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Quelques réflexions sur les éléments du langage spécialisé dans les textes littéraires en tant que problème de traduction

Author(s): Mirosław Trybisz / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The specialized language of a specific area constitutes a subsystem of a given language and, therefore, texts can never be purely specialized. Likewise, in everyday life, we do not use only the general language. In this study, we present the Polish translations of extracts from literary texts from different French-language authors, notably from Victor Hugo, Didier van Cauwelaert and Vladimir Volkoff. We indicate the presence of specialized vocabulary and speech in the starting texts and their treatment in the arrival texts. We indicate a few translation errors, but above all we will discuss the importance of the encyclopaedic knowledge of the translator of literary texts. To conclude, we offer some reflections on the training of translators so that they know how to deal with the elements of specialized language in literary texts.

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L’évaluation de la compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle dans l’enseignement/apprentissage du Français Langue Étrangère (FLE)

Author(s): Natalia Sakellari / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Modern societies in Europe are characterized by linguistic and cultural diversity. The European Union attaches great importance to the development, in the individual, of the plurilingual and pluricultural competence and to the role of the language learning as a mode of openness and access to otherness. These orientations are also given by number of works and projects carried out by the Council of Europe. Today’s language educators have to redefine their work and adapt it to the new context. One of the questions rising for the educators of French as a second language is the following: How can we evaluate the plurilingual and pluricultural competence of the learners? In the present paper, we propose to evaluate the development of the plurilingual and pluricultural competence of the learners of French as a second language in school by the interlinguistic mediation and we present the results of a field research held in Greece.

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Récits de migration et enseignement/apprentissage du Français Langue Étrangère (FLE)

Author(s): Anne-Sophie Morel / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

This article examines intercultural mediation through the stories of plurilingual “migrant” writers. These texts, whose authors live or have lived between several languages and have written in several languages including French, contribute towards building plurilingual and pluricultural competences as well as metalinguistic awareness in French as a Foreign Language learners. The language biography, as a training or self-training tool, enables learners to reflect on the notions of identity and belonging between languages and cultures.

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Approche didactique du rapport à l’interculturalité en Français Langue Étrangère (FLE) en milieu universitaire

Author(s): Jacky Verrier / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

When someone think about learning a foreign language, the concepts that come to mind are grammar, vocabulary, verbs, spelling, and phonetics. It is less common to wonder how others think their language. Galisson proposed the concept of lexiculture. The CEFR emphasizes the ideas of intercultural values and misunderstandings. A typical language course does not give strategies to manage these questions. To address this shortcoming, we propose a double approach. The first is based on the communicative and cultural processes during a conversation between natives. The second is based on understanding how to report knowledge, the construction of knowledge, and discursive grammar. From there, our didactic objective is twofold: (1) to articulate the communicative-cultural processes and the dimensions of the teaching process to focus on the cultural meaning of the words studied in the course; and (2) to give students the tools to manage the approach of the interculturality.

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Philologie, néo-rhétorique et éducation

Author(s): Françoise Collinet / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

For the past 20 years, most FFL textbooks have, to a certain extent, adopted the actional approach. This evolution represents a specific challenge for philological departments. On the one hand, teaching-programs tend to adjust to the common framework. But, on the other hand, linguistics and literary curricula are not immediately compatible with the new methods. While reminding its readers about the importance of the literary heritage, the CEF (2001) give no practical tool to pursue this ambition. In this paper, we propose a way of reactivating the knowledge acquired in literary classes by inserting it in a broader context: the study of argumentation as presented by Perelman’s New Rhetoric. The link between argumentation and literature is inspired by "Le Comique du discours" (Olbrechts-Tyteca, 1974). To give some flesh to this concept we will refer to Flaubert’s "Bouvard et Pécuchet" (1880), an intrigue and a text most Romanists are familiar with.

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Un Candide aux prises avec la 2nde Guerre mondiale. Ironie et réécriture dans La 25e Heure de Virgil Gheorghiu

Author(s): Olivier Ammour-Mayeur / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The structural core of Gheorghiu’s The 25th Hour narrative is deeply imbued with Voltairian irony. Taking up the narrative framework of Candide’s philosophical tale, Gheorghiu nevertheless profoundly modifies the symbolic significance of the ironic tone that feeds his story, as his main character finds himself caught up in the madness of the concentration camps of the Second World War. Through the analysis of similarities but more importantly differences regarding the understanding of the ironic style that feeds the texts of the two writers, this article aims to highlight the constitutive aporia of the notion of irony, while trying to identify some key points that could clarify the meaning of what this rhetorical principle implies as far as literature is concerned.

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L’écriture de l’ironie et la crise des valeurs dans L’insoutenable légèreté de l’être de Milan Kundera

Author(s): Atmane Bissani / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

In the present contribution, we aim at dealing with the value crisis as an immediate consequence of the crisis of modernity in the industrialised countries, starting from the part that irony plays as a critical and satirical stylistic device in relation to the Modern Times man and world. Our point of departure in this approach is the novel L’insoutenable légèreté de l’être (1989) by Milan Kundera, a text particularly emblematic of what the Modern Times man is, as well as of what one’s swift turnaround towards the kitsch in the age of technology is.

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Ironie du sort, ironie du corps chez Milan Kundera et Philip Kaufman

Author(s): Diana Gradu / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

It is rather rare that a film adaptation of a book is faithful, successful and rewarding. The Unbearable Lightness of Being, the novel published by Milan Kundera in 1985 and transcribed cinematographically by Philip Kaufman in 1988, is an exception. The script benefits from Jean Claude Carrière's talented pen and Kundera's characters from the incarnation of Juliette Binoche (Tereza), Daniel Day Lewis (Tomas) and Lena Olin (Sabina). The rest is just a ceaseless play of lights, images, frames and replicas that value a very well written book, unanimously appreciated by the critics and the public. I will try to surprise in both versions - novel and cinematic - the differences and similarities that make them so special. The key, the irony, like a magic lantern that turns seriousness into derision and trifles into a tragic accident.

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L’ironie, une complication mentale. À partir de L’insoutenable légèreté de l’être de Milan Kundera

Author(s): Vasile Popovici / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

What is the irony, this sudden burst of a double consciousness within the speech? In all its forms, irony is a playful mismatch: between the word and the real, between the word of earlier and its incongruous sequel, between the apparent and the hidden… And every time irony is a matter of the mind.

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Ironie ou sérieux du rire chez Michel Tournier dans Le Roi des Aulnes

Author(s): Evagrina Dîrțu / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

“The more I’m laughing, the less I’m joking”, this is how Michel Tournier described the nature and the presence – an obvious one, he hoped – of humour in his whole work. What he aimed at, according to his own words, was a form of humour whose aggravating (as opposed to soothing) purpose was synonymous of a perturbation of all senses, a possibility therefore to reverse what is preestablished and what is anticipated at the same time. Our objective for the present paper is to see if (and how) “white” humour, the “serious” humour that Tournier defines, meets the meanings and the definitions of irony; we also aim at comparing Tournier’s perspective on humour and irony to other authors’ perspectives; and finally, we aim at analysing how this theoretical insight is reflected in his fiction, i.e. in one of his most famous novels, Le Roi des Aulnes.

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Auto-ironie, ironie en clin d’oeil et ironie du sort dans le roman de Margareta Miller-Verghy, Une âme s’ouvre à la vie. Blandine

Author(s): Mihaela Bacali / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

What is irony? Can we give it a set definition, if its faces are so diverse and multiple? What can be stated is that literary irony involves a discursive strategy and narrative techniques such as focusing and free indirect discourse, which allow a change of perspective in the narrative. Our approach is to explore the modalities and elements necessary to talk about irony in the novel A Soul Opens to Life. Blandine. The different types of irony that we have identified are: self-irony, winked irony and irony of fate; they intertwine in many fragments and form the clues to textual polyphony. A rhetorical strategy is used to promote ironic communication and the narrative system is adapted to this kind of discourse. Thus the irony of fate appears as an attempt of self-evaluation, but also marks the reader's active position in the process of critical reflection.

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L’ironie littéraire et artistique

Author(s): Maria Tronea / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The paper explores the evolution of irony in literature and its relationship to humour, the comical, parody, satire and sarcasm. In the latter part of the paper I expand my area of investigation to the fine arts and seek a common denominator of irony and satire in the works of such painters as Jérôme Bosch, Pieter Bruegel the old, Goya and others.

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Visages de l’ironie dans Les Chaises d’Eugène Ionesco

Author(s): Maria-Luisa Ţuculeanu / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The concept of irony is the subject of the pages that follow. This very term is often used to suggest the contradiction between what is said and what is done, so that the distance regarding the exterior reality can be easily identified in various contexts. Having this in view, Eugène Ionesco’s work highlights the identitarian dualism through the motif of the double, such as « black » and « white », « colour » and « noncolour », keywords for his drawings and lithographies on the whole. Besides, contradictions also refer to the relation between art and society, which may be defined in terms of a denial. With reference to this aspect, the artistic work is an object, a common one, refusing the existence of some social constraints. What’s more, the language has to do with the irony, consisting of repetitions, interruptions etc. However, our final concern is with visual arts as against theatre - two domains of activity which have significant elements in common - by analyzing the play The Chairs, as well as the lithography with the same title, from the perspective of the irony.

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Attitudes poétiques et ironie dans Les Poésies premières de Philippe Beck

Author(s): Fabiana Florescu / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

In this paper I aim to analyse the way that irony represents a deconstructing and a reformulating mechanism of the poetical experience in the Poésies Premières by Philippe Beck, changing the relations between the poetical exercise and the contemporary, the world and the reader.

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Ridicule et parodie dans Bruges-la-Morte

Author(s): Ștefana Gabriela Sîrbu / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

This article sets out to succinctly propose a different approach to the way Bruges-la-Morte can be read. Starting with a few words describing the author’s childhood and young adulthood, we underline some of the most important aspects that have shaped Rodenbach’s literary taste. Traditionally considered a tragic story, our proposition for the way this text can be read is that of a text written ironically. This idea comes from the fact that the decadent movement starts out as a response to romanticism and by turning against it and negating its core values, ends up turning the decadent texts into a sort of parody (which is in itself a modern aspect).

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L’Ironie du sort dans L’archipel d’une autre vie d’Andreï Makine

Author(s): Ana-Maria Roșca / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Two cultures hold the reigns in Andrei Makine’s novels – the Russian matrix and the French catalyst. His characters represent Slavic souls which adopt the French mentality. However, L’Archipel d’une autre vie encompasses the almost imperceptible difference between ideologies considering the manner in which those two people refer themselves to the notion of “fate” and, implicitly, to that of “irony of fate”; it is the Russian phrasing of this concept that unravels the mythical aspect in this universe. In Makine’s writings, this “irony of fate” brings wisdom. Pavel Gartsev rejects the life he had planned upon, a life with fears and beliefs, all the while the woman whom could’ve run away plenty of times proofs her never-ending loyalty and waits 10 days for the man she loves. In the end, these two humans don’t exist anymore. Far away from the world, in the archipelago of Shantar Islands, the animus manages to meet again his anima.

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L’ironie - un autrement dit pour en dire des vertes et des pas mûres »

Author(s): Sonia Berbinski / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Our article intends to observe the phenomenon of irony at the semantic discursive and rhetorical-argumentative level. We will insist on certain actualisation strategies, particularly discursive antonymy and defrosting. Irony is at the same time bearer of contradictions and trigger of semantic-lexical and discursive antonymy. Irony helps with the re-organisation of language and speech using both linguistic and extra-linguistic (semantic-pragmatic and discursive-argumentative) factors.

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Quand les philosophes rient de la religion

Author(s): Anne Staquet / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

While the notion of irony is well suited to certain literary genres, often referred to as minors, it seems less obvious in philosophical discourse and especially when it comes to dealing with such important subjects as theology or the central issues of religion as the immortality of the soul, miracles or the greatness of God. However, in the 17th century, when the Inquisition and the imprimatur were still powerful institutions, surprisingly, there were many examples of the use of irony, particularly in speeches dealing with religious issues. More than political issues, however, it is probably the most monitored theme and should be used to increase respect. How is it that philosophers dare to use irony to deal with these subjects? How do they use irony? And above all, why do philosophers use irony to address certain themes? It is to these questions that I will propose to answer with an approach combining philosophy and rhetorical analysis of the texts. To do this, I will have to place the humorous excerpts in the dynamics of the works and in the historical context.

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Obcość i swojskość w badaniach terenowych

Author(s): Andrzej Sarnacki SJ / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The present article deals with the issue of the research perspective related to the problem of perception, alienness and assumptions that are made in contemporary research. The author refers to his own research on violence in the cultural context, conducted in Colombia. Preparation of the research process requires the ability to anticipate, keep distance and maintain discipline in applying the method. The availability of test data is verified at the location and requires flexibility. In Latin American countries, the fact of being a priest makes it much easier to reach people and groups that are otherwise insular. In research and data interpretation, there are always questions that have their reference points in epistemology. Today, the awareness of personal conditioning reaches the dangerous dimensions of extreme individualism and ideological correctness. This is possibly the biggest problem facing a researcher of cultural phenomena today. Meanwhile, group membership does not have to determine the correctness of perception and the assessment of the situation. Familiarness comes from participating in a shared experience that is both universal and individual.

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Italian Americans and African Americans in sports

Author(s): Frank A. Salamone / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

We are all products of culture. Thus, when people enter other cultures, they need to find a way to deal with them. Both African Americans and Italian Americans have had to find ways to deal with the force of a dominant American culture. It is not surprising that the two cultures, which shared many similarities, chose baseball and music to do so. This article focuses on the way baseball was used as a means of acculturation into dominant American culture, and by so doing, changing that culture.

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