic of North Macedonia after the publication of their works in Serbian and later in Macedonian. The reception started with Sartre’s most famous novel Nausea beginning in 1966. Subsequently, his works were translated, including Words, The Condemned of Altona, Dirty Hands and Being and Nothingness. Over a dozen scholarly works discuss Sartre’s life and literary-philosophical work, providing a deep insight into his treatment within the Macedonian cultural system. The reception of Sartre’s philosophy in North Macedonia has had a profound influence on the country’s academic and cultural world. Through translations of his works and extensive analyses made about his life and work, Sartre has become one of the key figures in literary and philosophical studies in Macedonia. Through these studies, a true enlightenment has been offered on the interpretation of his thought and his influence on Macedonian society. In addition to his literary works, Sartre is also known for his political engagement and his influence on social and intellectual debate. This represented a challenge for a large part of the Macedonian public, opening debates and further analyses on the role of intellectuals in their society. Some critics have questioned his interpretation of existentialism and political engagement, sparking debate about his interpretation and influence on Macedonian society. In conclusion, the reception of Sartre in North Macedonia is an expression of a vibrant relationship between cultures and an example of the profound influence such an intellectual figure can have in a specific cultural context.

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Етосът в развитието на историята

Author(s): Ivo Minkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2024

If we are to differentiate humankind from other creatures, we tend to gravitate towards the concepts of logos and language, of language and speech, and of reason and thought. In this text, I put forth the idea that the role and importance of ethos and values, of goodness and virtues in man, are mediated by thinking and logos. I argue that these qualities are fundamental and strictly distinguishing features of man, as well as degrees of consciousness. They explain the sources and beginnings of humanity and civilization in general. The foundations thus laid become generative in terms of a new ethical paradigm that emphasizes values and ethos as a factor in the development of history. It should be noted that the ethical paradigm does not replace logos with ethos; rather, it presents them in a synchronicity that embodies the true, overall essence of man, and hence of the history of civilizations and peoples. Furthermore, the ethical paradigm has the capacity to grasp and hold the spirit of the present.

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Концепцията за критика на Мишел Фуко

Author(s): Miroslava Hristoskova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2024

This paper examines Foucault’s concept of critique and points out the importance of critical attitude in his ontology of the present. Kant’s question of the Enlightenment is put in a new perspective: philosophical thought is oriented at defining the present and actual field of experience. Philosophy becomes an activity of diagnosing the present (ontology of actuality and ourselves) opposed to a search of universal structures of truth (analytics of truth). Foucault observes a relationship between Enlightenment and critique: a certain kind of attitude, a philosophical ethos that consists of critique of our historical existence. This critical attitude is understood as a philosophical ethos (critical work of thought over itself) and as a practice of freedom (a perspective of transforming oneself and creating new modalities of subjectivity).

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CHARLENE HADDOCK SEIGFRIED’S FEMINIST INTERPRETATION OF WILLIAM JAMES

Author(s): Nikola Stamenković / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Charlene Haddock Seigfried argues that William James’s philosophy significantly influenced the shaping of pragmatist feminism and feminist pragmatism. Interpreting his works, she recognized the potential of his ideas for feminist reconstruction and their alignment with feminist goals. However, Seigfried also criticizes James for what she perceives as pervasive sexism in his writings. In this paper, I will defend James from the accusations made by Seigfried and demonstrate that he did not hold such a hostile attitude towards women as she suggests.

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The Problem of Axiological Orientation of Personality in the Cultural Space

Author(s): Viacheslav Voitsekhovich / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The main approaches to understanding culture are Western and Eastern. The Eastern approach is substantiated, according to which the essence of culture is the “Cult of Light”, i.e. following everything positive leading to the preservation and development of homo sapiens, to the spiritual improvement of man and society. I. Kant and a number of thinkers of the XVIII century introduced a system of ideals and values of culture. It consists of “Truth, Goodness, Beauty.” The author expands the system with the ideals of “Love, Faith in the Highest.” The system of negative values, or “anti-culture”, is “lies, evil, ugly, hatred, faith in Satan.” Explicitly orimplicitly, it is followed by that part of society that leads to the degradation and self-destruction of both the individual and our biovid /bio species/ as a whole. The concepts of “field of human activity” or “cultural space” in the broad Western sense, divided into positive and negative sides, are introduced. In it, a person who is at the point of bifurcation, a state of free choice of life path, tends as a result either to “Light”, to a positive value system, or to “darkness”, a negative value system. A large part of society strives for “Light” and struggles with the part of society that has chosen “darkness”. Consciousness is studied as the basis and source of cultural activity. The thesis about the impossibility of a logical definition of consciousness based on consciousness is substantiated. A more general concept of “superconsciousness” is needed – a genus in relation to consciousness as a species. So did G. Leibniz, G. Fichte, G. Hegel, V.S. Solovyov, and other great thinkers. The consequence of this approach is the hypothesis about the possibility of other types of consciousness and culture that differ from human ones but are at the same level of reason. Cultural studies are studied as a teaching close to the level of world view and as a humanitarian science.

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Par-delà Nietzsche

Author(s): Victor Kocay / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

This article presents Nietzsche's notion of the Übermensch (le surhomme in French) as a development of romanticism conceived of as a quest to reveal the sentiment that defines or characterizes each individual as an individual. This approach reveals the affinities between Nietzsche and Schopenhauer, notably with respect to Schopenhauer's notion of Will that Nietzsche transforms into that of the Will to power, thereby underscoring what can be considered as Nietzsche's individualism. We argue that as a romantic notion, the notion of Übermensch fashions an ideal of what life could be but overlooks the importance of otherness and the role that otherness plays in defining the individual. Going beyond Nietzsche implies that the Übermensch, as a logical construct neglects the desire to please that constitutes an important part of an individual's relation with otherness.

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Sortir du nihilisme: Nietzsche, Mill et l’individualité comme clé de transformation morale et civilisationnelle

Author(s): Camille Dejardin / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

Nietzsche’s criticism of the masses could have looked hackneyed at the end of the XIXth century, had it not the originality of moving onto psychological and biological levels what others previously elaborated only at a social scale: a "herd instinct" explaining both the lack of social cohesion and the loss of possible individual affirmation in democratic and egalitarian ages. As he sees the utilitarian promotion of happiness and empathy as part of the problem, he fiercely condemns John Stewart Mill’s philosophy – as he understands it. Our point is to throw into relief that Mill’s theory of individuality is but closer to Nietzsche’s views for regenerating life against the spreading of democratic "nihilism". Our cross-reading of Mill and Nietzsche therefore aims at offering a reassessment of their antagonism and at highlighting ways of overcoming "nihilism" via culture and cultivation of the "character" and the individual surpassing of oneself.

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Progress and Criticism of Progress as a Characteristic of Modern Civilizations in the Work of Friedrich Nietzsche and Ludwig Wittgenstein

Author(s): Ulrich Arnswald / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Superficially, the proximity of Wittgenstein's work and its undisputed influence by Friedrich Nietzsche's ideas and concepts suggests that there are also overlaps in the large and in Nietzsche's work decisive field of progress and criticism of progress. The article tries to show that this is not the case. Despite all the overlaps that may exist between Friedrich Nietzsche and Ludwig Wittgenstein, these do not come to light in the concept of progress and the critique of progress. Both thinkers pursue a very different movement of thought; Wittgenstein sees Nietzsche's focus on the "idea of great progress" as a "delusion", which he does not consider to be expedient. Ludwig Wittgenstein explicitly distances himself here from the spirit that defined the prevailing European and American civilization in the 1930s. He does not succumb to the delusions of grandeur of new, higher-level civilization, but leaves progress as the constantly progressing background noise of any civilization.

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Conceptualizing digital reality through metaphors: Semiotic and interdisciplinary perspective

Author(s): Kristian Bankov,Federico Biggio / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

Metaphors have always played a fundamental role in conceptualizing digital realities. Their everyday use, however, makes them challenging to recognize, as they have solidified in our shared imagination. This crystallization is precisely what enables a community of interpreters to attach meaning to a signifier, allowing mutual understanding.

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Alteritatea ființei prin limbaj și semnul lingvistic în concepția Sfântului Augustin

Author(s): Cristian Pașcalău / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The current essay is meant to revisit a core theme in the philosophy of language, namely the role of the subjectivity and alterity in shaping human consciousness through language and linguistic signs, associated with the understanding of reality as inner construct in the fabric of human mind. A loose critic against some paradigms that reduce language to a means of communication, or an abstract, logical device is provided. We also briefly examine Saint Augustine's semiotic project, as it unfolds from some of his most seminal works.

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Поэзия Райнера Мария Рильке В Интерпретации Гюнтера Андерса И Ханны Арендт И Кризис Фундаментальной Онтологии

Author(s): Kirill Lostchevsky / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2024

The article examines the ontological problems posed in the work of G. Anders and H. Arendt “The Duin Elegies of Rilke”, which is considered in the context of the evolution of M. Heidegger’s philosophical ideas. In the 30s of the twentieth century, Heidegger’s philosophy underwent a significant shift associated with the transition from the construction of a phenomenologically and anthropologically oriented ontology to the thinking of being, which proceeds from its original openness and follows the guiding thread of language. The interest that the text of Anders and Arendt presents in this regard is that it can also be seen as a statement of the unproductiveness of the phenomenological method of posing and solving ontological problems, the rejection of attempts to reveal the meaning of being based on explication of the structure of human existence, and the shift of emphasis to comprehension of the essence of language and interpretation of poetic speech. In the work under study by Anders and Arendt, two plans of philosophical analysis of Rilke’s poetic text are revealed: first, arguments about poetic thinking as a way of revealing artistic and philosophical truth, and, secondly, a meaningful interpretation of the ideas that are articulated in this poetry. It is noted that Anders and Arendt’s appeal to the poetry of R. M. Rilke and the turn in Heidegger’s thinking could be dictated by similar motives: the search for promising ways to overcome the emerging crisis of the fundamental ontological program. Moreover, as a result of the research, it is suggested that the work of Anders and Arendt, published in1930, to a certain extent outstrips and anticipates the future direction of Heidegger’s reflections, and in shifting the focus of his research interest in language and poetic creativity are realized the interpretative possibilities that were outlined by Anders and Arendt.

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Die Praxis Der Transformation Des Subjekts Und Die Phanomenologische Arbeitsphilosophie (Im Ausgang Vom Husserlschen Manuskript „Sokrates — Buddha“)

Author(s): Georgy Chernavin / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2024

The article examines Husserl’s conception of Buddhism, which was largely determined by the reading of the “Majjhima-nikaya” in Karl Eugen Neumann’s translation. It is a general and dotted image in which no distinctions were made regarding the eras, traditions and schools of Buddhist philosophy: an image that an interested European reader might form after reading the 152 sutras of the “Collection of Middle Instructions” of the Pali Canon. Nevertheless, it seems a productive task to interpret this image in order to better explain Husserl’s conception of phenomenology about itself, regardless of the naivety of the image under discussion from the point of view of Buddhology. This article puts forward the following theses for discussion: Husserl understood Buddhist thought as a “conjugate detail (Gegenstuck)” that complements the phenomenological science of transcendental subjectivity by contrast. Specifically, he interpreted Buddhism as a path to the transcendental position not from the critique of science, but from practice—as a suspension of the mythical picture of the world and the“ practical general thesis” of the natural attitude. Although Buddhist thought according to Husserl, like phenomenology, is aimed at “revealing the transcendental position,” it nevertheless does not establish a science (in the radicalized Husserlian sense). In fact, Husserl uses this rough outline (characterizing Buddhism as “transcendentalism without science”) to emphasize the dynamics of his own phenomenological“ working project of philosophy (Arbeitsphilosophie).” The “Collection of Middle Instructions” of the Pali Canon serves as an occasion for Husserl to thematize the specific combination of seriousness and playfulness that characterizes his phenomenology as “carefree care”; this helps Husserl to express the driving force of phenomenological labor (“work fervor” (Arbeitsfieber)).

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Against a romanticization of madness Part 1: Foucault and Derrida on “madness itself”

Author(s): Marcel Hosu / Language(s): English Issue: 1&2/2024

The article contains a detailed outline of the Foucault-Derrida debate about the Cartesian cogito and the history of madness. The first part offers an in-depth analysis of the expression ‘madness itself’ and questions the prospect of the Foucauldian project as a whole but also highlights a certain inflationary tendency in Derrida’s critique of it. The article ultimately argues that the debate is centered around a series of vigorous yet fruitful misreadings which create a vast field of discussion where contemporary research can find valuable resources. The article paves the way toward the numerous perspectives which the debate has generated, which range from new forms of listening to madness to the redefinition of our medical and philosophical understanding of madness.

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Against a romanticization of madness Part 2: From the archive to the clinic

Author(s): Marcel Hosu / Language(s): English Issue: 1&2/2024

The article is a continuation of the analysis of madness from Against a romanticization of madness—Part 1: Foucault and Derrida on madness itself. It highlights a forgotten yet fundamental goal of Foucault’s project and offers a new perspective on how the debate can be of use not only to philosophers but also to practitioners working in the field of mental health. It furthermore brings to the forefront a distinction almost entirely missing from the field of discussion opened up by the debate: the distinction between madness and the singularity of the mad subject, irreducible to their illness.

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Asymetria pomiędzy dobrem a złem z perspektywy filozoficznej i moralnoteologicznej

Author(s): Tadeusz Kuźmicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2024

In moral theology, the attainment of human activity assessment is based upon differentiation between what is good and what is evil. For this reason, the relationship between good and evil is so essential in moral theological reflection. Despite a preliminary impression that we might deal at this point with certain balance, the analysis of good from three perspectives, nonetheless, enables the obtainment of a different conclusion regarding evident asymmetry between good and evil. This asymmetry of good can be systematically analyzed three-dimensionally through the references to the thought of Thomas Aquinas, to the legacy of Neo-Thomist Josef Pieper, and to the reflections of an influential moralist Eberhard Schockenhoff. From a philosophical perspective, this asymmetry is observable in the analysis of a being, which, as created, is good in contradistinction to evil, which is nothing. From a moral-theological analysis of the genesis and purpose of human activity, good turns out to be the origin as well as the goal of human moral activity. Finally, from the third perspective, in exploration of aretology, good is considered, as early as by Aristotle, to be the highest rule in the dynamics of a virtue in general as well as in the realization of particular virtues.

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Zmartwychwstanie przez technikę. Problem tożsamości umysłu w koncepcjach rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji

Author(s): Olgierd Sroczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2024

Mind uploading is mentioned by authors associated with transhumanist movements as one of the paths to Artificial General Intelligence. The belief that such hypothetical technology is possible to develop, is primarily based on biological reductionism, i.e., equating the mind with the brain (or the entire nervous system), and secondly, on the assumption that neurobiological processes are computable. However, analysing both assumptions from the perspective of personal identity raises doubts about the logical possibility of such technology existing in the way transhumanism proposes.

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