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AUGUSTINE’S USE OF THE VERSES 1, 1 AND 1, 14 FROM THE GOSPEL OF JOHN IN THE FIRST TWO BOOKS OF ON THE TRINITY

Author(s): Mădălina-Gabriela Pantea / Language(s): English Issue: Sp.Iss./2018

Augustine’s use of the verses 1, 1 and 1, 14 from the Gospel of John in the first two books of On the Trinity. In books 1-2 of On the Trinity, Augustine uses recurrently two verses from the Gospel of John, namely 1, 1 (“In the beginning was the Word, and Word was with God, and the Word was God”) and 1, 14 (“And the Word was made flesh and dwelt among us”) in order to highlight the fact that Christ, in the form of a servant (forma servi) did not lose his divine form (forma Dei).

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THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY IN THE VISION OF JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU

Author(s): Raluca Marinela Silaghi / Language(s): English Issue: Sp.Iss./2018

The social contract theory in the vision of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Man is not social by nature, becoming social only under the influence of society. In the state of nature, man is solitary, autonomous, his own master. His only worry is to preserve his own life, to assure his necessities of living. With the formation of the first social groups (family), man no longer lives alone, starts to build a roof over his head, to assume certain responsibilities, to enter into communication with those around him, perfecting his language and improving his way of life. With such progress, self-esteem is born, pride, the need to be recognized by others as being superior. Differences in status tear apart the previous equality and lead to conflicts between individuals. Each desires what the other desires to have, not for the sake of that good's intrinsic value, but only because the other desires it. Therefore, in order to assure their own safety, as well as that of their property, men will form a covenant – the social contract.

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LE CONCEPT DE TRANSCENDANCE CHEZ GABRIEL MARCEL ET PIERRE BOUTANG

Author(s): Paul Mercier / Language(s): French Issue: Sp.Iss./2018

The concept of Transcendence in Gabriel Marcel and Pierre Boutang. This article intends to explore the concept of Transcendence in Gabriel Marcel and Pierre Boutang’s writings. In philosophy Transcendence is usually seen as a kind of “sphere” that creates a contact between humankind and divinity, or as surpassing oneself. Contrariwise, Gabriel Marcel and Pierre Boutang show that transcendence draws a “path” that the “Christian viator” – a notion explained throughout this article – has to take using the concepts of Mystery with Gabriel Marcel and Secret with Pierre Boutang, in order to achieve salvation.

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LEIBNIZ – COMUNICARE, LIMBAJ ŞI CUNOAŞTERE

Author(s): Ion Vezeanu / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 4/2016

The article overviews some of philosophical contributions Leibniz’s to metaphysics and the philosophy of language: the communication of the monads, the total knowledge, and the issue of harmonia praestabilita in the context of language.

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QUASI-MONISMUL LEIBNIZIAN

Author(s): Adrian Niță / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 4/2016

My goal in this paper is to show that Leibniz has atheory on the relationship between soul and body that can be called “quasi-monism”, ornearly monism, or, from another perspective, a Monism of a special kind. The “quasimonistic” thesis is as follows: man is a Monad, that is, a simple substance endowedwith perception, appetition, memory and reason; a closer look shows that man is souland body; at a deeper level, we find form and matter; even deeper, we have a substantialform united to a primary matter; deeper more, one finds active force and primitivepassive force and so on to infinity. This theory stated during the monadologic periodcould be called “disclosed metaphysics”: Leibniz strongly supports the theory ofmonads in the frame of the theory of pre-established harmony. At the same time, he doesnot provide details about the profound metaphysics, based on the quasi-monistic thesis –I will call it “hidden metaphysics”. This is the reason and context that constitute thebasis on which I intend in the present paper to do a reverse chronological reading, fromthe writings of 1716 to the writings of 1695, in order to see the exciting game of thesetwo kinds of metaphysics.

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Zarys koncepcji mesjanistycznej Wincentego Lutosławskiego

Author(s): Stanisław Ciupka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2018

W. Lutosławski is a bit forgotten in Polish philosophy. Meanwhile, he is the original researcher of Plato and the creator of original philosophical ideas. Experts of the work of W. Lutosławski emphasize that he was the last Polish thinker in the 20th century, who based his philosophical concepts on the Romantic-messianic assumptions and his messianism was no longer a collection of romantic concepts, but adopted a great idea. The article will attempt to approximate its concept regarding the issue Messianic.

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Mesjanizm w filozofii Augusta Cieszkowskiego

Author(s): Wiesława Sajdek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2018

The article discusses succinctly the main characteristics of messianism in the philosophy of August Cieszkowski (1814–1894). At first, an adequate definition of the phenomenon called ‘messianism’ is accepted, since the term is understood in different, sometimes contradictory ways, e.g. by J.M. Hoene-Wroński and by A. Mickiewicz. Next Cieszkowski’s conception of ‘social messianism’, ultimately pertaining to the whole world community, is presented. Finally, the ‘social messianism’ is compared to the ‘national messianism’, according to the colloquial understanding of the term, as well as it was understood by Cieszkowski himself.

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Berkeley and McDowell on Perceptual Experience

Author(s): Anna Tomaszewska / Language(s): English Issue: 63/2018

Th e aim of this article is to show that Berkeley’s account of perception canbe read as sharing important features with a contemporary account developed by John H.McDowell, in particular with conceptualism and disjunctivism – two key components of McDowell’s theory of perceptual experience. Conceptualism is a view that perception isstructured by concepts (possessed by the subject of experience). Disjunctivism states that theacts of perception are directed at objects without any mediation of an idea or representation,the so-called “highest common factor”, in both veridical and non-veridical perceptions. Thus, all perceptual acts are either veridical, or come down to illusions or hallucinations. I take these two components of McDowell’s position to confront them with Berkeley’s doctrines of abstraction and perceptual illusion. Since it can be shown that the Berkeleyan general ideas (notions) are ways of structuring the content of experience, or “contributions” by “our interpreting minds”, and since perceptual errors can be attributed to the interpreting activity of the mind, rather than to the misleading contents of experience itself (ideas), there is more in common between Berkeley and the philosophical tradition that tries to defythe “Myth of the Given” than one may think prima facie to be the case.

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Dwa rozumy Szestowa

Author(s): Michał Węcławski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

The text is an attempt to examine the notion of reason in Lev Shestov’s philosophy and to show that it is not as clear as it usually seems. It is therefore about what is visible and what is hidden, yet not meaningless. On the one hand his critique of reason uncompromisingly dispels any doubts about the harmful nature of all rationalism; on the other hand, however, it indicates that the notion of reason conceals only a specific attitude towards the world and a certain way of philosophising. Although Shestov himself would not speak of the two reasons, careful reconstruction of his views justifies such an idea. To better grasp the meaning of the issue, the article looks at the ideological background, reminding that in the history of philosophy reason had also been understood in different ways, and that the ‘two reasons’ have their historical equivalents. The qualities that Shestov attributes to reason are enumerated. It is also emphasized that the negation of knowledge and reason should not be regarded as a nihilistic manifesto; Shestov does not discourage all knowledge, but under the outer layer of negation he announces a positive message about the shape of reason and its proper role in authentic philosophy. Hence Shestov’s thought is not a mere critique of reason in general, but only of its certain historical form, and it is also an appeal to replace it with a different one.

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Absolutny fakt „Ja jestem” jako konsekwencja pierwszeństwa istnienia przed istotą

Author(s): Piotr Łaciak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

The main thesis of this paper is that absolute fact of “I am” in the Husserl’s phenomenology can be understood as a result of the priority of existence over essence. Author points out that transcendental ego is not consciousness in general, but my consciousness as a realm of my “I am” which is the quintessence of facticity. The world-constituting consciousness as an actually experiencing consciousness has ultimate ground in the original fact of “I am” which is constant companion of all constitutive achievements of my subjectivity. This absolute fact precedes its own objectification and it enunciates itself in pure existence. Absolute fact of “I am” appears to be an irrational fact because its existence must precede essence and it does not find its ground in the eidetic. From this point of view, the aim of phenomenological investigations is to show that all eidetic possibilities are rooted in this fact which constitutes unique case in regard to the relation between fact and essence. The irrational existence of my absolute ego is apodictic fact, without which no knowledge would be possible and this egotic fact does not require justification, but on the contrary, all justifications must be based on it.

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Zapomniana hermeneutyka pytania a ontologia hermeneutyczna

Author(s): Małgorzata Przanowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

Hans-Georg Gadamer described his own philosophical style as the one that awakes in the other a question(ing). He mentioned as well „the forgotten hermeneutics of question(ing)” which demands – as one can assume – our close attention. In this article, the author outlines a possible reading of the hermeneutics of question(ing) putting into a question by asking what does the hermeneutics of question(ing) intrinsically mean? How are we to understand the very project of such hermeneutics? The author claims that the latter strongly relates to the hermeneutical ontology which consists in a participation in an interrogative movement of being. The conclusion is preceded by the typology of the hermeneutic of question(ing).

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Soumission et liberté dans la philosophie de Rousseau

Author(s): Luc Vincenti / Language(s): French Issue: 63/2018

To clarify the paradoxical relationship of submission and liberty requires the mediation of necessity. Necessity defines submission by contrast with obedience, which Rousseau condemns, placing it in the category of interpersonal relationships. Thus, it is obedience, and not submission that stands in opposition to liberty. One does not submit to men, but to a positive or natural law, where one remains independent of another’s will. Natural law is as fairly good a model for the laws of republics as it is for the morality of the wise person who knows to keep his place in the order of the world.

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Dowodzenie / wyjaśnianie naukowe według Arystotelesa

Author(s): Marian Andrzej Wesoły / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

Recognizing the problem of scientific explanation in Aristotle began only in the second half of the twentieth century with the discussion of the so-called deductivenomological model of explanation. Aristotle’s approach to explanation was interpreted mainly in connection with his theory of four “causes” (aitiai). We try to indicate a somewhat wider theoretical context of explanation in the light of Aristotle’s theory of demonstration (apodeixis) or epistemic syllogism. What has traditionally been labelled as Aristotle’s theory of demonstration would be more intelligible if conceived as his theory of explanation. For Aristotle scientific cognition consists in the causal explanation in a specific domain of knowledge. In his view demonstration, explanation and causation cannot be understood separately. His theory of the four causes (formal, material, efficient, final) was a search for answers to the why-question, i.e., a request for an explanation. For this reason investigating “causes” is constructing demonstration / explanation.

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Dlaczego potrzebne, skoro niepotrzebne?

Author(s): Joanna Sowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

Since, according to the well-known Aristotelian theory, in the process of sexual reproduction the male contributes form, and the female matter, in Generation of Animals Aristotle tries to prove 1) that there is no necessity for any material substance to pass from the male, and 2) that the male does not emit any part such as will remain situated within the fetus; as the strongest proof of this opinion he demonstrates 3) that some males do not emit semen. However, the example of insects he quotes to support the last thesis convinces us of the opposite: even if it is not necessary for the male to emit semen, it is better for him to produce it.

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O proairesis u Arystotelesa w interpretacji Sebastiana Petrycego z Pilzna

Author(s): Maciej Smolak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

The subject of this article is the attempt to lighten the sense of Aristotle's proairesis on the basis of selected fragments of translation and commentary by Sebastian Petrycy of Pilzno. Sebastian Petrycy of Pilzno covers proairesis by “choice or undertaking”. The author shows that the expression is not used accidentally and demonstrates that proairesis in the full sense of the word creates: 1] undertaking in the sense of designating the goal to be achieved; 2]a own choice in the sense of a preferential choice, that is, choice of one course of action rather than another; 2]b own choice in the sense of the decisionabout proceeding with accepted course of action; 3] undertaking in the sense of starting (and continuing) the action leading to the achieving of the designated goal. Thus, the author proves that Aristotle's proairesis according to interpretation of Sebastian Petrycy of Pilzno is constituted by “choice” and “undertaking” which are its features or elements. Furthermore, he shows that the activity of proairesis does not end before the action because it does overlap with action, at least in the sense that she starts the action.

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O przyjemności – rozdziały jedenaście do czternaście, siódmej księgi Etyki nikomachejskiej (EN VII.11–14 1152a36–1154b34). Wprowadzenie

Author(s): Maciej Smolak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

In the EN VII.11–14 Aristotle examines the question of pleasure criticizing three views regarding it. According to the first, no pleasure is good, either in itself or incidentally; according to the second, some pleasures are good, but most are bad; according to the third, it is not possible for the chief good to be pleasure. As the result of the study Aristotle concludes that pleasure is primarily the unimpeded activity of the natural state. In the introduction Author presents the analysis of the argument “from the restore of natural state” and shows that the argument undermines main assumptions which lie at the base of the three mentioned views, i.e. the assumption that every pleasure is a perceived process of coming to be in the natural state, and the assumption that pleasure is a process.

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O przyjemności – rozdziały jedenaście do czternaście siódmej księgi Etyki nikomachejskiej (EN VII.11–14 1152a36–1154b34)

Author(s): Arystoteles Stagiryta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 63/2018

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THE ONE BEYOND SILENCE: THE APOPHATIC HENOLOGY OF PROCLUS

Author(s): Daniel Jugrin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

For Proclus, “negations are truer than assertions” (In Platonis Parmenidem 70k), but for a negation to be issued, there must be a name that is denied. But if names are left out, then the negatives are no longer possible. All those aspects of the negation which lead us to discern the transcendent power are now found inapplicable. The negation of negation is the one that introduces us in the appropriate state of silence. The theme of silence is extremely important within the Proclean view of union with the One and it is reached only after intense striving and intellectual effort. The entire dialectical method, even if it operates by way of negations, is nothing but a preamble to the mystical union, removing whatever impedes the contemplation of the One. While the soul cannot know the One, it can attain likeness to the One, experiencing its unity: the way of negation is the precondition for this, purifying the soul for the inflow of divine inspiration. The silence points beyond itself to the One who is beyond all silence.

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Свободата на волята

Author(s): Dimiter Mihalchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/2018

The author set forth his understanding that the problem of the freedom of will was one of the oldest and most significant philosophical problems, which had not ceased to attract people’s interest. If a person wanted to get orientated in the diversity of answers to that issue he was to face two groups namely those of determinists and indeterminists. The author rejected both indeterminism and determinism since he believed that both teachings were untrue. Moreover, they were not opposed at all as it seemed at first sight. They were bound by the common foundation which underlay their emergence: the thought that freedom and necessity were mutually incompatible. According to him the issue of choice underlay the teaching of the freedom or of the non-freedom of will. Those who were unconstrained were free as regards their will. Therefore according to the author the opposite of freedom was coercion rather than necessity which existed both in freedom and in coercion. The age-old “freedom – necessity” opposition appeared irrelevant and was replaced by something different namely: “freedom – coercion”.

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Limitele rațiunii în filosofia speculativă a lui Alexandru Surdu

Author(s): Henrieta Anișoara Șerban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 14/2018

The following paper approaches the relationship between reason and speculative philosophy starting from the investigation of speculative thinking in the work of the Romanian contemporary philosopher Alexandru Surdu, titled Gândirea speculativă: coordonate istorico-sistematice (2001). While emphasizing the main aspects of the relationship between reason and speculative thought, the present investigation proceeds to identify the limits of reason within the tripartite theory of thinking, as was developed by Alexandru Surdu.

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