Relacja człowiek–przyroda w ujęciu Jamesa P. Sterby. Rekonstrukcja i krytyka

Author(s): Mirosław Twardowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2015

James P. Sterba proposes four rules of conflict resolutions which, in his opinion, constitute the “golden mean” for contradicting interests of human and nonhuman living beings: (1) a principle of human preservation (actions that are necessary to satisfy one’s basic needs and other people’s needs and which are acceptable if they involve disturbing basic needs of particular animals and plants, and even whole species or ecosystems), (2) a principle of disproportionality (actions which satisfy non-basic or extravagant human needs are forbidden if they involve disturbing basic needs of particular animals and plants, and even whole species or ecosystems), (3) a principle of human defense (actions which protect people from harmful disturbance of their needs which are acceptable even if they involve killing or hurting particular animals and plants, and even whole species or ecosystems) and (4) a principle of rectification (compensation is required if the remaining rules have been violated). Environmental rules formulated by Sterba, especially a principle of human preservation and a principle of human defense, have received heavy criticism. In the opinion of many authors, those rules are not in any respect rules of environmental justice, but rather rules protecting only human interests. James P. Sterba proponuje cztery zasady rozwiązywania konfliktów, które to zasady stanowią, jak twierdzi, „złoty środek” dla sprzecznych interesów ludzi i innych istot żywych: (1) zasadę ochrony ludzi (działania, które są niezbędne do zaspokojenia podstawowych potrzeb własnych i podstawowych potrzeb innych ludzi, są dopuszczalne nawet wtedy, gdy wymagają naruszenia podstawowych potrzeb poszczególnych zwierząt i roślin, a nawet całych gatunków bądź ekosystemów), (2) zasadę nieproporcjonalności (działania, które spełniają nie-podstawowe lub luksusowe potrzeby ludzi, są zabronione, kiedy naruszają podstawowe potrzeby poszczególnych zwierząt i roślin, a nawet całych gatunków bądź ekosystemów), (3) zasadę obrony człowieka (działania, które bronią ludzi przed szkodliwym naruszeniem ich potrzeb, są dopuszczalne nawet wtedy, gdy niezbędne jest pozbawienie życia lub skrzywdzenie poszczególnych zwierząt lub roślin, a nawet całych gatunków bądź ekosystemów) oraz (4) zasadę rektyfikacji (zadośćuczynienie jako rekompensata jest wymagane, gdy pozostałe zasady zostały naruszone). Sformułowane przez Sterbę zasady środowiskowe, zwłaszcza zasady obrony i ochrony ludzi, zostały poddane przez niektórych autorów surowej krytyce. Według tych autorów, zasady obrony i ochrony ludzi mają sens tylko wtedy, gdy założymy logicznie, iż obrona i ochrona ludzkiego życia jest moralnie bardziej wartościowa od obrony i ochrony życia innych istot. W ich ocenie, zasady te nie są pod żadnym względem zasadami środowiskowej sprawiedliwości, a raczej zasadami dbającymi wyłącznie o ochronę ludzkiego interesu.

Kategoria przypadku w filmowej tetralogii Michelangela Antonioniego

Author(s): Zuzanna Sokołowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2015

Michelangelo Antonioni is an Italian director whose images leave the viewers in a state of subtle suspension. His films oscillate around existential matters which, above all, are ruled by the forces of chance and coincidence as well as neuroticism, so characteristic to his whole creative activity. Director’s discerning observation does not end where a decision or a fleeting change is communicated to viewers. With visuality, he tries to reach the deepest structures of human consciousness. Antonioni is a true artist-philosopher, trying to answer the fundamental question – is human life governed by coincidences?Michelangelo Anotnioni to włoski reżyser, którego obrazy pozostawiają widzów w stanie subtelnego zawieszenia. Jego filmy oscylują wokół egzystencjalnych zagadnień, którymi rządzi przede wszystkim przypadek, jak i neurotyzm, tak charakterystyczny dla całej jego twórczości. Wnikliwa obserwacja reżysera nie kończy się na tym, aby widzom zakomunikować jakąś decyzję czy ulotną zmianę. Stara się za pomocą wizualności dotrzeć do najgłębszych struktur świadomości człowieka. Antonioni to prawdziwy filozofujący artysta, próbujący odpowiedzieć na zasadnicze pytanie – czy ludzkim życiem rządzi przypadek?

Filozoficzne oraz metodologiczne założenia antropologii strukturalnej Claude’a Levi-Straussa

Author(s): Patryk KACZMAREK / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2012

This paper is a description of methodological and philosophical assumptions of Claude Levi-Strauss’ structural anthropology. I refer to Ferdinand de Saussere’s general linguistics as a methodological base and to Marcel Mauss’ theory of social exchange which is a theoretical background for the trend which is being presented. I will present the key notions of structural anthrophology and its ontological and epistemological presumptions. W pracy tej znajduje się opis załoĪeń metodologicznych oraz filozoficznych antropologii strukturalnej Claude Levi-Straussa. W artykule odnoszą się do językoznawstwa ogólnego Ferdynanda de Saussure’a – jako podstawy metodologicznej – oraz teorii wymiany społecznej Marcela Maussa, będącej zapleczem teoretycznym dla opisywanego nurtu. Zaprezentuję kluczowe pojęcia antropologii strukturalnej oraz jej założenia dotyczące ontologii i epistemologii.

За интересното литературознание

Author(s): Andrei Stepanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

The author argues that modern literary studies and university teaching of literary subjects are tending towards so-called “interesting topics”, which are similar to the popular idea of “interesting men”, who are interested in women, wine and playing cards (respectively, gender and sexual issues, altered states of mind, contingencies). The results of this tendency of popularization are numerous, but all lead to a blurring of the distinction between scholarly works and works of fiction.

Днешните изследвателски подстъпи към душата (За душата. Зборник на текстови. Здружение за компаративна книжевност на Македониjа Скопje, 2018.)

Author(s): Maya Gorcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2019

The title of the reviewed collection quotes Aristotle's ΠΕΡΙ ΨΥΧΗΣ, however, the book compounds 37 contributions that give insights to the notion through a large scale of sciences: philosophy, psychology, cultural studies, linguistics, etc. The Soul is examined as a notion, but also as an entity in common practices, concerning other objects and contexts, or exemplified by myths and literary plots.

O patrzeniu z drugiej strony bytu oraz prymacie ducha, a więc o filozofii i byciu filozofem z profesorem Andrzejem Zalewskim, filozofem, filologiem polskim, filmoznawcą – rozmawia mgr Michał Płóciennik

Author(s): Michał Płóciennik,Andrzejem Zalewskim / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

Interview with Andrzej Zalewski by Michał Płóciennik

Wiktor Wąsik jako historyk „filozofii polskiej”. Cz. II

Author(s): Henryk Popowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

The article constitutes the second part of the text devoted to the historiography of Wiktor Wąsik’s ‘Polish philosophy’. The author of the two-volume History of Polish Philosophy understands the ‘Polish philosophy’ as a philosophy distinct from the philosophy of other nations. In the first part, I have presented W. Wąsik’s biography and his scientific bibliography as well as his understanding of basic concepts in the historiography of philosophy used in his work. In this part, I’m discussing his research technique, his research and the presentation of the results of his lecture. The professor, being convinced of the dependence of philosophy on culture, and wishing to reflect the specificity and distinctiveness of the philosophy in Poland, often uses the elements derived not from philosophy but from culture. Thus, the question arises whether he remains within the scope of philosophy.

COVID-19 и две съпротиви срещу триумфалисткия разказ за господството над природата: „Боговете на Гърция“ на Фридрих Шилер и понятието за истина на Жак Лакан

Author(s): Georgi Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 59/2023

The text is dedicated to the development of the concept of truth by the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, which is opposed to the concept of scientific truth, scientific fact and the instrumentalization of scientific knowledge as a whole. The context of the theoretical work is the pandemic of COVID-19 that is deemed by the text to have exposed many contradictions in our perception of science, and in particular – of medicine. Yet, it is necessary to first juxtapose both the concepts of psychoanalytic truth and truth in science with their reincarnations in the past in order to outline their significance for society. The text examines truth and knowledge in the Seminars of Lacan, but also in some authors from the Age of Enlightenment. Immanuel Kant and his concept of lie is a subject of this research, together with his disturbing moral imperative that we should never tell a lie under no circumstances. The research concentrates on Friedrich Schiller and his poem „The Gods of Greece“. This poem, as well as some seminars of Lacan, suggests a peculiar resistance to the Enlightenment idea of the dominance of reason over nature. The two resistances are opposed to the attempt to deal with the pandemic in the most technologically sophisticated manner. The text uses dialectical analysis of the said social phenomenon, working in the tradition of authors like Slavoj Žižek, Alenka Zupančič and the Italian Lacanian critical theorist Fabio Vighi.The text is dedicated to the development of the concept of truth by the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, which is opposed to the concept of scientific truth, scientific fact and the instrumentalization of scientific knowledge as a whole. The context of the theoretical work is the pandemic of COVID-19 that is deemed by the text to have exposed many contradictions in our perception of science, and in particular – of medicine. Yet, it is necessary to first juxtapose both the concepts of psychoanalytic truth and truth in science with their reincarnations in the past in order to outline their significance for society. The text examines truth and knowledge in the Seminars of Lacan, but also in some authors from the Age of Enlightenment. Immanuel Kant and his concept of lie is a subject of this research, together with his disturbing moral imperative that we should never tell a lie under no circumstances. The research concentrates on Friedrich Schiller and his poem „The Gods of Greece“. This poem, as well as some seminars of Lacan, suggests a peculiar resistance to the Enlightenment idea of the dominance of reason over nature. The two resistances are opposed to the attempt to deal with the pandemic in the most technologically sophisticated manner. The text uses dialectical analysis of the said social phenomenon, working in the tradition of authors like Slavoj Žižek, Alenka Zupančič and the Italian Lacanian critical theorist Fabio Vighi.

Ortologie și ortogeneză la Camil Petrescu – sensuri europene

Author(s): Anton Adămuț / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XVI/2023

Fully engulfed by the demon of the new, Camil Petrescu shades his text with specific terms, borrowed as neologisms or created by the philosopher himself. Among them, the following can be mentioned as being significant for substantialism: “omnivalence of the concrete”, “zone of indeterminacy”, “apogetic”, “perigetic”, “devolution”, “evolution”, “orthology”, “orthogenesis”, “noocracy”. Borrowing a term coined by Wilhelm Haacke in 1893, Theodor Eimer, the first to define it, referred in late-life to evolution as “orthogenesis” or straight-line evolution (an evolutionary series changes in a single, non-deviant direction). Opponent of Darwinism, Eimer opposes to natural selection the orthogenetic evolutionary theory by which he under-stands the tendency of some species to maintain the same direction of development for a longer period of time, even if the direction followed risks leading to the extinction of the species. In the case of man, orthogenesis refers to the continuous development of the brain and skull. From Eimer the term is taken over by Bergson, and from him Camil Petrescu will take over, along with the “zone of indeterminacy” as a notion, also that of “orthology”. Bergson uses it in Creative Evolution when he talks about the orthogenetic constitution of the eye. Compared to the orthogenetic constitution in which only physical-chemical causes are involved (Eimer), Bergson also includes the psychic dimension. For Camil Petrescu, orthogenesis encompasses and unfolds the polarized structure of history in a substantially accentuated way. The meaning of orthogenesis in Camil Petrescuʼs works is close to the Bergsonian meaning (the continuous increase in the complexity of life), and to the meaning that Th. de Chardin gives (increasing the complexity of life and its degree of spiritualization). It is also used by Emil Cioran, when he talks about the tragedy of small cultures. It can be seen that the neocratic author was aware of what was happening in Europe.

Spinoza și Uriel da Costa. Schița unei filiații analitice

Author(s): Gabriela Tănăsescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

The paper circumscribes, through a specific history of ideas approach, the influence on Spinozaʼs philosophy and his radical biblical analysis of the unique intellectual and religious model of marranos ‒ Sephardic “secret Jews” forcibly converted to Christianity in Spain and Portugal, later converted to Judaism in their exile in the Netherlands in particular. From the “radical cases” of heterodox marranos, the paper presents the historical and linguistic coordinates of Uriel da Costa’s biblical criticism, followed by Spinoza as well, and also the similarities of thought and existential parcours between the two thinkers.

Кардиална антропология

Author(s): Ivan Kolev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 13/2023

The study presents the idea of philosophical anthropology as a study of the whole person in the sense of Aristotle and Philip Melanchthon. It outlines the stages of philosophical anthropology understood in this way and asks whether we can not consider the active thematization of the subject of feelings in the last few two or three decades as a symptom of the onset of a new stage in it. Arguments are made in favour of a positive answer to this question and it is proposed that this stage be ordered “cardiac”

Колективният човек

Author(s): Spiridon Kazandjiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 13/2023

The text begins with the statement that every crisis in life is a human crisis. A human crisis is referred to whenever the unity of man’s spiritual being is violated. That crisis has a historical character when the causes that give rise to it are not individual but collective ones, i.e. when they affect the spiritual environment in which the individual consciousness is rooted.There are two moments of particular interest in the relationship between the individual and the collective consciousness: the moment of sufficient compliance and the moment of contradiction between them. In the first case there is a total unity of the collective and also of the individual consciousness; all values including the vital, aesthetical, moral and religious ones are absolute; the individual lives with them naively untroubled by any skepticism, without his critical consciousness having been awakened; the individual is a completely integral part of the whole and his life fully coincides with the life of that whole. Such is the collective man. In the second case the individual consciousness is extorted from the collective consciousness and is more or less at odds with it. Since the unity of the collective has been violated all values have become conventional quantities; their absolute validity has been replaced by another – relative one; the naive faith has been replaced by the general doubt of criticism, the individual ceases to be a part included in the whole and strives to be outside that whole, often even fighting with it so as to be established as a sovereign being. Such is the individualist.

Поглед върху разпространението на Трактата „За природата на човека“.

Author(s): Diana Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 13/2023

The research aims to show the main early references, manuscripts, and translations of the De natura hominis treatise, to reach the earliest distribution of Nemesius's work in the Bulgarian lands. For this purpose, the problem has been studied of the work's authorship, of how Nemesius' text spread among the Greek fathers, in the Near East and the Latin West. It has been established that through the Quaestiones et responsiones of Anastasius Sinaita, the De natura hominis treatise with the name of Bishop Nemesius of Emesa, is available in Simeon's Miscellany. The editions containing Nemesius' work in modern Bulgarian have been pointed out. The research ends with a brief presentation of the parts of the work „On the Nature of Man“, contained in Simeon's Miscellany (according to Svetoslav's copy of 1073)

„Битие и време“ на Мартин Хайдегер

Author(s): Gilbert Ryle / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 13/2023

Актуалност и модалност: Енергетичната метафизика на Вацов

Author(s): Alexander Kanev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article reconstructs and critically discusses the energetic metaphysics of Dimitar Vatsov, which may be regarded as an important event in the philosophical life in Bulgaria. The article consists of two parts. The first part situates Vatsov's project in the context of the contemporary development of metaphysics and presents the evolution and logic of its realization, emphasizing the central ideas of actuality, energy, and codification. The second part presents a series of critical observations on the realization of the project, related to conceptual ambiguities and problematic theoretical moves. It is argued that the modal aspects of energetic metaphysics need conceptual clarification and theoretical justification. The article also aims to provoke a broader discussion on the state and future of metaphysical research in Bulgarian philosophy.

„Песента на Желанието (Кама)“: Ако срещнеш Кама, не го убивай

Author(s): Milena Bratoeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The present article examines two narratives from the epic Mahābhārata (MBh), focused on the topic of desire (kāma) and the relationship erotic – ascetic (kāma – tapas). The first one is about the horned ascetic Ṛṣyaśṛṅga (MBh, 3); the second – about the teaching of God Kṛṣṇa Vāsudeva to the king Yudhiṣṭhira, culminating in the "Song of Kāma" (MBh, 14). Both narratives are interpreted in the perspective of Hindu ethics, whose foundation is dharma, a key concept of Hinduism. The epics propagate an ideal dharmic code of conduct, based on the so-called four life goals – puruṣārtha. One of these four life goals is kāma – the realm of desires, emotions and sensual pleasures.

The Use of Aristotle’s Philosophy in Anthony Radyvylovsky’s Sermons

Author(s): Volodymyr Spivak / Language(s): English Issue: 60/2023

In this paper, at the example of Anthony Radyvylovskyi creation, we examine the impact of Aristotle’s works on the philosophical component of Ukrainian church sermons from the Baroque period. The culturological approach and methods of hermeneutics and comparative analysis were used in the research. The source base of this article was the texts of the Ukrainian preacher Anthony Radyvylovsky, who worked in the Baroque era. Separate texts of Aristotle were used for comparative analysis. The objective of this study is to investigate the usage specialties of the Aristotle’s texts by Anthony Radyvylovskyi in his own writing. The result should help to better understand the ideological influence of ancient philosophy on the formation of national philosophical tradition of the Baroque epoch. The ideological content of borrowed from Aristotle’s texts and mechanisms are traced to the use by the preacher. The list of Aristotle’s texts from which Radyvylovskyi quoted is provided. It is also shown that Radyvylovskyi uses the authority of Aristotle during moral teachings and philosophical thinking about the characteristics of human nature. The conclusion about the creative way of using the Aristotle’s ideas by Anthony Radyvylovskyi is given and significant philosophical component in the preacher’s written legacy is noted.

Контрадикције српског просветитељства: Аутономија и једноумље

Author(s): Lazar Atanasković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 39/2023

This paper approaches concepts of earning, singlemindedness, and nation as characteristics of the epoch of Serbian enlightenment at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century. The specificity of these notions is outlined through their comparison with the notions of autonomy, antagonism, and cosmopolitism as characteristics of Western European and German enlightenment. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the selected concepts in their social and political context. Such a reading results in an outline of a conceptual framework defining later disputes in the Serbian enlightenment disputes converging with the opposition between authority and autonomy, antagonism and unity and cosmopolitism and nation.

Lametrijevo antropičko rezonovanje

Author(s): Goran Rujević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 39/2023

Julien Offray de La Mettrie is considered a representative philosopher of materialism and hedonism in the Age of Enlightenment. His seminal work Man a Machine bears many hallmarks of the Enlightenment: faith in ratinality and progress, turning away from traditional figures of authority and towards the authority of natural sciences, and placing great value in the individual and self-improvement. Certain paragraphs of the work, however, contain claims that seemingly advocate that one ought to remain wholly ignorant when it comes to questions pertaining to reasons for man's existence. This appears to contradict the usual intelectual optimism of the Enlightenment. However, if we read these paragraphs through the lens of contemporary anthropic reasoning, it shows that this is just La Mettrie's attempt to counter certain theistic arguments, and fully in the spirit of the Enlightenment.

Ruso, Kant i kritika prosvećenosti

Author(s): Đorđe Hristov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 39/2023

In this paper, we examine Rousseau’s and Kant’s understanding of enlightenment through the lens of the idea of “unsociable sociability”, with the aim of showing that Rousseau’s critique of Enlightenment offers a different idea of courage from the one advocated by Kant in his essay What is Enlightenment?. In the first part of the paper, we explore Kant's idea of “unsociable sociability”, which he understands as a mechanism that leads to enlightenment and intellectual independence, demonstrating that the roots of this idea can be found in Rousseau's philosophical history of humanity. In the next step, we show how Rousseau argues against the idea of progress that Kant locates in “unsociable sociability”. Finally, based on these analyses, we show that Rousseau criticized Enlightenment and knowledge from the perspective of republican freedom, which, according to him, requires a different form of relationship between society and unsociability, and thus an alternative understanding of courage from that contained in Kant’s appeal “Sapere aude!”.