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Meštianske právo na Slovensku v stredoveku

Author(s): Ferdinand Uličný / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2014

"Author provides a study of the development of the burgher right in Slovakia in the Middle Ages. It is the author’s final paper, which completed his research about the origin and development of the bourgeoisie and towns in Slovakia in the Middle Ages. Author describes:a/ customary, natural burgher rights up to the end of the 12th century;b/ granted, acquired and drafted burgher rights from the 13th century.The second ones were indirectly, but significantly, derived from the burgher rights in Germany. Author compared privileges, burgher rights in the Czech and Poland towns with a finding, that the burgher rights in Slovakia and all throughout the Kingdom of Hungary, were the most liberal. From the 15th century the rights of burghers living in cities belonging to Hungarian king were also supplemented by political rights, particularly by the participation of burghers in the Hungary Assembly and by the creation of voluntary associations of the towns. Finally, the author justified the need to leave an actual scientific terminology and substitute it:a/ the term of town rights should be replaced by more accurate term burgher rights;b/ taking into account the Latin terminology, which was in use in the 15th century, the term of „town“ (civitas, civitas libera) and term of „small town“ (oppidum) are appropriate for use in Slovak."

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THE GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AS AN INSTRUMENT OF WARFARE IN ARMED CONFLICTS

Author(s): Collins G. Adeyanju / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The gender-based violence in recent times has become an integral part of the on-going Boko Haram Insurgency in North-East Nigeria. Since the full-scale declaration of combat between the Nigerian state and the insurgent group, the asymmetrical tactics of the group have been evolving, based on its capabilities. The recent spike in the targeted raid and attack on female schools, markets, and female institutions purposely for abduction and kidnapping of women and girls indicated this assertion. Due to the depletion of its fighters and loss of territories, there is a surge in mass deployment of ‘women and young girls’ as material instruments of warfare: fighters, suicide bombers, human shields, bargaining tools, sex slaves, informants, and so on. This article appraises the gender push-pull factors responsible, motivation behind the current behavior, and proffers some policy guidance.

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NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING ON SOCIAL MEDIA SITES: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE 2019 AUSTRIAN NATIONAL COUNCIL ELECTION CAMPAIGN

Author(s): Stefan Lehrner / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Election campaigns in the age of social media are rapidly changing their character. Due to the declining party loyalty of voters, once stable constituencies have become increasingly volatile and the importance of campaigning has increased. Parties are now thought to be more likely than in the past to opt for negative campaigning. This paper examines the postings that parties or top candidates made on the social media sites Facebook and Twitter during the 2019 National Council election campaign. The results suggest that - at least on social media sites - the cost-benefit analysis of the parties might turn towards negative campaigning, as the average popularity of negative campaigning posts was higher than those that were not tagged with negative campaigning.

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THE SECURITY CHALLENGES OF EUROPEAN DEMOGRAPHICS AND POLITICS CAUSED BY THE MODERN MIGRATION CRISIS

Author(s): Emilia Alaverdov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The paper aims to analyze the ongoing situation in the European Union member countries caused by modern migration flows. It shows the real impact of refugees and migrants on European demography. It describes the future scenarios of global demographic and social challenges, which lead to the socio-economic and political crisis, and the failure of European political elites. The study mainly is based on the following research methods: descriptive, statistical, and analysis. The basis of the source represents the books, scientific articles, empirical and press materials, documents published on official websites in the field of migration policy. The essence of the modern migration in Europe became very acute since the current migrants are mostly followers of Islam, which in all its aspects and completeness is currently one of the most urgent topics, and draws the special attention of political circles and international clubs. Muslims in Europe are, first, immigrants whose influx into the European continent has seriously changed its demographic picture and political situation. In this regard, it should be said that the growing number of Muslims in Europe is causing certain demographic challenges that significantly affect the European socio-cultural situation, and lead to the financial and political crisis.

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GENDERIZING OF THE PARTICIPATION RIGHT IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS: THE ELECTORAL QUOTA AND FEMALE LEADERSHIP IN ALBANIA

Author(s): Evis Garunja / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This paper is focused on the Albanian electoral system, its total inclusion approach, protection and promotion of gender characteristics, historical and legal developments on the gender quotas necessity, the comparison in time and space, the barriers and opportunities to promote gender politics in public and social area in Albania. The methodology will consist of a comparative analysis of legislation, the international legal framework, recommendations of international institutions, policy papers on identifying the causes why higher gender representation in politics produces estimated results in the public area, social and economic development. Analysis of the circumstances, historical periods, social and economic impact in legal amendments would be another methodology component. Gender quotas provide a critical minority of women, from 20% to a gender balance of 50%, either as an education of the community to face with real gender balance in common life.

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GEORGIAN ETHNOPOLITICAL CONFLICT AS A SUBJECT OF CONFRONTATION BETWEEN THE USA AND RUSSIA

Author(s): Ekaterine Lomia,Loid Karchava / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Since 2009 Russia has increased its military forces in Abkhazia and South Ossetia and pursued the policy of ‘creeping annexation in the occupied territories of Georgia. Today, 20% of Georgian territories are occupied by the Russian Federation. The Russian-baked separatists continuously erect barbed-wire border posts in one of the occupied regions of Georgia-South Ossetia and detain Georgian people, under the pretext of ‘illegally crossing the border’. Fundamental rights of the local population are violated daily since the occupants install barbers through people’s houses, gardens, and cultivated lands. Innocent citizens are forced to leave their homes, belongings, and cultivated lands that are left beyond the occupants’ demarcation line. The paper argues that along with other global challenges of the world, the USA-Russia clashes of interests are also found with the Georgian conflicts. While Washington hugely supports Georgia’s territorial integrity and welcomes its Euro-Atlantic aspirations, the Russian Federation, on the contrary, prevents the aforementioned process and directly opposes Georgia’s integration into NATO. The USA condemns Russia’s creeping annexation of Georgian territories and continuously calls on Russia to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of an independent country. Furthermore, the USA-Russia relations have considerably deteriorated following Russia’s military intervention in Georgia and the recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states.

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MINORITY RIGHTS IN CENTRAL ASIA: INSIGHTS FROM KAZAKHSTAN, KYRGYZSTAN, AND UZBEKISTAN

Author(s): Aram Terzyan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This paper explores the state of minority rights in the three Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. These countries share a lot of similarities in terms of their post-Soviet authoritarian legacy and weakness of democratic institutions. The repressive political landscapes of the Central Asian states have taken their tolls on minority groups, leaving them discriminated against, mistreated, and severely disadvantaged. Minority rights violations range from ethnic and religious discrimination to state-sponsored homophobia. Even though the leadership changes have positively affected the state of human rights in the three countries, there is still a slow pace of reforms. Overall, domestic changes in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan have not yielded considerable results so far in terms of alleviating the plight of minority groups across these countries.

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Български места на памет, възпоменателни чествания в Република Северна Македония и техните медийни отражения

Author(s): Lozanka Peycheva,Lozanka Peycheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 10/2021

The research focuses on commemorative practices around the figure of Mara Buneva and her memorial plaque in the center of Skopje, which can be interpreted as a Bulgarian place of memory. The study tracked only online reporting of the practices, without observing the corresponding offline events. Online versions of electronic media and agencies (TV, radio, news agency websites); online media (information websites) and social ‘we-media’ (video sharing websites, blogs, social networks, etc.) were researched. The studied materials reveal the care of some communities to establish the memorial plaque as a special Bulgarian place of memory in Northern Macedonia and the efforts of other groups seeking complete amnesia and ultimate delegitimization of the past related to Mara Buneva.

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ЛЪВСКОТО ДРУЖЕСТВО В РИМСКОТО ПРАВО

Author(s): Stoyan P. Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The article discusses the origin and meaning of the notion and the term leonine partnership, as well as the problems associated with the distribution of profits and losses between the partners in the consensual contract for partnership in Roman law. The fragment from the Digests of Justinian where actually is the unique mention of the expression societas leonina and this form of partnership is defined by the Romal classical jurist Cassius is subjected to a legal-dogmatic and linguistic analysis. The fable of Phaedrus for the partnership between a lion, a goat, a cow and a patient sheep which is considered to be the original source, used for forming the concept of the leonine partnership in Roman legal thought is completely analysed and interpreted. The author paid special attention to the magna questio (the great discussion) among Roman jurisprudence, dating from the period of the end of the Roman Republic with some projections and in the classical period in connection with the distribution of profits and losses in the consensual contract of partnership as a result of the partnership`s activity. And on the other hand the article examines the problem about the existence of privileges or restrictions for certain partners regarding the profits and analysis of the two leading opinions on the subject through the exegesis of a fragment of the Institutions of Gaius.

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ONLY RAPE! HUMAN RIGHTS AND GENDER EQUALITY FOR REFUGEE WOMEN: FROM REFUGEE CAMPS TO THE UNITED NATIONS [Authors: Eileen Pittaway and Linda Albina Bartolomei (Springer, Palgrave Macmillan Singapore 2022)]

Author(s): Mohammad Ramin Hakimy / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In their groundbreaking book titled “Only Rape! Human Rights and Gender Equality for Refugee Women: From Refugee Camps to the United Nations”, the authors Eileen Pittaway and Linda Albina Bartolomei bring to the forefront the pressing and frequently disregarded issue of sexual violence confronted by women seeking refuge. Released in the year 2022, this extensively investigated piece of literature delves deep into the firsthand accounts and experiences of women who find themselves in the often intricate and multi-faceted network of refugee camps, providing an all-encompassing examination of the numerous obstacles they face while simultaneously highlighting their unwavering struggle for both justice and equality.

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Skilled Migration Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Author(s): Rossen Koroutchev / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This article analyses the role of skilled migration before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, emphasizing the health sector. Using official statistics, it investigates the evolution of the migrant skilled professionals from this sector over the last decade and the difficulties they face in different European countries. A special analysis is devoted to recognizing and validating the professional credentials of migrant healthcare workers and their crucial importance nowadays. Some comparisons have been made between the health sector in the UK and Spain by pointing out the importance of foreign doctors and nurses in mitigating the pandemic’s effect even during periods of lockdown and border closures. The conclusion of this research confirms the necessity of a collective and sustainable response to address the global shortage of health professional regulations and bureaucratic difficulties related to work permissions and authorizations in the post-Covid-19 recovery era.

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Beyond Traditional Boundaries: From State-Centric Diplomacy to More Participatory Approaches for a Sustainable Future in the Western Balkans

Author(s): Elira Luli,Mirela Metushaj / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The contemporary era has witnessed a significant evolution in diplomacy, transitioning from traditional state-led approaches to more open, multilateral methods and channels. This study evaluates the effectiveness and suitability of the new diplomatic disciplines, particularly in the Western Balkans region, which grapples with numerous structural challenges, ethnic and political divisions, and external interference. The influence of traditional state-centric diplomacy in this region necessitates a shift towards a more participatory, multi-stakeholder approach to promoting positive peace and cooperation. This reframing of diplomacy emphasizes the emergence of regionalism and multilateralism through multi-track diplomacy, involving private individuals, non-governmental organizations, societies, and engaged citizens to foster understanding through dialogue, cooperation, and deeper interaction. The analysis highlights the influence of innovative diplomatic channels interlinked and entrenched through a capillary diplomacy framework essential for regional application while exploring the constraints of traditional methods. It advocates for fresh diplomatic strategies and collaborative initiatives in the Western Balkans through a win-win formula and a participatory model based on multi-track diplomacy – repurposed and redesigned to advance the reconciliation process, rapprochement, and raise public awareness through effective communication in line with the EU integration goals and advancements.

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Control of Irregular Migration and Suppression of People Smuggling on the Western Balkan Route

Author(s): Bojan D. Janković,Saša M. Marković,Aleksandar Ivanov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The subject of this paper is irregular migration and modern models of preventing the smuggling of migrants on the part of the Western Balkan route through the Republic of Serbia. The goal is to show how the new strategic approach of the Serbian police in this area can give excellent results, that the application of modern methods of policing and technical means are aimed at preventing the smuggling of migrants, i.e., the illegal movement and transport of migrants across the state border and state territory to go to countries of the European Union. Based on the conducted research, the authors have drawn certain conclusions: 1) effectiveness, efficiency, and economy in the area of suppression of irregular migration can be achieved by applying an adequate criminal strategy, 2) the new strategic approach led to the discovery and arrest of a large number of people smugglers and the discovery of illegal firearms, 3) the use of modern technical means, coordinated, joint work of different police units and management from a single center by a strategic level manager directly in charge of combating irregular migration and human smuggling in a particular area (territory) which is estimated to be a hotspot of criminal activity, is a prerequisite for success.

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Democratic Culture and Digital Ecosystems: Women’s Political Participation in Latin America

Author(s): Lucia Picarella / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This article investigated the increase of online hate speech practices in Latin America against women social leaders and political candidates during electoral campaigns and social rights activism. A qualitative approach was used to study this research problem (case study and secondary data analysis) to demonstrate that the growth of online hate speech limits the sociopolitical participation and enjoyment of fundamental rights of Latin American women social leaders and political candidates. The main results of the case study demonstrated that critical digital media education represents a possibility of intervention to counterbalance these discriminatory online practices. In this sense, the conclusions proposed Latin American educomunicación as a methodology for constructing ethical, social, and political alternatives because it promotes the development of critical collective consciousness and strengthens the effectiveness of normative actions.

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Potential Effects and Concerns of the Agreement Between Italy and Albania on Managing Migratory Flows

Author(s): Rrezart Bushati,Emanuela Furramani / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The recent Memorandum of Understanding concluded between Italy and Albania for cooperation in the migration field has caused strong criticism. This agreement has raised many doubts regarding its compliance with the Albanian Constitution, specifically concerning the procedure required for concluding international agreements relating to the concession of the territory to foreign powers and the protection of human rights. Recently, the Albanian Constitutional Court decided that the Protocol does not violate the Constitution. This study aims to highlight the critical issues related to fundamental rights protection, particularly regarding the issue of which state will be responsible for human rights protection according to the ECHR. Another profile to consider is the determination of Albania as a safe place, considering that the agreement aims to transfer people rescued in international waters by Italian military vessels into Albanian territory.

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The Impact of Liberalized Concealed Carry Laws on State Homicide Rates

Author(s): K. Alexander Adams / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Liberalized concealed carry laws test how firearm legislation affects crime in the US. This study analyzes the relationship between these laws, total homicide, and firearm homicide using panel data from 1980 to 2018 across all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The analysis uses multivariate regression with state and time-fixed effects and applies a general-to-specific procedure to select control variables. Robustness checks, including a generalized synthetic control model, confirm the findings. The results show no statistically significant relationship between shall-issue or permitless carry laws and homicide rates, even at the 10% level. The findings remain consistent across alternative model specifications. If these effects are truly null, liberalized concealed carry laws may have positive social implications, offering valuable insights for policymakers.

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The Role of Civil Defense in the Republic of Serbia’s Crisis Management System

Author(s): Milica Mladenović,Nenad Komazec,Siniša Domazet / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This paper examines the role of civil defense in Serbia’s crisis management system, focusing on its contribution to prevention, preparation, response, and recovery phases. The study addresses the insufficient integration of civil defense at the national level and identifies its key functions and opportunities for improvement. Using literature analysis, legal frameworks, good practices, and expert surveys, the research highlights the need for a clear normative definition of civil defense's role within the system. It emphasizes the practical establishment and development of the system for effective crisis response. The conclusion underlines the importance of a proactive approach and strengthening community resilience by fully integrating civil defense into Serbia’s crisis management framework.

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The New Trend in the EU’s Migration Policy: Is Externalization Any Better?

Author(s): Vasil Pavlov,Raquel Cardoso / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The highly dynamic security environment, characterized by numerous disturbances such as armed conflicts, civil wars, and political and social instability in various parts of the world, has led millions of people to flee their countries of origin – as of 2023, this number is 117,3 million. Against this background, the EU’s migration policy has shifted from predominantly “open-door” during the 2014-2016 migration inflows to more restrictive measures to secure external borders. Part of these actions were the agreements with third countries as an alternative to effectively combatting irregular immigration. This paper aims to identify gaps in these EU agreements and suggest a more comprehensive approach. Comparative analysis, documentary analysis, and statistical data analysis were used in this respect.

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Signaling in Minilaterals in the Indo-Pacific: The Cases of Quad and AUKUS (2017-2022)

Author(s): Poornima Vijaya / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This article examines the coalition-building efforts of the Quad and AUKUS through the lens of strategic signaling, arguing that minilateral coalitions employ signaling tactics through various means to achieve a common goal. The case studies of Quad and AUKUS demonstrated differences in their strategic signaling. However, their goals are carefully formulated. This article uses discourse analysis to find that the Quad signaled an ambitious “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” as a positive force for the region’s security and prosperity. AUKUS, on the other hand, signaled military cooperation as a balance of power amidst an assertive China. While minilateralism is growing in the 21st-century multipolar world, this article examines how these emerging trends of issue-based coalitions, flexible alignments, and informal alliances create avenues for like-minded countries to strengthen capacity-building measures.

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Iron Brothers: The Strategic Bond between China and Pakistan

Author(s): M Jashim Uddin / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

China and Pakistan have established a robust strategic partnership driven by shared geopolitical and geoeconomic interests. Often referred to as the “Iron Brothers”, their relationship has demonstrated remarkable resilience, enduring misunderstandings and differences even under challenging circumstances. China’s strategic and security priorities in South Asia and the Indian Ocean region align closely with Pakistan’s military and economic objectives, forming a strong basis for sustained cooperation. Additionally, their shared rivalry with India and the perceived threats from India and its allies further reinforce their alliance. This article examines the Sino-Pakistani partnership through the lens of balance of power and security dilemma theories, highlighting the key factors underpinning their enduring relationship. It concludes that, despite potential challenges, both nations are poised to strengthen their collaboration in pursuit of mutual military, geopolitical, and economic objectives.

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