Szerenád, barlang, poétika

Platón és Arisztotelész a modern és a kortárs zenében – nyomok és futamok

Author(s): Zoltán Csehy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2015

The study provides the special thematic treatment of the topic of ancient philosophy in modern and contemporary music. The author maps the traces of the influence of Plato’s Symposium and cave allegory in the works of Leonard Bernstein, John Cage, Casey Cangelosi, Stephen Melillo and Ian Wilson, examining the tension between the texts and the music score, between the interpretative gestures and the rituals of performance. The final part analyses the choral work Aristotle of Robert Maggio, inspired by Billy Collins’ ironic poem.

A szabadság eszménye a republikánus gondolati tradícióban

Author(s): Attila Demeter M. / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2015

The essay highlights conclusions related to the nature and reason of freedom, which can be drawn from the tradition of republican thinking. Putting the question this way implies the presupposition that conclusions can be drawn from a tradition dating back to two thousand years ago. For this reason, the paper starts (and concludes) with some considerations related to the nature of political thinking. Unlike philosophical thinking in general, our political thinking is not a historical one by its nature. However, it is not purely unhistorical either, like mathematical thinking, for example. The political experiences accumulated in the course of time have been, of course, able to change the way we think about political matters, but our vision about the essence of politics has remained unchanged since the time of Ancient Greece. Turning now to the question of freedom: in this essay, I try to demonstrate that republicanism presents an ideal of freedom which radically differs from our perception of liberty and which, in consequence, can serve as a background for a “new utopia of liberty”. In our time, the dominant concept of freedom is based on the freedom of will. Freedom is usually regarded as a set of rights which aim to ensure citizens the almost unlimited possibility to choose their identity, their habits and ways of life. At the same time, citizens’ growing defencelessness against the state, as well as their increasing dependence on arbitrary social or political powers can also be observed. By contrast, for republican thinking, freedom has always meant – first and foremost – the lack of arbitrary power and, as a result, the capability and the possibility of self-government. The aim of republican thinking has always been to form citizens who are not subjected to anyone else’s will (and, of course, who do not want to dominate anyone else), instead of citizens who are helpless and defenceless – mostly in front of the state. It is an ideal which, I think, can be exemplary for all times – 0including ours.

Diakritikai etika

Tengelyi László Kant-képének és időfelfogásának erkölcsfilozófiai hozadékáról

Author(s): Ottó Hévizi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2015

In his early works, László Tengelyi made an attempt to create a theory aiming to unify the “diacritical system” of Merleau- Ponty and the “an-archic” ethics founded by Lévinas upon the thought of “radical alterity”. Later on, Tengelyi turned away from this theory that he himself developed. In my paper, I would like to argue that this ethical approach of his is indeed both possible and relevant, and that one can call it a diacritical ethics. My thesis is based – within the framework of a kind of “philosophical replay” – on two elements: on the radical temporality of the “diacritical model”, and on Tengelyi’s interpretation of the late Kant, whom he calls “the thinker of antinomies”. I believe it is precisely Kant’s wellelaborated antinomies that can reveal the main differences (the main oppositions) of our ethical decisions as well as the temporal dimensions of our ethical theories. Three differences are to be detected and distinguished here, namely those in respect of [1] ethics, [2] morality, and [3] virtue. One can call these differences unbridgeable gaps: gaps [1] between theories founded upon the immanent (present-focused) and transcendent (future-focused) ground; [2] between the theories of deontologism (their measure is always a priori) and consequentialism (their measure is always a posteriori); and [3] between the theories of free will (all these notions reckon with the beginning) and (beginningless) determinism. Nevertheless, these antinomies are not to be resolved. Rather, they exist as limits for considering our ethical problems. It is by these limits that a diacritical space of our ethics is, from time to time, constituted and reconstituted. It is only within these limits that our diacritical ways appear, moving always between the past and future, sometimes crossing each other in radical turns, which Tengelyi calls “destinal events in life history”. The conclusion of the paper is that as the diacritical ways of our “life histories” exist always diachronically in a diacritical space, which is also limited by our thinking of temporality, the theory of a diacritical ethics is a possible, coherent and acceptable approach.

Hauser Arnold és a film társadalomtörténete

Author(s): Károly Kókai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2015

Arnold Hauser has become well known with the publication of The Social History of Art in London in 1951. The book analyzes the social context of cultural productions from the ancient times until the mid-20th century. The last chapter, dealing with the times of the author, is entitled “Under the sign of the film”, and also the entire work shows a remarkable interest for viewing cultural phenomena from a filmic perspective. Taking a closer look at Hauser’s activities as an immigrant intellectual in Austria in the 1920s and 1930s, it becomes clear that his interest in film has developed from his general preoccupations in two steps. First, he was the representative of the US production company United Artists, and later he started to lecture and publish in the field of film studies. He brought along that interest and practical knowledge into his second exile in England in 1938. The insights into the emergence of a new art form, into the mechanisms of cultural production and distribution, and into the sociology of the film audience enabled him to not only understand how culture worked, but also shaped his work, which finally brought his breakthrough as a Marxist cultural historian.

SUBJECTIVITY AND INDIVIDUALITY: TWO STRANDS IN EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY

Author(s): Andrea Strazzoni / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

For generations of scholars the emergence of the notion of human subjectivity has marked the shift to philosophical modernity. Mainly traced back to Descartes’s founding of philosophy on the Cogito and to Kant’s ‘Copernican Revolution’,1 the rise of subjectivity has been linked to the rise of the modern age in terms of a reconsideration of reality starting from an analysis of the human self and consciousness. Consequently, it has been related to long-standing issues of identity, individuation and individuality2 as a foremost topic on the agenda of the philosophers. Only in recent times, however, have comprehensive studies on early modern theories of subjectivity and individuality become available to scholars. Taking into consideration a range of philosophers from Descartes to Wolff and beyond, in his The Early Modern Subject. Self-Consciousness and Personal Identity from Descartes to Hume (2011) Udo Thiel has unveiled two strands in the treatment of these topics. First, an ‘ontological’ approach, i.e. the definition of what is an individual (either human or natural) in the light of considerations involving the notions of body, soul, and related concepts. This approach characterized the Scholastic debates on the individuation of natural and human beings, but also the analysis of Descartes: he faced the problems of subjectivity and individuation from the same standpoint of the Scholastics, i.e., by using the ontological notions of substance and mode.3 Secondly, the consideration of individual beings from the standpoint of our conceptualization of them, that is, a more ‘subjectivist’ approach, adopted at first by Cartesians such as Johannes Clauberg and Arnold Geulincx, faced the problem of the re-conceptualization of the notions of unity and sameness as entities of reason rather than real attributes of things. Eventually, anti-Cartesian thinkers such as Robert Boyle, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke shifted the attention from the problem of finding any ontological ‘form’ for individual beings to a consideration of the problem of individuality as identity through time;5 as to personal identity, this came to be defined in term of selfconsciousness alone.6 Thiel has reassessed the connections between the notions of subjectivity, consciousness, identity through time and individuality, and has signalled a detachment of the problem of subjectivity from individuation as an ontological issue. Yet, the problems of individuation and subjectivity did not come to be unlinked: in the case of Leibniz, the general problem of individuation and identity constitutes the framework for the specific issue of personal identity,7 notwithstanding the distinction “between the identity of a mental substance and personal identity.”

ODA TIBINGENŠKOJ FILOSOFIJI

Author(s): Sava Damjanov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 451/2008

Dok je Hegel kenjao u jednom uglu malene prostorije, Helderlin je u drugom pisao svoje besmrtne ode. Nedostajao im je samo njihov treći cimer iz evangelističkog internata, Fridrih Vilhelm Jozef Šeling, ali on je bio na nekom trećem mestu, gde je i dalje uredno pohađao nastavu. Zapravo, u sam osvit XIX veka dva školska drugara iz elitne tibingenške gimnazije „Maršal Tito“ čamila su u Univerzitetskoj apsani, dok je Šeling – s obzirom na budući značaj njegovih estetičkih ideja – odbio da im se pridruži, kako klupa u kojoj su zajedno sedeli ne bi zvrjala prazna (estetika ružnog postaće moderna tek kasnije, nakon Šelingove smrti!)...

„(...) tak wielbiłem obraz starego Geulincxa, zmarłego w młodym wieku, przyznającego mi wolność (...)” — Samuel Beckett czytający Arnolda Geulincxa

Author(s): Joanna Usakiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Arnold Geulincx (1624–1669), like the Occasionalism which he represents, was pushed to the margins of philosophy and, at present, is known almost exclusively to historians of philosophy. However, Samuel Beckett (1906–1989), the brilliant writer and dramatist, did certainly read his works, especially his Ethics. References to Geulincx and his views, together with explicative comparisons in Beckett’s own writing — as, for example, in Murphy, Molloy and The End,— testify to this fact. In this article, the author demonstrates the inspirational influence of Geulincx’s thought upon Beckett through an analysis of the ways in which the famous playwright read and made use of the words and images of the philosopher.

DVASINGUMAS IR MEILĖ

Author(s): Vanda Aramavičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/1996

What is the essence of the spiritual development of people? This is the question being asked by philosophers, psychologists, educators and artists.

INTEGRALINĖ MEILĖS SAMPRATA - DVASINGUMO PAMATAS

Author(s): Vanda Aramavičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/1997

Pripažinus ypatingą meilės vaidmenį žmogaus dvasingumui, būtina teisinga.meilės samprata. Tyrinėtojų nuomone, paskutiniai dešimtmečiai siaubingai išjudino žmogiškuosius meilės klodus: leido išsigimti meilės sampratai ir kartu nuskurdino bei sumenkino pačią meilę. Pasak A Paškaus, „pavertė ją nuolaužomis ne vien teoriniuose svarstymuose, bet ir praktiniame gyvenime" (1995, p. 5). Todėl vieniems meilė tapo tik biologiniu fenomenu, antriems - cheminiu patrauklumu ar akimirkos įgeidžiu, tretiems - reklamos įrankiu ir net rinkos preke. Panašiai apie nūdienos meilę mano ir A. Žarskus: „Šiuo metu beveik praradome meilės prasmės ir paskirties suvokimą, o meilė yra pasaulį valdanti - kurianti ar griaunanti - galia" (1991, p. 4). Be abejonės, šiandien ypač svarbu, kad kuriančioji meilės galia taptų asmens dvasinio gyvenimo pamatu.

The Concept of State and Law in Seneca’s Work and Their Implications in the Development of Human Society

Author(s): Ion–Lucian Răcilă / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The philosopher, and especially the artist, thanks to the expressive force of his writing, Seneca was one of the great masters of the European cultural tradition that inspired Petrarca and Calderon, Shakespeare and Corneille, Rousseau, who owes the very idea of ​​confession. Seneca’s philosophical, political and legal conception is a true key to the correct understanding of the evolution of natural law in the legal and supreme concept of understanding the „true reason” of the wise man of virtues. It analyzes the development of human rights that arise from the rights of the individual and of nature (the one that brings social harmony, emotional and psychological balance to the wise man), which will influence the society from antiquity until nowadays. There is a clear resemblance between the precepts of the Stoic philosopher and the precepts Christian religion. Consult not only by philosophers, but also by the Fathers of the Christian Church or by many Christian moralists his ideas made him.

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ НАУЧНАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ «ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГИЯ НЕФТИ» (17-18 мая 2018 года, Санкт-Петербург, Россия)

Author(s): Sergey Aleksandrovich Troitskiy,Nikita Krechko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2018

The review of the International Scientific Conference “Phenomenology of Oil”, held at the Institute of Philosophy of the St Petersburg State University on May 17-18, reflects the structure of the event, presents the participants of the conference, includes the main abstracts of the reports. The conference was devoted to the issues related to the ontological, socio-cultural, economic role oil plays in the modern world order. The program was conveniently divided into three thematically related and logically arranged components: theoretical, demonstration, interactive. The first and main one involved delivering of reports and organized discussions. The composition of speakers was distinguished by diversity of nations (Italy, Germany, Poland) and professions (philosophy, literature, art). Besides the main (scientific) part, a film seminar, an exhibition of Vitaly Kasatkin’s paintings in oil and oil products (the demonstration part), the conference “Phenomenology of Oil” also included a master class of painting in oil, which was of great interest. Such workshop made it possible to feel the potential hidden in the very object of two-day intellectual and artistic exploration. As a result, a number of oil-related phenomena, that can not be described and analyzed through classical approaches and generally accepted terminology have been detected, which suggests the need for developing the research in the domain of the oil philosophy.

ОБЗОР 32-го МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО ГЕГЕЛЕВСКОГО КОНГРЕССА (5-8 июня 2018 года, Тампере, Финляндия)

Author(s): Aleksandr Timofeev,Kira Silaeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2018

This review examines the main aspects of the 32nd International Hegel Congress, which was held in Finland in early June 2018. The analysis of Hegel’s Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences was chosen as the central theme of this congress. The participants especially focused on the relation between Encyclopedia and Hegel’s other works, as well as on the interpretation of the semantic features in various versions of the Encyclopedia. Most reports argued that the form of Encyclopedia is, by no means, an external and accidental limitation which thinking is organized in, but it is determined by the very nature and originality of the “method” of Hegel’s dialectically speculative philosophy. The main emphasis in the reports was laid on the study of those forms of thinking and knowledge, which Hegel applied in order to give a holistic picture of the correlation between the spirit, nature and logical categories. Therein, researchers revealed some ways of employment of Hegelian ideas for modern studies. Besides, we should pay attention to another cross-cutting theme of the Congress, i.e. an analysis of the subjective spirit, since the integrity problem becomes objective and is realized as an object in the individual self-awareness. The section devoted to “Hegel in Russia” became especially prominent for the congress. Reports on this issue delivered at the congress may be divided into two categories, i.e. Russian Hegelianism of the 19th and the early 20th century and comprehension of Hegel’s ideas in the USSR period. Therein, it should be noted that Hegelianism of the Soviet period attracted more speakers and aroused more interest for the public, apparently, due to the fact that at that time both it reflected the ideological and inner sides of that modernization project, implemented in Russia in the 20th century. Besides, some reports were focused on the analysis of ideas of emigration of the Soviet period.

PHYSICIANS AND PHILOSOPHERS THAT INFLUENCED ERASISTRATUS OF SAMOS

Author(s): Eduard Dajč / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2018

The aim of this paper is to shed some light on numerous physicians and philosophers that have influenced Erasistratus of Samos. His philosophy has numerous influences: (1) Alcmaeon’s experimental approach to anatomy and physiology; (2) Heraclitus’ philosophy of motion as a feature of life; (3) Leucippus and Democritus’atomism as the basis of cell theory in biology and medicine; (4) Anaximander’s theory of evolution; (5) Empedocles’ concept of bloodstream, resuscitation and his philosophy of medicine in general; (6) Anaxagoras’ philosophy of medicine; (7) Philosophy of medicine of Erasistratus’ immediate teachers: his father (also a physician), Metrodorus of Athens, Chrysippus of Cnidos, Herophilus of Chalcedon and Praxagoras; (8) Aristotle and Th eophrastus’ philosophy of biology and their methodology; (9) the philosophy of Epicurus; and (10) last but not least, the mechanics of the Alexandrian period. Out of all of these infl uences, I have analyzed in detail the first seven, since they are essential for understanding of Erasistratus’ work. Th e other three are too extensive for this article, so I will refer the reader to the relevant literature.

Hume’s Theory of Social Constitution of the Self

Author(s): Siyaves Azeri / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

Hume distinguishes between the self of thought and imagination and the self of the passions. He is criticized for contradicting himself as he allegedly attributes fictitiousness to the self in book one of the Treatise but later reintroduces the self in books two and three. Hume’s account of the idea of the self, however, is not contradictory: he shows the impossibility of a pure associationist-empiricist account of the self. Instead, he proposes a social account of the constitution of the idea of the self and consciousness. In doing so, Hume’s account of the self anticipates social-historical theories of the self.

Die Phänomenologie Edmund Husserls als eidetische Wissenschaft

Author(s): Željko Radinković / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2019

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Husserls Lehre von der kategorialen An­schauung als einem der wichtigsten Momente seines Versuchs der Grund­legung der Phänomenologie als eidetischer Wissenschaft. Ausgehend von Husserls phänomenologischen Kritik an Versuchen einer Naturalisierung des Bewusstseins, werden insbesondere die Probleme der Bedeutungs­intention und -erfüllung, des Unterschieds zwischen sinnlicher und kate­gorialer Anschauung, der kategorialen Formung und der sog. Wesens­anschauung erörtert. In diesem Zusammenhang geht es auch um die Abgrenzung des Husserlschen transzendentalphilosophischen Ansatzes von der transzendentalphilosophischen Axiomatik Immanuel Kants.

Ethical and Ontological Dimension of Kierkegaard’s Perception of Freedom

Author(s): Jugoslav Vuk Tepić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

Starting with the point of freedom being one of unavoidable ideas of existential philosophy, as well as philosophy in general, we shall consider ethical and ontological aspects of contemplation of freedom in Kierkegaard’s philosophy. We deem that existential philosophy, “contemplated” in all its variations, represents the very horizon or manner of philosophical comprehension of freedom phenomena, where freedom is integrally observed, thus allowing us to talk about unique bliss of ontological and ethical dimension, both of those appearing to be equally important. Therefore, freedom dominates the Kierkegaard’s determination of individual, co-determines all its leap stages but also continually makes possible the sense of human existence.

ОСНОВЕ ОИКОЛОШКЕ ФИЛОЗОФИЈЕ

Author(s): Hans Rainer Sepp / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 170/2019

СТАЊЕ СРПСКЕ ФИЛОЗОФСКЕ МИСЛИ Шта после праксис-филозофије? (Разматрање на подлози дијалога с тезама Михаила Марковића)

Author(s): Dragan Jakovljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 171/2019

Ausgehend von enstprechenden Einschätzungen von M. Markowitsch, werden in diesem Aufsatz mehrfach relevante Aspekte der aktuellen Lage der serbischen Philosophie beleuchtet. So wird das Verhältnis zum Erbe der Praxis-Philosophie betrachtet, mit kritischer Untersuchung von Markowitschs’ Thesen, sowie dem Verweis auf weitere mögliche Perspektiven zur Entfaltung des serbischen philosophischen Denkens. Parallel dazu wird eine Bilanz aus den bisherigen Leistungen gezogen, wobei B. Petronijewitsch als der weiterhin bedeutendste Autor ausgesondert wird. Zugleich werden das Thema des Provinzialismus und des Epigonentums sowie die Möglichkeit einer Affirmation auf internationaler Ebene eröffnet. Dabei wird zugleich auf die Möglichkeit der Schöpfung einer christlichen Philosophie orthodoxen Zuschnitts, als auch auf die des Anschließens an bestimmte, heute aktuelle philosophische Strömungen in der Welt hingewiesen. Letztlich wird die Stärkung des kritischen fachlichen Bewußtseins, der freie Austausch und die Konkurrenz verschiedener Autoren an den akademischen Einrichtungen durch Verdrängung von bestimmten Anomalien und die Förderung internationaler Wettbewerbsfähigkeit befürwortet. Über solche Fragen gilt es, unverzüglich einen Dialog aufzunehmen und entschlossen fortzuführen.

Turning Back to Nature: Perspectives of Biosemiotics in a Post-Pandemic Humanity

Author(s): Inna Livytska / Language(s): English Issue: 1 Sup 2/2020

The paper represents a view on a plausible way of development of scientific methods and methodologies of the humanitarian studies in the post-pandemic society. Starting with the analysis of the current state of “lockdown” and “isolation” in the atmosphere of fear and insecurity, the idea of better understanding the reasons of such a situation is connected with the possibilities of interdisciplinary approach, called “biosemiotics”. In the context of paradigmatic change in the humanities, caused by the interpretative turn of deconstruction of the XX century, today’s situation with COVID-19 is also regarded to be a turning point in the history of post-modern humanity. As it often happens in the periods of change and transformation, the humanity searches for the answers to the questions of ontological character: What do we know about the world today? How our knowing of the world can help us in solving current problems and preventing further disasters? Is human knowledge sufficient to treat global problems? Biosemiotics, as a interdisciplinary scientific project, based on the assumption that life and culture are fundamentally grounded in the semiosis and are subject to biological laws of nature (Hoffmeyer, 2010) can unite a century long divide in scientific tradition of separation Nature and Culture, Body and Mind.

L’ÉTERNEL RETOUR ET LA NAISSANCE DU TEMPS :ELIADE ET SCHELLING

Author(s): Jad Hatem / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2021

Eternal Return and the Birth of Time: Eliade and Schelling. The reading focused on the comparison between the philosophies of time in the conceptions of Eliade and Schelling, taking into consideration Eliade's Myth of the Eternal Return, as well as his novel the Forbidden Forest and Schelling's lectures from the 1820s. It is a question of confronting the value of temporalities, real or unreal. It appears that even the time judged real by Eliade was considered unreal according to Schelling's criteria. A distinction must be made between the absence of time (A), a time that passes in a homogenous manner (A+A+A) and, finally, a real time (A+B+C) that introduces heterogeneity through the self-positioning of a present (the B of a decisive moment), which relegates A into the past.