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The article proposes a description of the semantics and properties of the main semantic relation – hypernymy, between noun synonym sets in Wordnet (lexical-semantic network in which words are linked with the semantic relations between concepts to which they refer). The relation instance hypernymy is also presented, connecting proper noun synonym sets and synonym sets denoting classes, which describe a given named object. In this article the multiple hypernymy cases are analysed. Based on the hypothesis that one synonym set cannot be related to more than one hypernym, other semantic relations are defined in the scope of multiple hypernymy: origin, form and function, as well as the relation true hypernymy. Tests for the identification of new relations are presented together with some examples. The overall conclusion is that multiple hypernymy embraces several semantic relations which, in turn, are only partially shown within the Wordnet structure.
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The article deals with the existing definitions of the concept of “teaching method” in the literature on didactics and the methodology of teaching foreign languages. Some of the definitions of this concept do not indicate its essential features, others view it too broadly, the third confuse the concept of “teaching method” with other didactic concepts. It is suggested to consider the teaching method as a kind of professional knowledge of the teacher. The teaching method is the image of the teacher’s and students’ activity in the teacher’s mind.
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The article describes one of the productive innovative technologies of training future teachers of the Russian as a foreign language in the course of teaching methods - the game “We are writing a textbook.” The stages of writing a textbook are examined. The examples of students’ innovative textbooks are presented.
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The modern Russian-language lexicography provides vast material for national and cultural research of the Russian language. The article describes unique dictionaries of different genres and different scientific schools; each of these dictionaries includes important linguistic-cultural component. Special mention is made of associative dictionary usage for explicating such cognitive and cultural units as gender stereotypes
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This article describes the functionality of some online resources that enhance abilities of teacher of Russian as foreign. Attention is paid to online games on the development of grammar skills, services for creating visual schemes, online movies and video editing tools for creating new types of tasks given to students.
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The article defines the basic methods of teaching the Russian language with the help of songs. Different types of exercises for the realization of certain learning activities and the development of language skills are given.
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By the example of national and linguistical specificity of German vocabulary the author characterizes ethnocultural component of a word meaning, which is (like Russian one) nationally marked.
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This article describes the complex methodological background as well as diverse education forms developed by the multilingual Atelier Kilikan, Freiburg, between 2015 and 2018. It puts an accent on the intercultural and translingual potential, which needs to be widely discovered among bilingual children raised in the multicultural environment in Freiburg (located in the border area between Germany, France and Switzerland). It presents some examples of workshops and language courses for kids of Bulgarian descent, as well as some intercultural methods represented in the complex art installation “The multilingual monster” created by children of different origin, artists and pedagogical mentors. The methodology provides different ideas on how bilinguals can be encouraged to transfer cognitive and academic abilities from one language to another (translan-guaging) and thereby effectively increase their competences in the target language which they currently learn: In this regard, the methods presented here can be used in non-formal education courses of migrant, minority and family languagesThis article describes the complex methodological background as well as diverse education forms developed by the multilingual Atelier Kilikan, Freiburg, between 2015 and 2018. It puts an accent on the intercultural and translingual potential, which needs to be widely discovered among bilingual children raised in the multicultural environment in Freiburg (located in the border area between Germany, France and Switzerland). It presents some examples of workshops and language courses for kids of Bulgarian descent, as well as some intercultural methods represented in the complex art installation “The multilingual monster” created by children of different origin, artists and pedagogical mentors. The methodology provides different ideas on how bilinguals can be encouraged to transfer cognitive and academic abilities from one language to another (translan-guaging) and thereby effectively increase their competences in the target language which they currently learn: In this regard, the methods presented here can be used in non-formal education courses of migrant, minority and family languages.
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The object of the article is a late legend – The Story of the Irani Star – which might have originated among the Eastern Orthodox Slavs in the 15th c. The plot revolves around the Star of Bethlehem, the birth of Jesus, and the pilgrimage of the Magi (cf. Matthew 2: 1–12). The article discusses the narrative, its structure and the history of the text, with a focus on the edition and reconstruction of the text. The Story is published according to the copy found in Miscellany No 143 (504), 258v–265r, dated to the 16th c., which is part of the manuscript collection of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery. Today, the manuscript is kept in the Russian State Library (Moscow, Russia). The edition is prepared in comparison with four copies of the legend dated to 15th and 16th c.
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The report is written in connection to the language of one letter written by the Bulgarian Revival writer Ivan N. Momchilov. The article exposes important grammatical peculiarities of the language of this text. The review shows that Ivan N. Momchilov contributes to the approval of a series of grammatical norms, inherent to the contemporary Bulgarian language.
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The purpose of this study is the typology of shortened terms and terminological phrases in the language of the Navy using the lexico-semantic method. The examples discussed are excerpted from learning materials designed for cadets at Varna Naval Academy forming a large corpus representative of the domain they are used in. Shortening is used here as an umbrella term for initialisms, acronyms, clippings, blends and univerbates. The topic is worth discussing to meet syllabus goals and needs of learners who are going to function in a multinational environment and be faced with varieties of English as the primary language for international communication.
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The paper reports on the process of automatic mapping of the PDEV verb patterns to the WordNet sentence frames and subsequent manual validation of the verb patterns that were automatically assigned to the WordNet verb synsets. The validation resulted in the approval of 4,084 patterns, manual assignment of 1,568 new patterns and removal of 2,815 inappropriate patterns. The paper introduces the notion of Conceptual frame: a FrameNet Semantic frame the core Frame elements of which are specified for a set of semantic types. It is shown that the semantic types assigned to WordNet noun synsets define the sets of WordNet literals (lexical units) appropriate to express the core Frame elements.
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The focus of the article is the interference effect of the Russian language on the Bulgarian Language among Russian students. The manifestations of interlanguage and intralanguage interference at the lexical level are considered. The empirical material is extracted from wtitten works of native speakers of Russian speaking students who speak Bulgarian at B1.2. level. An attempt is made to systematize “deformaties” and to clarify the causes of their occurrence.
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This paper discusses the functioning of translanguaging in the context of international schools in Poland. In the introductory part various definitions of the concept undertaken by linguists since its coining in 1994 have been presented. An exemplary lesson is explored in the final part of the paper where the huge potential of translanguaging for language education and content learning in multilingual contexts is revealed.
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The subject of this article is the broad and narrow understanding of the phraseology. In this connection are examined the criteria for the classification of the phrasing units and the rhetorical code, on the basis of which a large part of the units in the phraseology are differentiated. Attention is paid on the rhetorical code, on the basis of which a large part of the phrasing units are defined - metaphor, metonymymus, hyperbola and others. The author comes to the conclusion that the constraints imposed by the narrow concept, are not always right.
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The act of translating is usually defined as transferring the meaning of a text from one language to another, taking care mainly of the functional relevant meaning. There is a formulation of basic requirements of a translation: making sense; conveying the spirit and manner of the original; having a natural and easy form of expression; producing a similar response. Translation is a matter of motivated choice. Omissions, additions and alterations may be justified but only in relation to intended meaning.The article represents the translation errors made by Polish students studying Bulgarian at Sofia University. Error analysis is an important procedure used by teachers in order to improve the communicative competence of the foreign students.
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This study used qualitative analyses to explore novice ESL writers’ concepts of writers, readers and texts. Metadiscourse studies tabulate frequencies of discourse markers in order to characterise the different ways novices and experts, native-speakers and non-native speakers, construct themselves as writers, engage with their readers, and guide readers through their text. But the picture created by these descriptive statistics lacks many content areas voiced by student writers, including their reliance on visual content, and their emotions. Student writers’ experiences in a world saturated by visual media and marketing views are also factors shaping how they construct their identities as writers, the identities of their projected readers, and how they understand what they are doing when writing text. This study used content and transitivity analyses to assess how Arabic native-speaker novices understand themselves as writers, how they project their readers’ identities, and how they try to engage them. Results show that visuals are indistinct from text, and verbs of seeing are used for reader understanding, in novice writers’ sense of their texts, and how they understand engaging the reader. These novices have a demographically granular assessment of audiences, but aim to please readers with expected content rather than challenge them with academic content, and they downplay important elements of teacher talk, syllabus and second-language (L2) composition instruction, particularly data, research, structure and language.
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A survey of twelve translation students in 2017 revealed that they tend to find translating figurative and metaphorical language difficult. In addition, an experiment also conducted in 2017 showed similar results. During the first phase of this experiment, two trained researchers coded metaphorical items in a text from the New Scientist following the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (MIPVU). Based on Cohen’s kappa, the researchers reached an initial coding agreement of 0.692 (strong agreement) and a final agreement score of 0.958 (almost perfect agreement) after discussion. The second phase of the experiment involved the coding of the metaphorical items previously identified by the researchers in the same text by 47 students who received a two-hour introduction to conceptual metaphor theory and a simplified method to code metaphorical items. However, the results of the students’ coding showed that they had failed to identify metaphors in 49.96% of cases. Nevertheless, a chi-squared test (p < 2.2-16) revealed that the students’ coding was not due to chance alone and therefore not arbitrary.
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