O jeziku i ideologiji još jednom: odgovor Ranku Matasoviću
This paper is a response to some of the claims made by Ranko Matasović in his discussions with Mate Kapović about standard dialect and prescriptivism.
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
This paper is a response to some of the claims made by Ranko Matasović in his discussions with Mate Kapović about standard dialect and prescriptivism.
More...
Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the most common intervention approach used by speech, language therapists to remediate speech sound disorders in children, working in tertiary care hospitals of Karachi. In addition the study examined responses commonly provided by the clinician as contingency responses for the correct and incorrect production of a sound. Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted with speech language therapists working with children who are presenting with the concerns of speech sound disorders. Questionnaire containing multiple choice questions was designed and shared online with speech, language therapists working in tertiary care hospitals. Simple random sampling technique was used and 43 responses were recorded and stored in a Google sheet. Results: IBM SPSS statistics was used for qualitative data analysis, findings revealed that more than half of the total participants use aspects of traditional motor approaches in the selecting the target production of a sound, level at which the sound is to be targeted, elicitation techniques used to elicit desired production of a sound and in making decisions to move towards next step of therapy plan. 55.8% of the total participants reported to use verbal, tactile and kinesthetic cues and prompts as the common contingency responses. Conclusion: These findings contribute to the existing state of knowledge about the treatment approaches used by speech, language pathologists for children presenting with speech sound disorders. The application of traditional motor approach with combined elements of other intervention approaches i.e. sensory perceptual approach and cyclic approach to intervention was seen to be more common.
More...
Over the last few decades, Internet-based communication has become an increasingly dominant form of information exchange. Not surprisingly, the development and use of social media have led to language change. At the same time, opportunities have arisen for linguists to explore and analyze the linguo-stylistic characteristics of social media usage. Therefore, this paper deals with the dilemmas and comments posted by the members of the Facebook and Instagram communities Jezičke nedoumice (Eng. Linguistic Dilemmas) and Dnevna doza pravopisa (Eng. A Daily Dose of Standard Serbian), as well as the Krstarica forum Jezik (Eng. Language). These communities were formed with the aim of solving linguistic issues and improving the linguistic knowledge of their users. Our research will focus on the nature of posts and comments on the popular social media websites, in terms of their linguistic and stylistic features. Its aim is to identify and classify these features by examining the rhetorical devices used. The collection of the corpus material relied on the presence of the following stylemes in the social media discussions on linguistic topics: (1) phonostylemes, (2) semantostylemes, (3) syntaxostylemes, and (4) graphostylemes.
More...
The paper highlights and describes the characteristic linguistic and stylistic features of Milan Petrović’s memoirs. The aim of the paper is to single out and describe the basic linguistic and stylistic features of the language by applying grammatical and linguistic criteria and methods. Given that it is a memoir, we tried to determine whether elements of a literary-artistic or scientific functional style prevail in the book. Eight memoir texts by this author are included in the analysis. The conducted analysis of Milan Petrović’s style and language in his book suggests several important conclusions. His style is simple, the sentence is narrative, never structurally complicated, with a small number of clauses in its composition. It is an essayistic-scientific style, with many literary touches, with conscious literarization, carried out with the aim of achieving greater beauty of the language. In addition to all this, in the language of Milan Petrović we also find purely scientific linguistic features, such as decomposed predicates, the frequent use of adverbs, as well as the author’s ‘we’, and many historical facts. As for the grammatical features, his language does not differ much from the modern Serbian language. Given that Milan Petrović lived and worked in the area of the Šumadija-Vojvodina dialect, which became the basis of the standard Serbian language, there are very few deviations from the norm in his language. On the other hand, the narration, as well as all the linguistic features underlying his memoirs, represent their most immanent characteristic. That is why we cannot view his memoirs exclusively as a scientific-historical text, but as a literary text, which also contains certain scientific elements.
More...
Churchill Raw event facilitates creative self-expression of young comedians through the incorporation of a variety of sex-related taboo topics. Yet, the multicultural nature of the participants in the Nairobi-based event makes the communication of such topics particularly problematic, as they can also be deemed offensive. Drawing on theoretical and methodological principles from Interactional Sociolinguistics (Gumperz, 2003), this article investigates how sex-related taboos are drawn into performances using euphemistic linguistic resources, such as puns, metaphors, metonymy, codeswitching and so on. As data we use 10 video recordings of comedians and 2 two-hour interviews with the key comedians. By focusing on situated uses of euphemistic language in the context of comedy in the African city of Nairobi, this article demonstrates that contrary to the general perception, young people observe sex-related taboos by using euphemistic language resources.
More...
Out of the four language skills, speaking is thought to be the most difficult to teach and test. The reason for this is the nature of the speech act and the way foreign languages are learned away from the native speaking country. There are also other factors to add, such as personality, memory, and talent for the language. Testing the skills properly is time-consuming and difficult, and there are a number of elicitation techniques that can be used both to teach and test speaking skills. These techniques are suitable for the classroom and for official certification. World-renowned certification examiners have come up with specific techniques to measure foreign language oral abilities at given proficiency levels. They are now used as part of the enrolment process in many universities.
More...
This article presents the problem of modal verbs in Spanish from the perspective of Langacker’s cognitive grammar. Langacker defines modal verbs as grounding elements that can express implicit meanings and thus increase the degree of subjectivity of the utterance. Unlike English modal verbs, which are completely unanchored and fully grammaticalized, Spanish modal verbs exhibit verb inflection. The aim of this article is to compare the construals with and without a modal verb and to point out the differences between the positions of conceptualizers (speaker and addressee). For these purposes several graphical representations are proposed throughout the article. As the proposed schemes show, the position of conceptualizers plays a key role in the conception of any construal. It is concluded that a construal with a modal verb has a more subjectively anchored interaction between the two conceptualizers and that the speaker is always a completely implicit part of the utterance.
More...
This study focuses on the methodology behind digital literary cartography and quantitative analysis of narrative texts, while attempting to show, through specific examples, one of the ways they can functionally interconnect. The first part of the study presents an overview, focusing on selected foreign literary-cartographic projects, while the second part presents some original research, focusing on the literary-cartographic mapping of Prague’s fictional topography in 19th century Czech prose. In addition to cartographic models, the study also presents basic models for quantitative analysis of selected criteria relating to fictional narratives. The ultimate aim of the paper is both to show the opportunities for combining the two basic types of models and to demonstrate their potential for informing the way literary works are interpreted.
More...
The text focuses on the formal realization of the communicative function of exclamation in Czech. Since Czech exclamative sentences do not constitute a separate formally distinct sentence type, we apply a contrastive (English — Czech) corpus-assisted approach to identify the formal indicators of exclamations at various language levels. Following Michaelis (2001), exclamations are defined as expressions of the speaker’s affective response to a situation; they comprise two components, namely the speaker’s assessment of a situation as extreme or non-canonical and the recoverability of the propositional content. Although there is no unambiguous conventional pairing between the exclamative function and its formal expression in Czech, the analysis has shown that the exclamation is typically indicated by the accumulation of marked linguistic means pertaining to various language levels, such as intonation/punctuation, expressive lexis, intensifying adverbs and particles and deviations from the canonical word order.
More...
An idiom is a communicatively motivated complex language sign. Its emergence does not take place in accordance with the system of a language as it is currently stabilized; in a certain sense it represents its disruption. The poetic function of a language plays a significant role here. Its influence in spoken language creates figurative units with high persuasive value and a new phraseological meaning arises. However, it turns out that the process of phraseme creation also introduces new partial meanings in its components. It can be stated that there is a dependence between the polysemy of the word and its occurrence in idioms. Therefore, from the point of view of examining this phenomenon, it is necessary to consider the cognitive processes in speech activity. Thus, the issue of phraseology does not only belong to the phenomena of langue and parole but it is directly related to language.
More...
The article describes and analyses the linguistic situation and current status of Creole in the Cape Verde Islands. The focus is partly on the demography and the history, but mainly on the linguistic politics of this territory and the position of Creole in Cape Verdean society. Creole is the mother tongue of practically the entire Cape Verdean population and the language is used in all informal oral and written communication. The majority of the local population wish Creole to be used in schools and in formal written communication, desiring that the country will move definitively from diglossia to bilingualism.
More...
Labile Object Experiencer psych-verbs are well-known to be compatible with intentional and non-intentional readings. When used in intentional contexts, labile OE psych-verbs exhibit properties of canonical agentive verbs. Previous studies on the agentive nature of labile OE psych-verbs indicate that it varies cross-linguistically. This article aims at investigating the properties of Polish labile OE psych-verbs in terms of their usage in non-intentional and intentional contexts, and in contrast to canonical agentive verbs. The results of the self-paced reading experiment showed that (i) processing of Polish labile OE psych-verbs in non-intentional and intentional contexts, as well as (ii) processing of labile OE psych-verbs as compared to canonical agentive verbs result in significantly faster reading times. The differences were, however, observed in different clause regions and therefore are argued to result from two distinct underlying causes.
More...
This paper touches upon the theme of the certified interpreter’s psycho-affectivity, a construct studied within a branch of interpreting studies known as interpreter psychology, or more precisely, within its psycho-affective strand. What also lays the groundwork for the presentation of the outcomes of the investigation into the certified interpreters’ experience of the psycho-affective factors is an overview of certified interpreting. The major part of this paper is dedicated to the discussion of the results of a survey carried out among Polish-English certified interpreters who interpret consecutively in the courtroom. Seven factors experienced by study participants (i.e. anxiety, fear, language inhibition/language ego/language boundaries, extroversion/introversion/ambiversion, self-esteem, motivation and stress) are discussed. The discussion is supplemented with a selection of quotes taken from the certified interpreters’ responses, in which they directly or indirectly refer to the selected psycho-affective factors and their impact on the interpreting process and the output rendered. All in all, it emerges that, in quite a number of cases, in the respondents’ opinions, the psycho-affective factors under consideration are of a more negative than positive character, thereby disrupting the process of consecutive interpreting in the courtroom.
More...
The focus of this review article is on Understanding Abstract Concepts across Modes in Multimodal Discourse: A Cognitive-Linguistic Approach (2020), the latest monograph by professor Elżbieta Górska of Warsaw University, a leading Polish researcher in the area of multimodality studies informed by cognitive linguistics. The goal of this article is twofold. On the one hand, the article aims at evaluating Górska’s monograph on its own merits, as a self-contained study of the cognitive processes involved in the interpretation of multimodal works of art by Janusz Kapusta, with an emphasis on conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy, and their interplay. On the other hand, the article aims at considering a number of thorny concepts underlying much of the current linguistically informed research into multimodal communication (notably, modality/mode, medium, and genre) by using Górska’s monograph as a springboard for their discussion.
More...
The late professor Jan Cygan, to whose memory this volume is dedicated, was fond of showing that many quirks of modern English usage are in fact vestiges of earlier stages in the history of the language. He cherished using historical data to elucidate such puzzling cases, and this paper follows in his footsteps by investigating a minor English zero plural pattern that featured quite prominently in discussions of Boris Johnson’s legacy as mayor of London, e.g.: “Three secondhand water cannon bought and refurbished for £322000 during Boris Johnson’s time as mayor of London have been sold for £11025” (Devlin). In order to account for such usages, this paper reviews extant research on animal zero plurals and extends the explanation argued for in Berezowski to inanimate instances. It is shown that in both scenarios, the use of the zero plural is conditioned by a cognitive factor rooted in human perception. Specifically, it is claimed that inanimate zero plurals are holdovers from the times when early military tactics and technology prevented speakers from individuating the referents of a handful of English nouns.
More...
The paper seeks to account, in terms of the Cognitive Grammar (CG) approach, for what Relevance theorists call epistemic vigilance, a metarepresentational human ability, often adopted by the addressee in his/her attempts to detect and evaluate (potentially) fake messages. In this way, we wish to explore the possibility of rapprochement between Cognitive Linguistics and Relevance Theory. In our attempt to incorporate epistemic vigilance into the Cognitive Grammar format, we propose to set up a cognitive space called a Relevance Schema (RS), a special “module” associated with Ronald Langacker’s Current Discourse Space (CDS). We claim that epistemic vigilance is instrumental in deriving “an implicational character” of the “true”, intended message that emerges in the blended space as a result of the clash between the explicatures’ meaning and the addressee’s understanding of a “state of affairs”. In Section 2, we discuss Charles Forceville’s Relevance-theoretic account of a political poster featuring Barack Obama. This is followed by a presentation in Section 3 of Ronald Langacker’s theory of CDS. Finally, Section 4 develops an analysis of the front-page issue of the Russian independent newspaper Novaya Gazeta and the related article devoted to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
More...
Jan Cygan’s (1927–2021) linguistic thinking laid out in 1976 relied on self-contained form-based structuralism, but it also incorporated elements of emerging context-based structuralism. As such, it was animated by concepts that effectively implied divergent views on the foundational postulate of linguistic arbitrariness underlying structural linguistics. Cygan approached the inner tensions of changing linguistic paradigms in a manner that may be studied as a case in linguistic ethics. This ethic manifests itself in an attitude toward the linguistic fact, as discussed through the lenses of a linguistic model. Today, it is possible to comment on the period of transition in question, falling back on the achievements of cognitive linguistics. Cygan’s stance may be interpreted in terms of the IN-OUT conceptual schema. This interpretation not only highlights the merits of the position emerging from Cygan’s 1976 general linguistics introduction, but it also views this position as a solution to a more fundamental problem facing linguistic ethics today and in the future.
More...
The paper discusses changes in pronunciation of Polish in the Polish population in Wrocław after 1945, when almost all German citizens were expelled from the city. The paper reviews various interpretations of the changes in the literature, presents relevant demographic factors shaping the accents, and interprets their influence and the outcome of demographic processes, supporting them by anecdotal evidence, relating them also to Jan Cygan’s accent.
More...
In discussing any scholarly discipline in both its theoretical and empirical dimensions, there is value in taking a diachronic view to determine the starting point, the direction and to assess achievements leading to new developments. The aim of this article is to outline the evolutionary character of psycholinguistics (and applied psycholinguistics), with emphasis on those areas of psycholinguistic research which are relevant for language practitioners: teachers, learners and users of foreign languages. The choice of topics made is by no means exhaustive, as psycholinguistics over decades has been—and still is—is a vast multidisciplinary domain of study. Only selected topics are discussed here, and the selection is based on the personal assessment of the author as to their importance and the evolutionary and dynamic impact they have had on language education and practical FL classroom instruction across time. This overview offers a brief discussion of psycholinguistic research from the fifties of the previous century to the present day. In each of the areas outlined, implications relevant for foreign language teachers, learners and users are discussed to create an overall picture of the developing contribution of (applied) psycholinguistics to foreign language education.
More...
The study of personality has long been one of the major themes in Psychology. Nevertheless, within the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA), this research area has not received a lot of recognition, despite the strong ties of both disciplines. The objective of this paper is to describe the concept of personality and its role within the SLA field, as well as to outline the dominating research methodologies that are based on distinctive theoretical approaches. For this purpose, in Section 1 of the paper, the basic term of personality is defined, and its role in the process of foreign language acquisition is described, together with an outline of the most frequent problems encountered in the empirical studies of the concept therein. Sections 2 and 3 are devoted to the outline of the dominant theories of the study of personality: type and trait approaches. They are completed with a presentation of the most popular inventories and measuring scales assessing the concept in question that could be reliably applied in SLA research.
More...