L’hybridité de la lettre galante, ou la transgression innovante

Author(s): Astrid Van Assche / Language(s): French Issue: 6/2016

This essay concentrates on early modern expressions of literary hybridity in the 17th-century gallant letters of Vincent Voiture (1597-1648), Charles Cotin (1604-1681) and Antoine Godeau (1605 -1672), circulating in the Parisian salon L’Hôtel de Rambouillet. Firstly, we look at the hybridity of the letter form an sich, within the context of salon sociability and early gallantry. Secondly, we study the multiplicity of both the authorial voice and the audience of the gallant letter. Thirdly, we highlight the intriguing exchange between genres within the gallant letter, as well as their confrontation and, finally, cross-fertilisation. This tripartite case study substantiates our conviction that literary hybridity functions as an intriguing indicator and catalyst of literary evolution and creation.

Les Amours de Psyché et de Cupidon de Jean La Fontaine comme exemple de prosimètre

Author(s): Alicja Rychlewska-Delimat / Language(s): French Issue: 6/2016

The loves of Psyche and Cupid by La Fontaine is a romance of mixed genres, combining the features of a tale, a narrative poem and a philosophical dialogue. The author of this study classifies it as a prosimetrum, to focus her analysis, on the one hand – upon the interrelation between prose and verse, functions and means of introducing rhyming parts, etc., on the other hand – examining metatextual texts of the narrator who provokes interesting aesthetic reflection.

Mallarmé et la poétique de l’hybridité

Author(s): Olivier Sécardin / Language(s): French Issue: 6/2016

The hybridity that is seen everywhere in symbolist poetry is not so much evidence of a temporary trend of the era following the interest in the crossing of species in nature as much as it is an attempt to confront the very nature of “art” itself. The time of the “quarrel of monsters” has passed, and the hybrids of contemporary poetry – competing for a place in the mythological scene that is symbolism – roam guiltless. And yet, beyond literary conventions, this mythological bestiary is anything but innocent and outdated; in fact, it embodies a genuine mythopoetic repertoire. For Mallarmé in particular, this hybrid bestiary reflects the illusive “Chimera” of poetry.

Le parlé-chanté dans Phèdre de Jean Racine et Partage de midi de Paul Claudel

Author(s): Marine Deregnoncourt / Language(s): French Issue: 6/2016

In this article we will seek to answer how, in Phèdre to Jean Racine and Noon’s Sharing to Paul Claudel, the « parlé-chanté » is particularly significant. To do so, this article will be divided in three parts. In the first part, the « parlé-chanté » will be defined and linked to Arnold Schoenberg’s Sprechgesang. While the second part will issue on Phèdre by Jean Racine, the third and final part will focalize on Paul Claudel's Noon’s Sharing. By focusing on the two aforesaid plays we will try to prove that the operatic voice is always present in the acting choices and that the two playwrights accustomed the dramatic rules of their time.

Thoreau and the Capitalocene

Author(s): David Lombard / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This essay will serve the double purpose of investigating the aesthetic dimensions of Thoreau’s environmental philosophy as depicted in his classic memoir Walden (1854) while examining the philosophical and political implications of its tendency to break down the boundaries between natural and technological landscapes. Although critics have tended to identify Thoreau as deeply rooted in an Emersonian transcendentalist tradition viewing nature as an organized and holistic “whole”, I will argue that Thoreau’s ecophilosophy seeks to reconcile the idealistic with the empirical pole and highlight the tensions between natural and technological objects and situations. I will start by studying how Thoreau approaches man-made technologies and develops a proto-ecocritical form of the sublime. I will also argue that a reconsideration of Thoreau’s poetics sheds a new light on the goals of environmental (non)fiction and urges the reader to reconsider the concept of the Anthropocene as the Capitalocene.

Bathhouses as Sites of Protest: Rebellious Bodies in the Arts of Early Modern Iran

Author(s): Mahroo Moosavi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Bathhouses have a strong presence in Iranian folklore and Persian literature. In parallel with literature, there are illustrations in which the topic of bathhouses is exhibited. This paper focuses on a 16th century Persian miniature painting in which the location of a public bathhouse is used as a place of occurrence of a homosexual love story. On the one hand, bathhouses as places of “purification”, and, on the other hand, corporeal bodies as agency of tactile experience create a novel dialectic between the space and its inhabitants. In an atypical study of the spatial organisation of bathhouses in the Safavid period Iran (1501-1736), the paper argues that architecture at the beginning of Iran’s modern era, not only questions the normative configurations of space, but also starts to object to the solid foundations of existing religious/societal norms.

Reading Disability in Literature and in Film: A Review of Sally Chivers and Nicole Markotić (Editors and Introduction). The Problem Body: Projecting Disability on Film. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University, 2010, 239 pages, ISBN: 978-0-8142-5231-4 and

Author(s): Anne-Marie Callus / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2018

This is a review-article of two major studies in disability studies, one edited collection, The Problem Body: Projecting Disability on Film, edited by Sally Chivers and Nicole Markotić and one authored volume, Aesthetic Nervousness: Disability and the Crisis of Representation by Ato Quayson.

As spune ca suntem predestinati la toleranta...

Author(s): Francisko Kocsis / Language(s): Romanian,Hungarian Issue: 07-08/2016

The text is an interview taken by Francisko Kocsis to the Hungarian writer and politician, representing the Hungarian minority in Romania, Marko Bela.

Димитър Талев – кодът на историята и лабиринтите на настоящето в литературата

Author(s): Alexandra Antonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 37/2018

Takimi me muzikën në poezinë e Zorbës

Author(s): Viola Isufaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

The other's cultural images are a phenomenon in the poetry of Zef Zorba. They reveal many aspects of the thinking and psychology of this poet - and can be seen in:- intertextual relations (foreign poets and poetry in his texts)- translations (“the other” here is related to Imagery. The problem of literary mediation emphasizes translation as a mediation between literature written in different languages.)- his universal point of view, and the spiritual relationships between people of different nationalities - which comes through his characters acting as "agents of cosmopolitanism" (as in the poem “Raki and lyrics”). Now the "alien", “the other” comes as we see him and how he sees us.- the relationships of a literary phenomenon with an non-literary phenomenon: that is, the incorporation of other spheres of human expression (such as paintings and music).Zorba’s “Buzë të ngrira në gaz” includes poems with musical concepts in their titles such as: Allegro, Adante Mosso, Lento, Largo and Alegro Furioso, Introductions, Xylophone Symphony, Percussion Instruments Theme, Viola Theme, Concert Part, Cadence of the Xylophones, The Cadence of the Fagot, The Cadence of Viola, The Cadence of Percussion Instruments, Ripressa, Stretta Finale.Even at the last cycle Në zgrip, we feel the meeting with the music; especially in the poetry “Një gozhdë” with rock rhythm, - as the author explains, - based on alliterations: deep, dry, etc and, finally, in the piece “Natën kur bie shi” - conceived alla Ravel.In this paper we are particularly interested in analyzing how the so-called:”clarity of structure and subject” has been undergone to harmonic effects, how Zorba's music in poetry is non-imitative but poetic and symbolic description of the phenomenon.And in this relationship with “the other” (which in this case is music) let us try to get closer to the intentions and feelings of the author. Let us redo his course inward. Maybe we'll discover Zorba once again.

Të tjerët e Migjenit - Drejt një poetike të margjinales

Author(s): Eljon Doçe / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

The purpose of this paper is to consider the concept of "the other" in the work of Migjeni.Within the course of the many thematic, formal and, in general, aesthetic innovations that Migjeni brought to the Albanian literature of the 1930s, one can note the presence and even the exclusionary presence of the characters that may be called "the others".Since the term "the other" consists only of the half of the dichotomy "I-he/she (the other) and we-they (the others)", as well as the synonymous subordinate meanings of the "other" as, "the foreigner" "the different", "the outsider", "the alien", and also "the harmful", "the dangerous" etc., to Migjeni the apparent presence of this "other" encourages you to look at this dimension.Especially when we look at the historical context when his works were created, where such characters in Albanian literature did not seem to have been present.With "the others" in Migjeni's work, we will not understand only the idea of creating different personalities/characters in the field of Albanian literature of this period, but in the "others" we will see his conscious selection to build his work by making present the poetics for the "other", a marginalised one, an attempt that can simultaneously bring the periphery to the center, or move the center to the periphery, ie to "others" where the Albanian literature had not yet gone, and where Migjeni went by gathering all of that which M. Foucault calls "the plebeian" in a way to give them a voice to speak for themselves.

"Tjetri" në krijimtarinë e Agollit

Author(s): Anila Mullahi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

In the period before the 1990s, in the context of a strong tradition of socialist realism literature, the positive heroes were placed in the center of the literary world; those that were created according to a standard model. They were developed in a linear way and often were incompatible with the internal logic. The tendency to create "social characters" caused the extinction of the particular and loss of curiosity. The characters of these works appear without any dilemmas, without great twists, without spiritual breaks, without vacillation for the life, the world or the human existence. Near the positive character are the others, who worship them or they want to resemble to the heroes; while on the other side, opposite them are the antagonists, the enemies.In Agolli's works, besides these two groups, are those characters that are seen as "weird", “irregulars” or "incorrect". They are not negative characters because they are not "enemies" but they are not even positive characters because do not resemble the standard example at all. This kind is considered as "the other", and actually this is what it is deep inside the unconscious of the author.“The other” is an individual who is perceived by the group as someone who does not belong, as different in an essential way. The group sees themselves as the norm and judges those who do not meet the norm elements. “The other” can have many forms, in the case of Agolli appears as one who is not indoctrinated. He is not interested about politics, but either he is interested in objecting it. His non-inclusion and non-ideology make him different. They reveal an essential feature that differs from others; speak openly and directly and do not have the veil of deceit in front of their eyes and they see the reality as it is, without idealizing it.In some cases at Agolli’s characters, "the other" is ultimately subjected to the group's norm, but also their existence as being different, makes Agolli's works distinct from the others. One form of "the other" can be considered Commander Rrapo in the novel "Commissar Memo" or Mato Gruda in "The Man with the Cannon".There are other cases where Agolli's "the other" it may be someone who shows great passion for life. A way to enjoy life with all the pleasures that it brings, through humor, eating, drinking, dancing, women, as it is Cute Babulja in the novel "The Ark of the Devil". Such a man with great love for life and the pleasures that life brings is not in line with the positive hero “whose character is shaped among the great difficulties". Agolli's literature work is filled with atypical characters, with special features, with individuals in conflict with the society norms, which consists in alienation from the principles of the official frame method.

Koncepti i tjetrit si përjashtim dhe vetëpërjashtim tek "Odin Mondvalsen" i K. Trebeshinës

Author(s): Belfjore Qose / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

The concept of the otherness in Albanian literature displays a unique and original dimension during the period of the dictatorship, at a time in which the other could be easily described by the confrontation with the political ideology. In this study we aim to analyze how the other is described through the character of Odin Mondvalsen, in the novel with the same title by K. Trebeshina. We will focus on the theoretical perspectives on the otherness and the different definitions of it as a literary term, by distinguishing it from the sociological function of the word, by setting the relations between the other and exclusion. In the novel Odin Mondvalsen the concept of the other is created by two ways, as exclusion from the society by isolating the individual in an asylum and also as a self-exclusiveness by the character, who makes this clear by changing his name/identity. The structure of our paper will be organized by the study that these two ways of dealing with the other. This paper will include interpretations on the reversed reality of the Trebeshina’s characters, where the identification with the other becomes the only way to survive the human values. Polyvalence of the image of the madman (the other, the stranger) in this system becomes a key to interpret being the other as the only way to be free. The madhouse functions as heterotopia in Michel Fuko’s terms, functioning as a mirror (a false, a utopian mirror) of the real world. To analyze the causes of the creation of the other, in the case of “Odin Mondvalsen”, we will be using the reverse narration in terms of Genette, in order to understand the causes by the consequences. The Methodology used in this study will combine analytic criticism, theories of interpretation and comparative methodology, based mostly on theoretical bases of Bauman, Derrida, Foucault, Eliade, Genette Barthes etc.

Figurat e së keqes në letërsinë shqipe

Author(s): Atdhe Hykolli / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

Taking into consideration of the current data, for the concept of the other one -villain- in Albanian folk or written literature, we have many examples of their presence in literature from the antiquity till nowadays. Historically the concept of villain in Albanian history is present from the early ages, in the traditional and oral history, up to contemporary Albanian literature where is more or less present. So while with some of our neighboring nations those figure appear as heroes from the antiquity, in our culture they have a negative connotation, and are considered as concept of the other one-the villain in Albanian literature. So the mythical figure like: Black Knight, Cyclopes, Hades, Dragon, Mummy, Cerberus,Bogeyman, etc. are considered as terrifying figure that cause bad luck, hatred, jealousy, dismay, and great traumas, so they are considered as the foreign element of the other one -the villain.

Tjetri në romanin historik shqiptar

Author(s): Myrvete Dreshaj – Baliu / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

Seen in the historical and chronological context of writing and the historical content of themes, the concept on the other in the Albanian novel is generally constructed according to three main types: in the national arena (where the national context of rejection is displayed): in the East/West “contact area”, which displays and preserves the anthropological and historical context of reflection; in the total dimension (universal of invasion); as well as in three contexts: from the position of the narrator / author (Kadare, Krasniqi, Kraja, Fetiu), from the political context of reflection on the history of a particular period: (Spasse, Kadare, Marko, Drini etc.) and in the context of a genre (Agolli, Kallamata etc.). In this research, the concept on the other is also built in the vertical historical/civilization context, constructed according to at least 3 paradigms: language, religion, and civilization. It is on these preconditions and paradigms that the best novels of historical themes in Albanian literature were built during the entire XX century, and within them, the reports with the other have been contextualized and reshaped.

Ideologjia e tjetrit në letërsinë shqipe

Author(s): Flamur Maloku / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

The concept of the other in Albanian literature, the discourse on the other in Albanian literature or on the present unpresence, a random association of Umberto Eco’s suggestion, is one of the modern and postmodern landmarks as an optical verification from which the study of Albanian literature must begin its course. First of all, the term ‘other’ as ideology is the search for something which until now has been taken for granted, it has been presupposed in textologic situations without a further investigation of where it really is, and most importantly, without clarifying the condition of its presence as one of the most complex aspects. The other as an ideology in Albanian literature, in signifying a verification camera and not a symbol or a metaphor, would only complicate the vortex of looking at literature through literature, while there is another world that can be found in and out a literary text, i.e. of a literature. The other is within the text, and in the universe of the literary reality, which at times is in accordance with the presence of the literary value. The other is also on the outside; it is the context of the interrelation between the fate of the author, the book and all of literature, as an inquiry into the probabilities that made possible a text, that accepted or denied it, that discovered it as a model of value in the right time or in delay.

Triumfi ndaj tjetrit

Author(s): Orjela Stafanasi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

In the diptych of Ridvan Dibra, the Triumph of Gjergj Elez Alia and the Second triumph of Gjergj Elez Alia, as in the postmodern literature the author make a ironical revisitation of the past. In both novels, the legendary heroism is parodied through the postmodern battle of two well-known folklore figures. In the first novel, Gjergj Elez Alia defeat Bajloz, not with force, but with words, while in the second novel, Gjergj Elez Alia "wins" the battle with Bajloz, without challenging him. In this way, Bajloz is not only the other, but it is also the power, wich the postmodern Albanian can "challenge" by collaborating with him, or ignoring him. Ridvan Dibra's diptych is an original treatment of a legendary subject, which has been re-contextualised, re-semanticized and parodied according to the postmodern poetic.

Koncepti i tjetrit në romanin "Vitet e urithit" të Kim Mehmetit

Author(s): Serafina Lajçi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

Kim Mehmeti's novel "Vitet e Urithit" at the same time reveals a familiar and yet unimaginable worldview concept. Main subject of the novel reveals life in a village of Skopje, seen from an original point of view. The characters of this novel, being stuck in a totalitarian system, do not know that, outside their world, outside the shell in which they are 'developed', physically and mentally, life flows intensely. Constellation on the edge of the state reflects precisely the fear of confronting the other (the unknown) and at the same time the necessity of preserving culture and tradition. Particularly distinguished is the character of Fatka, which, being stranger in the village, attracts the attention of the other characters, but also of the reader. It is exactly, the other, she that turns into a center around which all the events occur. She has fled from the Turkish center and has come to an Albanian village, where she remains until she dies, because the village is the one who does not leave strangers.

Koncepti i Zotit në poezinë e Ali Podrimjes

Author(s): Jolanda Lila / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

Given that poetry of Ali Podrimja was created in Kosovo, mainly under Serbian nationalist censorship, in the center of it, is the risk of the collapse of identity from “the other”. The poetry of Ali Podrimja marks the existential crisis of personal and national identity,as well as the insecurity, terror and anxiety of living under the tragic circumstances created becauseof the invaders.The Parable of the other, the invader on our case, revels in several forms,which are sometimes marked directly through stylistic figures (mostly metaphors and symbols) and sometimes implied by the consequences that it has left.Even if, logically, has no consequence without a cause, “the other” even is implicited,is the primary (or essential) and determines the consequence.There is a whole set of semantic fields that have a common functional denominator:the risk of dissolving the cultural, political and national essences,from the constant pressure of aggressive and chauvinistic politics, on one hand,as well as the disclosure of a range of our internal weaknesses, on a political and cultural level, on the other hand.The lyrical subject is always in relationship with the “other”, but this relationship is not in equilibrium between each and the other, but is entirely conditionedby historical circumstances.Conditionality goes to the degree of acquisition of the identity of the lyricalsubject and assuming it as their ownand naming them as their own.So parts of yourself become parts of the otherand in this way, arises the need for self-regeneration.Thus, Podrimja builds the map of ethnic Albanian poetically,by unifying the most extreme Albanian lands,through the use of toponyms and hydronyms with the value of historical symbols: Arta, Preveza, Shkodra, Janina, Iliria, Atlantida, Vaterllo, Drini, Buna, Joni, Ohri, Vardarietc.The parable of ethnic - homeland is obtainedeven through symbols who are building from the basis of historical figures, such asSulltani, MbretiDioklecian, Skënderbeu, Ali Pasha, FotoXhavella, MarkoBoçari, Bubulina, Teuta, Genti etc. This parable is outline furtherthrough historical dates transformed into symbols for ethnicity, like the years:1978, 1913, 1981, 1982, 1924, 1945, 1992,which means important juncture in the history of the Albanian nation.These components, which are not just geographic or historical signs,but are genuine symbols with archetypal function,create a clear background for the interpretation of the concept of “the other”, as object and subject.

Към читателя

Author(s): Galya Hristozova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019