ІСТОРИЧНІ ТИПИ КУЛЬТУРНОЇ ТА ФІЛОСОФСЬКОЇ ЛЕГІТИМІЗАЦІЇ ЕТИЧНИХ СИСТЕМ

Author(s): Olena Anatoliyivna Stepanova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2018

The purpose of the article is to identify the main paradigms of cultural and philosophical legitimation of ethical systems in the European tradition, confirmation of the essential unity of deontology and aretology. The methodology of the study is to use methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, as well as phenomenological and hermeneutical approaches. Scientific novelty consists in understanding ethics as a holistic system of ethics of values, ethics of prescriptions, ethics of virtues and communicative ethics, because only in the unity of these disciplines ethics can exist as a coherent theory and correspond to the practical needs of the affirmation of humanity in the postmodern times. Conclusions. It has been proved that in the history of morality and ethics in the European tradition there have been progressive changes in the objective, subjective and intersubjective paradigms of cultural and philosophical legitimation of ethical systems. It is proved that the shift of these paradigms is determined by the general cultural transformations from the traditional to the modern, and then postmodern society. The critical analysis of contemporary absolutism of the value of the ethics of virtues (on the example of A. MacIntyre’s concept) proved that the aretology is inseparable from deontology, and both of these disciplines are rooted in the ethics of values. It has been established that not only the return to ethics of virtues but also the cultivation of moral sensitivity to another, are critically important. It is proved that the roots of such tendencies are connected not only with medieval ethics but also with ethical practices and theories of the modern era.

The Genesis of General Relativity: An Inter-Theoretical Context

Author(s): Rinat M. Nugayev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The aim of the paper is to amend the received view on the genesis and approval of general relativity (GR) owing to the common scientific practice of its functioning, the history of science data and the philosophy of science reasons. The genesis of GR is elucidated as an instance of an epistemological model of a mature theory change that hinges upon ‘old’ mature theories’ encounter and interaction. The arguments are strengthened in favour of the tenet that the dynamic creation of the GR had been continually governed by strong internal tensions between two research traditions, that of special relativity and Newton’s gravity. The 1907 encounter of the traditions, their deep interpenetration and subtle intertwinement entailed construction of a vast hybrid domain, at first with an irregular set of theoretical models. Step by step, on consecutive eliminating of the contradictions between the contrived models, the hybrid set was put into order by dint of the ‘principle of equivalence’. It is contended that one of the reasons for the GR victory over the ingenious rival programmes of Abraham and Nordström was the synthetic character of Einstein’s research programme. As a result of reconciling and amalgamating the ‘physical’ and ‘mathematical’ approaches, embodied in Abraham, Einstein and Nordström’s crossbred theoretical models, Einstein was able to explain the anomalous motion of Mercury.

Darwin i naturalizm

Author(s): Elliott Sober / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 14/2017

Darwin’s theory of evolution is usually thought to conform to the requirements of methodological naturalism, but how can this be reconciled with the fact that Darwin talks about God more than a few times in the Origin of Species? Answering this question involves clarifying what methodological naturalism means. In the process, I consider whether propositions about supernatural beings are ever empirically testable and whether science would come to a halt if methodological naturalism were abandoned. Another question is whether Darwin’s theory and its modern successors are incompatible with isolated acts of divine intervention. And if numbers are understood Platonistically (as existing outside of space and time), does the modern mathematical theory of evolution thereby violate methodological naturalism?

Filozoficzne wady naturalizmu metodologicznego i perspektywy na przyszłość

Author(s): Jonathan Bartlett / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 14/2017

Methodological naturalism, when used to enforce an exclusive view of scientific investigation, is based on three problematic streams of philosophy: mechanical philosophy, positivistic epistemology, and divine incomprehensibility. Each of these philosophies has inherent flaws that prevent them from being usable across the entirety of causal relationships that science attempts to investigate. However, even in the face of such criticisms, methodological naturalism as a methodology does have some positive features that should be retained even if methodological naturalism itself is not.

Naturalizm metodologiczny, teizm metodologiczny i regularyzm

Author(s): Tom Gilson / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 14/2017

Scientists typically justify methodological naturalism on grounds that the supernatural (or extra-natural) is not testable, that admitting the supernatural (or extra-natural) into science would undermine scientific methodology and reasoning processes, and that methodological naturalism has been demonstrated to be effective. These admitted virtues of methodological naturalism are strongly associated, however, with unscientific metaphysical assumptions which tend to dominate scientific thinking even if they do not follow necessarily from methodological naturalism’s assumptions. For that reason a metaphysically neutral alternative is called for, one that retains methodological naturalism’s virtues while discarding its associated unscientific assumptions. Regularism, defined merely (and intentionally quite simply) as „the methodological expectation of reliable regularity of cause and effect in nature”, fits these criteria, and is recommended as a superior alternative to methodological naturalism.

Związek między Baconem, teleologią i analogią a doktryną naturalizmu metodologicznego

Author(s): James C. LeMaster / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 14/2017

Francis Bacon divided natural science into physics and metaphysics. He claimed that of Aristotle’s four causes, only material and efficient causes belong to the realm of physics, and that final causes, or teleological claims, belong to the realm of metaphysics. Bacon objected to including teleology in physics because in his experience teleological claims tended to discourage the search for efficient causes for natural phenomena. Because Bacon relegated teleology to metaphysics science largely followed his lead, evolving over the next four hundred years a growing distaste for including any teleological implications in scientific explanations. Bacon claimed that human nature, “will yet invent parallels and conjugates and relatives, where no such thing is”.Yet, as the material and efficient causal discoveries by science have progressed since Bacon’s time, they have in turn revealed more legitimate parallels and conjugates and relatives than perhaps he could have ever imagined. Stated succinctly, the process of exploring material and efficient causes in nature has also given breathtaking justification for also inferring final causes as well. As such, inferences to teleology in science should be allowed where they are warranted by the empirical evidence.The tool for determining whether a teleological inference is warranted is analogy. Bacon could have helped science avoid its gradual but inexorable drift into methodological naturalism if he had emphasized how analogy, used as an analytical tool in the process of induction, legitimately leads to reasonable inferences of teleology in nature.

Czym są epistemiczne układy odniesienia?

Author(s): Krzysztof J. Kilian / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

This paper sets out to explain why it is that epistemic frameworks as discussed so far have never functioned in such a way as to furnish a criterion of demarcation. It also seeks to shed light on why such frameworks, though only sine qua non conditions for what may be considered scientific, nevertheless play a leading role in science. As the history of the philosophy of science shows, there are many sine qua non conditions for counting as scientific. Moreover, it should be asked whether epistemic frameworks differ significantly from other sine qua non conditions. To answer that question, two distinctions are to be introduced with respect to such conditions: between strong and weak ones, and between material and formal ones.The paper also examines the reasonableness of separating epistemic frameworks from research programs and paradigms. Initially, epistemic frameworks look like they would lend themselves to serving as components of Popperian metaphysical research programs, as well as of the hard cores of Lakatosian scientific research programs. (In the latter instance, they could play the role of strong heuristic rules guiding scientific research.) One may also try to insert them into Kuhnian disciplinary matrices, where they will function as components of values or ontological models. Even so, the best candidates as bearers of such frameworks will be Feyerabendian natural interpretations, together with Lakatosian normative basic judgments.

Reason without Feelings? Emotions in the History of Western Philosophy

Author(s): Aleksej J. Kišjuhas / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The paper critically analyzes the interplay between reason and emotions in the history of Western philosophy, as an inadequately ambivalent interrelationship of contrast, control and conflict. After the analysis of the philosophies of emotions and passion amongst the most important philosophers and philosophical works of classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, the paper presents ideas on this interrelationship within the framework of modern philosophy, or during the so-called Age of Reason. Finally, the paper analyzes the character of emotions in the contemporary philosophy, while examining possibilities for the history of (philosophy of) emotions and feelings, but also the possibilities for overcoming the undue opposition of reason and emotions, which was present in the dominant Western philosophical tradition.

SPİNOZA VE LEİBNİZ METAFİZİKLERİNDE TÖZ KAVRAMI

Author(s): Ufuk Özen Baykent / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 11/2017

Substance has been a concept of investigation in the history of philosophy until Antiquity. This concept suggesting something that lies beneath the things and that is the ground for all things, has been explained as certain types of being which provide basis for all phenomena. Apart from the various arguments about the concept of substance put forward by many philosophers in the history of philosophy, the arguments proposed by Spinoza and Leibniz about the concept sit at the heart of their metaphysics. On one hand, Spinoza argued that there is only one substance which is God, while on the other hand, Leibniz asserted that substance is monad. The present study aims to explore the concept of substance as discussed in the metaphysics of Spinoza and Leibniz and the problems evoked by their conceptualisations.

ДЕНИ ДИДРО, ПРЕТЕЧА МОДЕРНЕ МИСЛИ

Author(s): Jelena Novaković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2013

Dans cet article l’auteur examine trois aspects de la creation de Denis Diderot, philosophique, litteraire et artistique, pour decouvrir les caracteristiques de cet auteur frangais du XVIIIe siecle qui annoncent les courants modernes dans la pensee philosophique, litteraire et artistique et la culture en general (aspects contradictoires de l’homme, relativisation de la morale, affirmation de la liberte, hybridation des genres, mis en question du roman).

The Philosophy of Unity and Development of Harmony as a Variant of the Anthropocosmic World View

Author(s): Halyna Berehova / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2017

The article touches upon the actual problem of integrity of the human being and space from the position of modern civilized aspects and noosphere vector of generating the mankind. Anthropocosmism is presented as an integral vision of the human being that embraces the natural-scientific direction of cosmism and noospherism and also defines the role and place of such philosophical categories as the unity and development of harmony in a new, planetary-cosmic world view of the individual. Comprehension of anthropocosmism significantly expands the consciousness capacity of the contemporary individual by means of realizing the functional and structural unity of the universe and the human performing the humanity’s space mission, striving for the world order and accepting the individual as the single whole.

Nauka krytycznego myślenia w herezji, czyli o pożytkach ukrytych w heretyckich poglądach

Author(s): Joanna Hańderek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2014

W niniejszym artykule zostanie omówiona herezja jako fenomen kulturowy zakorzeniony w tradycji myśli i filozofii europejskiej od czasów starożytności. Herezja potraktowana będzie jako kulturotwórcze zjawisko wyrażające zdolność do krytycznego myślenia oraz podejmowania namysłu wbrew ogólnym tendencjom danej epoki. Jako sprzeciw staje się manifestem niezależności samej filozofii, pozwalając na rozwijanie własnych doktryn i założeń myślenia. W artykule poruszone też będzie zagadnienie przeciwstawienia się herezji i problem: dlaczego herezję uznawano za przejaw wrogości i tego co negatywne nie tylko poznawczo, ale i moralnie. Ukazana też zostanie ważna rola herezji jako sposobu myślenia sceptycznego, rozwijającego filozoficzny namysł, jak również samą kulturę, dająca jej kontrapunkt tak potrzebny do rozwoju i myślenia.

Wzrokowy układ poznawczy jako spektrometr

Author(s): Mirosław Zbigniew Harciarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2014

W pracy zaproponowano rozumienie wzrokowego układu poznawczego w oparciu o model spektrometru, który pozwala zrozumieć: obiektywizowanie percepcji, wybór informacji ze środowiska oraz rolę zjawiska powidoku w spostrzeganiu. Przedstawiony model ma charakter dwuaspektowy i wyróżnia spostrzeżenia oraz wewnętrzne wrażenia doświadczane jako efekty następcze. Pierwowzorem opisu układu wzrokowego jako spektrometru jest teoria wypływu Helmholtza, która wyjaśnia problem stabilizacji obrazu świata mimo poruszania oczami oraz opisuje związek percepcji z motoryką, współcześnie określany jako tzw. poznanie ucieleśnione. Cały układ wzrokowy to system sprzężenia zwrotnego, w którym zgodnie z koncepcją Helmholtza powidok jest sygnałem sterującym percepcją i przejawem intencjonalności poznawczej. W artykule przedstawiono szereg argumentów, które przemawiają za rozumieniem układu wzrokowego jako spektrometru, a najważniejszym jest percypowanie figury jako jaśniejszejniż tło, na co zwrócili uwagę już psychologowie postaci. W opisie układu wzrokowego jako spektrometru uwzględniono dwa układy wzrokowe opisane przez Milnera i Goodale’a. W zakończeniu pracy przedstawiono propozycje wykorzystania modelu spektrometru do badania procesów poznawczych, podkreślając znaczenie zjawiska powidoku jako przejawu przetwarzania informacji wzrokowych.

Fasada i matrioszka

Author(s): Jacek Sobota / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2014

Nowa interpretacja wybranych pism George’a Berkeleya

Author(s): Marta Szymańska-Lewoszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2014

W obronie absolutności prawdy

Author(s): Katarzyna Ossowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2014

Problem istnienia w filozofii greckiej (ujęcie Charlesa H. Kahna)

Author(s): Damian Kokoć / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2016

Scholars agree that question of existence was ignored by the ancient Greeks. The main cause of such a state was the way that the ancients perceived the world. We can found this imgage not only in their mythology, but also in their philosophy. Jacek Wojtysiak claims, for antic Hellenes the world was relatively contingent, which means that for them anything that was, was not something necessary, because the whole reality was constantly changing. Therefore, the universe and its laws could receive different form that they have now. But the ancients didn’t perceived reality as radically contingent, which means that they received the universe as eternal and it was impossible that it would not exist. This is the way Greeks concentrated on the question of nature of the reality, what was it Basic substance, and what decide that the universe was what it was. Charles H. Kahn’s considerations are important in the study of the ancient conception of being and existence. Basing on the analysis of language of ancient Greeks, he answers the question why they didn’t considered the question of existence. Kahn claims that for ancients the main issue in Greek’s theory of being was not the question of the existence, but truthfulness meaning of the verb einai. This linguistic investigations are useful because, as he claims, the way how we are perceiving the reality depends on language we use. It also applied to ontological consideration.

Prvorazredni filozofski događaj

Author(s): Adam Ninković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 03+04/1984

Review of: Branislav Petronijević: ISTORIJA NOVIJE FILOZOFIJE, »Nolit«, Beograd, 1982.

Rectene Isocrates sophistis nonnumquam adnumeretur

Author(s): Zbigniew Danek / Language(s): Latin Issue: 2/2017

The article addresses the question whether it is a proper opinion to consider Isocrates a sophist as manycommentators claim. In his analysis the author refers to the passages in which the rhetor expresses his negativejudgments about the opinions and actions performed by the sophists. The author examines also the circumstancesin which Isocrates defends the members of this movement, as he finds it a beneficial way to protect also himselffrom many false and malicious statements. In conclusion, Isocrates is considered to have a unique status asa sophist and to be a philosopher who aspires to the role of the spiritual leader of the Greeks of that time.

Pośrednie

Author(s): Piotr Graczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2017

Starting from the performative vision of culture as a spectacle, which is based on a desire that is not determined by natural dispositions and creates unstable and social worlds lined with identity panic and threatened with mimetic rivalry leading to uncontrollable outbursts of violence, Judith Butler and René Girard come, despite their different sensitivities, to similar and sometimes complementary conclusions. While Butler somehow sympathises with collective acts of disobedience and Girard primarily fears massive outbursts of aggression, they both praise the intermediate. ‘The intermediate’ can be understood as social infrastructure (in a broad sense), which allows the establishment of individuality as a certain space for maneuver, an open field of interpretation within institutions guaranteeing its relative mental and physical security.